🦋 المناقشات 🦋
Lecture: (1) An Overview of Translation in the Arab World
Topic * One: Discuss the major methods of translation used in the Abbasid Age
there were two principal
methods of translating from Greek and Persian into Arabic in the Abbasid Age.
1-The first was called Yuhanna ibn Batriq’s method, or ‘the literal way In other words, it consisted of translating each Greek word to an equivalent Arabic word.
2-and the second was called Hunayn bin Is-haq’s method, or ‘the free way In other words, it consisted of translating sense for sense not word for word.
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Lecture: (2) Literary Translation
Topic Two: *Discuss the differences between literary and non-literary translation
literary translation tends to be style-oriented rather than non-literary translation tends to be information content-oriented.
literary translation aims to achieve an aesthetic effect rather than the non- literary translation aim to conveyance of information only.
. In other words, the literary translator focuses on how something is said more than on what is said.
Lecture: (3) Creative Translation: Theory and Practice
Topic *Three:* Define 'Creative Translation' and Discuss the criteria used to assess the quality of literary translated texts.
As a working definition, ‘creative translation’ is used to refer to (the process of transferring a literary text in one language with utmost accuracy, clarity, naturalness, communicative effects and stylistic features of the source text into a target literary text in another language)
the ACNCS criteria (accuracy, clarity, naturalness, communication and style), which you can used to assess the quality of literary translated texts-
Accuracy: To be accurate is to represent something in accordance with the way it actually is
Clarity : To be clear is to be intelligible without causing the TT reader to exert any mental effort to understand what is meant by the content of the TT.
Naturalness: is used here to simply refer to the ability of the creative translator to apply appropriate natural forms and norms of the TL to the source text which is being translated,
Communication: involves the ability of the translator to transfer not only the meaning but also the emotional aspects of the ST to the target reader as effectively and faithfully as they are communicated to the ST readers in the first place
Style: refers to the linguistic choices the author uses in his or her writing to tell a narrative, to describe events, objects and characters, or to voice ideas and views in a manner of his or her choosing, whether it is formal, informal, casual, or archaic.
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Lecture: (4) Creative Translation: Problems & Difficulties
Topic Four: Discuss the semantic change over time in the meaning of the word الذُّبابُ in following example وَخَلا الذُّبابُ بِها فَلَيسَ بِبارِحٍ غَرِداً كَفِعلِ الشَّارِبِ المُتَرَنِّمِ
Like any other language, Arabic also has words whose meanings have changed over time
الُذباب For instance ,the word
in the following line from Antara, (a pre-Islamic poet), meant ‘bees’ in his own time, but now ,the usage of this word tends to mean ‘flies’, the insects that live on rubbish and carry diseases The former has a positive connotation, whereas the latter has a negative connotation.
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Lecture: (5) Creative Translation: Methods & Approaches
Topic Five: Discuss the translation of the following couple of lines taken from Shakespeare’s poem: ‘To His Love’ and make a comparison between the connotations of a 'Summer' in English and that in Arabic: “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day;Thou art more lovely and more temperate.”منذا يقارن حسنك المغري بصيف قد تجلى وفنون سحرك قد باتت في ناظري أسمى وأغلى
By using the holistic approach explained above, we can say that although AlNaib was a poetess and well qualified to approach translating Shakespeare’s poetry,
she failed to capture the cultural dimension of the poem.
The mistake AlNaib made was the misunderstanding of the cultural significance of the key word of the whole poem- ‘summer’s day’.
الصيف ’. ‘ She gave it the literal Arabic equivalent
This makes her translation lose the message Shakespeare wants to convey, the poetic and emotional effect on the reader and the climatic significance of the summer.
English summer ( a symbol of beauty and liveliness, very short 1-2 months , cool and temperate, positive psychological effect) Arabic summer ( very long 3-4 months, dry, humid and hot , negative psychological effect)
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Lecture: (6) Creative Translation: Translation of Poetry
Topic Six: Discuss whether Poetry is translatable or not.
A straightforward answer to such a central question about poetry translation would be ‘yes’, it obviously can be translated,as translated poetry constitutes such a large part of the literature of most languages and
cultures – for example, Omar Khayyam’s poetry in English. However, there is an opposite view which states that poetry translation is difficult or even impossible.
This is probably due to the assumption that translated poetry should be poetry in its own right; not only is poetry difficult and ambiguous,but it also represents a special and complex relationship between form and meaning .
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Lecture: (7) Creative Translation: Translation of Prose I
Topic Seven: Discuss the main features and elements of novels and short stories.
Novels and stories are fictitious compositions, which indicates that they are literary works but made up in a way that makes the reader treat them as real
novels and stories tend to have the following elements:
➢The characters and events
➢The author who wrote the story in a particular way
➢The reader who responds.
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Lecture: (8) Creative Translation: Translation of Prose II
Topic Eight: Discuss the stages of translating a literary short story.
When translating a short story, as a translator, you have to make first a crude handwritten draft that you never refer to again. This is a necessary stage, the stage of ‘writing the reading’ in some palpable form.
Writing mechanically for page after page fixes the reading of each individual sentence;
it shows up the problem points, the deficiencies in your understanding and the places where more work is needed.
The next stage, which is as translation proper, involves writing and rewriting, crafting sentences, using dictionaries, thesauruses and encyclopedias.
By the time you have finished a translation, you may have several drafts including the initial handwritten scrawl.
