ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعة الملك فيصل,جامعة الدمام - اللغة الانجليزية ENDLISH STUDENT LEVEL 5 >> 3rd year first semester

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The Meaning of the Term " Theory":
- The English word ' theory' was derived from a technical term in Ancient Greek philosophy. The word ' theoria' meant a looking at, viewing, beholding, and referring to contemplation or speculation as opposed to action.
- Theory is especially often contrasted to "practice" from Greek ' praxis'.
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The Meaning of the Term " Theory":
- The English word ' theory' was derived from a technical term in Ancient Greek philosophy. The word ' theoria' meant a looking at, viewing, beholding, and referring to contemplation or speculation as opposed to action.
- Theory is especially often contrasted to "practice" from Greek ' praxis'.
- In modern science the term theory or 'scientific theory' is generally understood to refer to a proposed " explanation" of " empirical phenomena" made in a way consistent with scientific method.
The Definition of a theory:
- A theory is an explanation of a phenomenon, the perception of a system and order in something observed.
- It exists in the mind.
- It has no tangible manifestation.
- It is an idea which constitutes the internal representation of a phenomena.
The Definition of a Model:
- A model is, in contrast, an external rather than an internal representation of the explanation, a realization of a theory.
- It exists as a tangible object ( diagram. A formula, a text) which stands for the idea embodied in the theory.
Main Characteristics of a Useful Model:
For a Model to be useful, it must possess the following characteristics:
1- It must faithfully represent the theory that it stands for.
2- It must do this by revealing significant characteristics of the phenomena explained by the theory.
1- It must have a heuristic function, making it easier to grasp the explanation (i.e. the theory) and doing that in a way which makes further studies easier and leads to deeper understanding.
Main Characteristics of a theory:
Ideally, a theory must reflect the following four particular criteria:
1- Empiricism: it must be testable
2- Determinism: it must be able to predict
3- Parsimony: it must be simple
4- Generality: it must be comprehensive
What is translation Theory?
1- A theory is a statement of a general principle, based on reasoned argument and supported by evidence that is intended to explain a particular fact, event, or phenomenon.
2- A theory of translation should conform as far as possible to the following criteria: Empiricism, Determinism, Parsimony, and Generality.
3- Based on the above mentioned concept of theory, Bell (1991) suggested three possible theories of translation depending on the focus of investigation:
A- A Theory of translation as a process
B- A Theory of translation as a product
C- A theory of translation as both process and product (Translating and translation)
Newmark ( 1988) says:
"Translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints."

1- It must have a heuristic function, making it easier to grasp the explanation (i.e. the theory) and doing that in a way which makes further studies easier and leads to deeper understanding.
Main Characteristics of a theory:
Ideally, a theory must reflect the following four particular criteria:
1- Empiricism: it must be testable
2- Determinism: it must be able to predict
3- Parsimony: it must be simple
4- Generality: it must be comprehensive
What is translation Theory?
1- A theory is a statement of a general principle, based on reasoned argument and supported by evidence that is intended to explain a particular fact, event, or phenomenon.
2- A theory of translation should conform as far as possible to the following criteria: Empiricism, Determinism, Parsimony, and Generality.
3- Based on the above mentioned concept of theory, Bell (1991) suggested three possible theories of translation depending on the focus of investigation:
A- A Theory of translation as a process
B- A Theory of translation as a product
C- A theory of translation as both process and product (Translating and translation)
Newmark ( 1988) says:
"Translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints."

1- It must have a heuristic function, making it easier to grasp the explanation (i.e. the theory) and doing that in a way which makes further studies easier and leads to deeper understanding.
Main Characteristics of a theory:
Ideally, a theory must reflect the following four particular criteria:
1- Empiricism: it must be testable
2- Determinism: it must be able to predict
3- Parsimony: it must be simple
4- Generality: it must be comprehensive
What is translation Theory?
1- A theory is a statement of a general principle, based on reasoned argument and supported by evidence that is intended to explain a particular fact, event, or phenomenon.
2- A theory of translation should conform as far as possible to the following criteria: Empiricism, Determinism, Parsimony, and Generality.
3- Based on the above mentioned concept of theory, Bell (1991) suggested three possible theories of translation depending on the focus of investigation:
A- A Theory of translation as a process
B- A Theory of translation as a product
C- A theory of translation as both process and product (Translating and translation)
Newmark ( 1988) says:
"Translation theory is the body of knowledge that we have about translating, extending from general principles to guidelines, suggestions and hints."

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Elements of Translation
1- A linguistic element known as a linguist ' verbal sign' involving SL and TL.
2- A situational or contextual element involving both SL and TL. This element determines translatability.
Situational elements are:
1- Semantic field
2- Physical environment
3- Social reality
4- Phonetic realization
5- The addressee
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Important terms:
SL
TL
ST
TT