1-Literature and literary criticism in Western cultures cannot be understood without understanding its relationship to
c-classical antiquity – Greek and Roman.
2-European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a ……….. of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome
3-Western cultures considered Greece and Rome the most perfect civilizations from the…….
• 4-Western drama, poetry, literary criticism, art, education, politics, fashion, architecture, painting, sculpture were ALL produced in ……….. of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
• 5-West’s relationship with antiquity is not simple. It is full of ….....
c- contradictions and ambivalence.
5-“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” was written by Roman poet ……..
6-in this verse “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” Horace described the relationship between ………
7-The Romans conquered Greece militarily, but they always felt that the culture of Greece remained infinitely more sophisticated
8-No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.” Witten by
9-“[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.” Witten by
10- Why Horace advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves
a-Because they do not have the ability to invention
b-because their inventions will be weak and unattractive
11-The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them Why?
a-Imitation cannot produce originality
b- Imitation is something experienced before
12-The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people who became successful warriors, and at the height of their success when they ruled the biggest empire in the world, they still felt that they were inferior culturally to their small province Greece
13-In the Renaissance, Europeans rediscovered the books of the Greeks and Romans and that allowed them to ………….
b- develop a literature and a culture.
14- The period is called the Renaissance because…….
a- across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient learning of Arab
b- across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient learning of Rome and Greece.
15-During the Renaissance, Europe was
a- more sophisticated than Rome and Greece
b- far less sophisticated than Rome and Greece
16-during the renaissance The only written language was
17- During the Renaissance people who could read Greek, like Erasmus, were ……………..
18-What we call today literature emerged because Europeans were becoming politically and militarily powerful. They were conquering lands and taking over trade routes, and as the passage of du Bellay cited indicates, poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power.
19-the study of classical learning, literature and criticism all emerged with the purpose of giving the emerging European states written and “civilized” languages comparable to those of Rome and Greece.
20- Europeans saw books, poems, plays and literature as monuments of the greatness of ……...
21-to imitate Rome and Greece and develop “civilized” languages and cultures to go with their newly acquired military and political power, Europeans found a ready-made model to follow: the Romans.
22-No other concept has had a strong formative and foundational influence in modern European cultures like these concepts of imitation.
23-In Rome, imitation led to ………… and produced a plagiaristic culture
24-Du Bellay advised his contemporaries not to be “…………” to write in their native language in imitation of the ancients.
25-the two influential Greek thinkers who influenced the development of Western literature and criticism more than any other thinker in history:.
a-Phidias and Sophocles
b- Plato and Aristotle
26-the Greek did not have a word of literature they have instead of literature a word ……
27-He was obsessed with poetry throughout his life
28-Plato’s most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the ……
v 29-Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis, two concepts that remain very important to analyse literature even today. They are often translated as imitation and narration or showing and telling:
30- If I tell you the story of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt in the third person: He sailed to Alexandria with 30 000 soldiers and then he marched on Cairo, etc.” That would be ………….I am telling you the story
b- a narration (diagesis).
31-if I tell you the story in the first person, as if I am Napoleon: “I sailed to Alexandria with 30 000 soldiers, and then I marched on Cairo, etc.” That would be ………………………………I am showing you the story
b- a narration (diagesis).
32-Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling (in Arabic al-sard) can proceed by narration or by imitation:
“And narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two”
33- Plato’s famous decision in Book X of the Republic to ………… poets and poetry from the city
v 34………….. drew attention to the fact that the Greeks did not have anything similar to the Western ideas of art and literature. The Western ideas of art and literature did not exist in ancient Greece and Rome:
35-The Greek term for Art and its Latin equivalent (ars) do not specifically denote the “fine arts” in the modern sense, but were applied to all kinds of human activities which we would call …………….”
36-the fine art made up of ................ in the mid of eighteenth century
a-painting and architecture
b-sculpture and music and poetry
37-The discipline that we call today Literature is an ……. century European invention
38-In the ancient world, they had poetry, tragedy and comedy, but they were all known as “………..”
39-They poet could be a tragedian like Sophocles or Euripides, a comedian like Aristophanes, or an epic poet like Homer, but the Greeks never called any of these poets “artists” and they never called their poems and plays, “………….”
v 40-why in an oral society the poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education.
a-the poetry shows the knowledge
v b- in an oral society does not have a system of writing, poetry becomes useful to record and preserve knowledge.
v 41-as Eric Havelock shows, is a poet, a performer and an educator. The poetry that Plato talks about was main source of knowledge in the society.
• 42-in European and Western Literature is an interaction between a reader and a book
• 43-Oral poetry is a communal performance.
44-in European and Western Literature is an entertainment and pleasure
• 45-Oral poetry teaches science, medicine, war and peace and social values
46-The poet in an oral society is a leader, and educator, a warrior, a priest
v 47- Plato accuses the poetic experience of his time of conditioning the citizens to …………., uncritically, the values of a tradition without grasping it.
v 48-The poet produces only a poor copy of the things he sings about, and those who listen to him and believe him acquire a ….
v 49-It would be fine, he says, if people just laughed at these tales and stories, but the problem is that they take them seriously as a source of ……..
50-Plato observes that the charm of poetry and its power reside in its …
c- rhythm, harmony, and measures
51-Plato calls rhythm, harmony, and measures colours of ……
52-Oral societies, that do not have a system of ………., use poetry like modern societies use schools, libraries, newspapers and television
53-Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point:………..
54-The poet’s craft, Plato says, demands only a ……… knowledge of things
55-……………find Aristotle's analysis of literature ,arts and poetry more enlightened than Plato
56-Gerald Else says Aristotle is the ‘…………………
a- the ‘czar of literary criticism
b- the ‘king of literary criticism