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Lecture: (9) Creative Translation: Translation of Drama Topic Nine: Discuss the main differences between translating drama for page and translating it for stage.
The approaches used by the drama translators tend to be the same as those used by prose text translators, which obviously cannot be the case. This is because a theatre text is read differently. It is read as something incomplete..... It is only in performance that whether to translate the text as a purely literary text or to try translate it in its function as one element in another, more complex system
Some translators tend to translate the play as dramatic text to be recorded on the page and studied as an academic area, and others argue for the need to translate it for performing on the stage.
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Lecture: (10) Creative Translation: Translation of Orations
Topic Ten: Discuss the main differences between the translation of prophetic and non- prophetic orations. Please give examples.
(non-prophetic type): as mentioned earlier, religious speech, short or long, tend to appeal to both hearts and minds, using a high stylistic approach to a wide audience of diverse classes of people in a variety of situation and settings.note that oratorical speech tends to be more allegorical, emotional and connotational, and you need to reflect this in your translation accordingly.Linguistically, however, you need to ensure that your use of vocabulary and grammatical structure feels and sounds natural.
For example:
Life is a warfare: a warfare between two standards: the Standard of right and the Standard of wrong.
الحیاة معركة بین الحق والباطل
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prophetic type): Unlike any other type of text translator, the translator of Prophet Muhammad’s orations (r) should have additional characteristics
which would make him/her outstanding.the translator should be God-fearing, religiously knowledgeable, bilingual and bicultural person, above all should have this extra bit of rhetoric and style in both SL and TL.
For example:
أیھا الناس ، اسمعوا قولي ، فإني لا أدري لعلي لا ألقاكم بعد عامي ھذا بھذا الموقف أبدا ؛
“O People! Listen carefully to what I say, for I don't know whether I will ever meet you
again here after this year.”
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Lecture: (11) Creative Translation: Practicals I Topic Eleven: Consider the following three stanza of a poem from Treasury of Poetry & Rhymes, selected by Alistair Hedley (2000), and translate them into Arabic. Make an effort to achieve the ACNCS criteria in your translation. My Mother Who fed me from her gentle breast, And hushed me in her arms to rest, And on my cheek sweet kisses prest? My Mother When sleep forsook my open eye, Who was it sung sweet hushby, And who rocked me that I should not cry? My Mother Who sat and watched my infant head, When sleeping on my cradle bed, And tears of sweet affection shed? MY mother
امي
من اطعمتني من ثديها الرقيق.
وهدهدتني بين ذراعيها لأنام
وتطبع قبلتاها الحلوة على خدي
انها امي
عندما يتخلى النوم عن عيناي
من كان يغني بصوت حلو هادئ
ومن كان يأرجحني كي لا ابكي
انها امي
من تجلس وتشاهد رأسي الصغير
حين أنام في سريري
وتذرف دموع العاطفة الحلوه
انها امي
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Week Twelve: Lecture: (12) Creative Translation: Practicals II
Topic Twelve: Translate the following excerpt taken from a story by M Qarania (2001) into English, and then explain the procedures you adopted in producing your translation. Be as creative as possible (i. e. novel and appropriate) in your translation. مصرع الذئب جلسَ سيِّدُ الغابةِ في عرينِه حزيناً، وأَخَذَ يفكِّرُ في أمرهِ، فقد شعرَ أنَّ قوَّتَهُ لمْ تَعُدْ تُساعِدُه على الخُروجِ والبَحثِ عنْ صيدٍ سمينٍ يأكلُهُ، بعدَ أنْ صارَ كبيراً طاعناً في السِّنِّ. فكَّرَ مَلِيّاً في أمرِه. وخافَ أنْ تعلَمَ حيواناتُ الغابةِ بذلك، فيَفْقِدَ سيطرتَه عليها، لذلك قرَّرَ استدعاءَ الذئبِ لمشاورتِهِ وأخْذِ رأيِهِ في الموضوعِ. قَدِمَ الذئبُ إلى عرينِ الأسَدِ، وجلسَ بينَ يديْهِ، فلَمَحَ علاماتِ الأسى والحُزنِ تَرْتَسِمُ على وجههِ الشاحبِ، فقال: "مالي أرى سيِّدَ الغابةِ واجماً حزيناً؟"
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The lord of the forest sat miserably in his den thinking of his misfortunes .He felt that his strength was no longer helping him to go out and search for fat hunting, after he became very old. Think carefully about it. He was afraid to learn the animals of the forest, so he lost control over them, so he decided to call the wolf to consult him and take his opinion on the subject. The wolf came to the lion's den, and sat in his hands, and the signs of sorrow and sadness were painted on his pale face.
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Lecture: (13) Creative Translation: Practicals III Topic Thirteen: Translate and Discuss your own concept of oratory translation using the following example: أيها الناس، الفساد كالوباء إذا سكتنا عنه انتشر، وإذا حاربناه انحصر، فلكن معاً ً في مكافحة الفساد.
O people, corruption is like an epidemic which would spread if we were quiet about it. But if we fought it, it would shrink, so be a partner in the fight against corruption.
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Lecture: (14) Review of the Course Topic Fourteen: What are the advantages and disadvantages of The Creative Translation Course ؟
I think creative translation is very interesting subject and one of this advantage , I learned different methods to translate different parts of literature , but we need to practice more on it and have a store of vocabulary to be Capable for produce a creative translison
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