صفحة النقاشات للبايولوجي 2008

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هنووووووي

[أميره بشموخي]

واااااااااااو روعه يسلموووووو حبي..

[pr!ncess]

بنات بلييييييييييييز ابي محاضره

cirulatory system


نزلوها هنناا

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هلا خيتو برنسه
وسوري على التأخير
تفضلي المحاضره

((Circulatory system
Types of circulatory system:-
1- closed type like human
2- opened type like insects
closed type in human is formed of:
Lymphatic system.
Consists of: 1- lymphoid vessels 2- lymphoid organs 3- tissue
Component of :1- lymph vessels 2- lymph nodes
3- spleen 4- tonsils 5- thymus gland
Function:
1)- maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system . it take up excess tissue fluid (extra cellular fluid )and transport it to the blood stream
2)- transport of fat and fat soluble vitamins from digestive system
3)- defense against infection and injur
Cardiovascular system
Consists of: 1- heart 2- blood 3- blood vessels
Blood-
It is a kind of connective tissue.
-Function:
1)- transporting oxygen , nutrients and other solutes to cells
2)- carries away ****************bolic wastes and secretions including hormones
3)- helps in stabilizing internal PH
4)- has cells that fight infection
5)- regulate body temperature
Component: element formed (red "erythrocytes" and white "leucocytes" blood cell , platelets "thrombocytes" )and matrix(plasma) .
-All kinds of blood cell originate from the bone marrow.
Plasma: it consists mostly of water proteins and ions.
Function: 1)- serves as transporting media for the blood cells and platelets
2)- solvent for ions and molecules
-Plasma proteins function in:
*Transport lipids and fet-soluble vitamins.
*blood clotting .
*defense against pathogens
RBCs:
- biconcave disc-shaped cells.
- mature ones have no nucleus.
- they transport oxygen and carry away co2
WBCs:
- differ in shape of the nucleus , size , and staining traits
Functions: in defense
Kind of leucocytes
Granular:
eosinophils*
basophils*
Neutrophils
Agranular:
*Monocytes (macrophages)
*Lymphocytes T and B
Platelets:
They help in blood clotting
blood vessels:
They carry blood to the tissue and then back to the heart
They are of three types:
1)- arteries and arterioles:
-carry blood away from the heart.
-have thick wall consisting of an outer connective tissue layer , an innerendotheliol layer and a thick middle , layer of elastic fibers and smooth muscles
2)-veins and venules:
-return blood to the harts.
-veins of ten have valves . which allow blood to flow toward the heart when open and prevent the backward flow of blood when closed
-the wall of vein is much thinner that that of arteries the meddle layer of muscles and elastic fibers is poorly developed
3-capillaries:
-exchange material with the tissue and air in the lung
- arterioles branch in to small vessels called capillaries
- they are narrow microscopic tubes with thin wall composed of only one endothelial layer

Heart:
the heart is cone-shaped muscular organ located between lungs, the apex is directed to the left.
Pericardial:
Epithelial layer and fibrous tissues covering the outer surface of the heart
Myocardium:
The major part of the heart, consists largely of cardiac muscle tissues
Endocardium:
Endothelial tissue lines the inner surface of the heart

- internally the heart has aright and left sides separated by the septum
- it also has four chambers, two upper small thin-walled atria and two lower big thick-walled ventricles
- the left ventricle has the thickest wall.
Atrioventricular valves:
- there are two atrioventricular valves:
- tricuspid valve :
in the right side, it has three flaps
-they lie between the atria and ventricles and they are supported by fibrous strigs called chordae tendieae which prevent from everting.
- bicuspid valve:
or mitral valve on the left side it has two flaps.
-the atriventricular valve are supported by fibrous strigs called chordae tendineae which prevent them from everting .
- semi lunar valves
present between the ventricles and their attached vessels.
pulmonary semilunar:
lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
aortic semilunar:
lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Blood flow (path)in the human heart
1- the right atrium receives deoxygenated (oxygen poor)blood from the body via superior and inferior veina cave.
2- the right atrium contracts and the blood passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
3- the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs in the pulmonary artery through pulmonary semi lunar valve.
4- the left atrium receives oxygenated (oxygen rich) blood from the lung via pulmonary veins.
5- the left atrium contracts and the blood passes through the mitrol valve to the left ventricle.
6- the blood passes through aortic semi lunar valve to the aorta (the largest artery in the body then to the whole body.
7- coronary arteries: the first vessels to branch from the aorta , they supply blood to the heart muscle.
8- the different between arteries and veins is by direction of blood flow, not oxygenated continue.

Heart is a double pump
- the right side of the heart sends the blood through the pulmonary circuit to the lung then back to the heart the left atrium
-The left side of the heart sends the blood through systemic circuit to the other parts of the body and then back to the heart.


Cardiac cycle
Systole
Contraction of the heart muscle
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart muscle
-the two atria contract simultaneously then, the tow ventricles contract at the same time .so, atrial systole is followed by ventricular systole.
Heart beat
-Heart contracts or heart beat about 70times/minutes.
Each heart beat about0,85 see consisting of the following:-


Cardiac conduction
- there are nodal tissues having both muscular and nervous characteristics located in tow regions of the heart which are:.
SA=sinoatrial node=pacemaker . A cluster of cell bodies found in the upper dorsal wall of right atrium.
-AV=atrioventicular nods = found at the base of right atrium very close to the septum. It is only an electrical bridge between the atria and ventricles.
SA node initiates the heart beat and sends out an excitation impulse every 0,85 sec. to cause atria to contract .
When the impulses from SA nods reaches the AV node , it signals the ventricles to contract by way of specialized fibers called pukinje fibers

Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the wall of the vessel
Blood pressure is measures by using sphygmomanometer
It is high in the aorta and arteries low in the vena and veins .
It is normally 120/80 mm hg (systolic/ diastolic) in the brachial artery.
Systolic pressure: is the pressure when the ventricles contract
Diastolic pressure: : is the pressure when the ventricles relaxed.))

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ادعيلي

[pr!ncess]

مشكوره اختي hany36

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