:

2017- 10- 4, 07:01 AM



::

1439/3/29

:106:
Zozofahad
2017- 10- 5, 05:35 AM
������
memoooooooooo
2017- 10- 5, 09:08 AM
Zozofahad
2017- 10- 8, 07:04 AM
...
2017- 10- 8, 10:59 PM




GOGO H
2017- 10- 21, 11:04 PM
..... :53::53:
2017- 10- 22, 10:57 AM


99 %
100

Mr. Taher
2017- 10- 24, 04:20 AM








3
samah..
2017- 10- 25, 10:08 PM
..


..
Mr. Taher
2017- 10- 28, 09:45 PM


3

2017- 10- 31, 11:41 AM


3




:d5:
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:34 PM

Dody cool

%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:36 PM
Dody cool







European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.




were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
()

Wests relationship with antiquity is not simple. It is full of contradictions and ambivalence.
( )


(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)



Rome
1-

2- ( )
The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality

3- ... ..
The Romans were a simple rural-successful warriors,-
still felt that they were inferior culturally to their small province Greece.

---------------------------------------------------

Roman poet writes
Horace-1-

advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive


Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive


2- Seneca,

#No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.

#[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.

--- ---
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:38 PM


,
Renaissance
..Europeans
rediscovered the books of the Greeks and Romans

ɿ (( -))
The period is called the Renaissance
because across Europe people wanted to revive the ancient
learning of Rome and Greece

ǿ
So the emergence of what we call today literature in Renaissance Europe had a strong political motivation and purpose.

--------------------------------------------------------

There were no written languages in Europe

..
The only written language was Latin and people who could read Greek, were very rare


Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments.


poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power

20th _____imitation of the classics.

㿿
In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture

...
always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle, but research shows that they knew very little of Aristotles work

(Greece) rome---Latin authors. (- )
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:39 PM
...

..plato
>>>



*

*

* :

............................
Plato

.. (the Republic)
...Book X -10
Book III -3

....................
...
Ͽ
Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis

(Mimesis) (imitation showing )

(Diagesis) (narration telling:)
(( ((Dialogue ))

------------------
(( ))((drama-mimesis))
1st ..

(( ))((stories-diagesis))
3rd ..

--------------------
(narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two)
..
...
-------------------

Platos n Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city


poetry cripple the mind..
((( )oral socity ))

______________________
(Greece))

1- (ars) - (art) Fine Arts

includes
nhuman activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the science

2- In the ancient world, they had poetry, tragedy
and comedy, but they were all known as poetry.
poetry

(( (- -)
poetry

--------------------------
The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, , is a poet, a performer and an educator.


-----------------------
Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content
... ..
(song-making)
-------------------------------
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:41 PM



..........

...Aristotle


Aristotle on Tragedy
....... ............





忿

philosophical systems

---------------------------


Western cultures as czar of literary criticism,
---------------------------
Aristotle,
-------Poetics,---
---Tragedy,()
-----an imitation of an action that is serious- ---
arousing pity and fear,
that tragedy is an imitation of action, not a narration
6 --must have six parts, which parts determine its quality
--------------------------------------



1- Plot:
plot as the arrangement of the incidents

(Plot-incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.)
--------------------
Plot
The plot must be a whole, with a beginning, middle, and end.
---

1-beginning,incentive moment,
( )

2-middle, or climax:earlier incidents
:

3- end, or resolution:solve or resolve the problem created during the incentive moment.
: ()


( beginning climax tying u)
( climax end unraveling)

_______________

According to Aristotle, the worst kinds of plots are episodic,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


2-. Character: " "
*
Character should support the plot

*
the hero should be an aristocrat

*
true to life - he/she should be realistic and believable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


3-Thought:
themes of a play

-------------------------------------------------------
4-Diction "
the expression of the meaning in words
-----------------------------------------------------
5-Song, or melody
the musical element
-------------------------------------------------


The end of the tragedy is a katharsis-purgation
,katharsis purgation
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:42 PM
...

....
(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)

....................


--------------------------------

1-Horace:((((( ))) 1
* He was a poet

*was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle


*In Ars Poetica:" "

* 5
that a play should not be shorter or longer than five acts

* .sensibility..
allows him to separate what he calls sophisticated tastes from the vulgar

*
wants Roman poets to imitate are the Greeks.

*
tales believable

* Letter to Augustus
hatred of the popular culture

*
Greek culture (books) with elegance

popular culture of his own time with venom.

--------------------------------------

2-Quintilian

*
the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome

*
But imitation is also dangerous:

*
It is the sign of a lazy mentality

-------------------------------------------------------

3-Seneca (((( ))) 1
bees produce honey

------------------------------------------------------

Latin authors
(( !!! .

..................

Latin authors
:
used poetry and literature for two things only

1- ----To improve eloquence
2- -------To sing the national glories of Rome
%%
2017- 11- 16, 08:43 PM


... vtuj

...



*dante


*1440 Lorenzo valla

*
grammar book

*Petrah

champion of Latin imitation
%%
2017- 11- 17, 01:56 AM






Russian Formalism

20th
A school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in Russia in the second decade of the 20th


Formalist located literary meaning in the pome (poetry)

the Russian formalist want to-->develop the literary


Modern Russian Poetry
Roman Jakobson

-----------------------------------------------------

A Product of the Russian Revolution

*
Russia romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective.

* ---( )
The formalist perspective encouraged the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens

----------------------------------------------------
:
( ))


These names revolutionized literary criticism between 1914 and the 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature.

-------------------------------------------------
:
Formalists are not interested in:

-
The psychology and biography of the author.

-
people (i.e., author, reader) are not important

-
the Formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature.

-------------------------------------------------
Roman Jakobson
Modern Russian Poetry ...

:
... (literariness'),
The subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but= literariness'),


--------communicative function should e reduce to minimum

____________________________________________
.... )
Poetic vs. Ordinary Language


Russian Formalists argued that Literature was a specialized mode of language
-------------------------------------------------------
. )
Form vs. Content


rejected the traditional dichotomy of form vs. content



is an integrated type of discourse, qualitatively different from prose, with a hierarchy of elements and internal laws of its own

-------------------------------------

Plot vs. Story


The events the work relates (the story) from
the sequence in which those events are presented in the work (the plot).
------------------------------------
Literariness
(( ....

Jan Mukarovsky
Jan Mukarovsky, consists in the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance,
--- ---

________________________________
..
----------------------------------------------

1- Shklovsky's Defamiliarization Making Strange
----------------------------------------------
2-Vladimir Propp's Morphology of the Folktale
Folktale fairytale

*31.Functions
*broad character types,7
-
---------------------------------------------
%%
2017- 11- 17, 01:57 AM


Structuralism


1960
Structuralism in literature appeared in France in the 1960s

...
It continues the work of Russian Formalism in the sense that it does not seek to interpret literature; it seeks rather to investigate its structures.
-


Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Gerard Gennete, and A.j. Greimas.

(( Gerard Gennete,.. .. ))

--------------------------------------------------------
Narrative Discourse " "
Gennete :
1-time
2-Mood
3-Voice
-----------------
::::
1-time
Narrative Order


1- ---
2- -----

The time of the story: The time in which the story happens

The time of the narrative: The time in which the story is told/narrated


Narrative Order
is the relation between the sequencing of events in the story and their arrangement in the narrative

--------------------------------------------
...time
Time Zero " "
...
Time Zeros: is the point in time in which the narrator is telling his/her story.

Anachronies
(Analepsis:) (Prolepsis:)
Anachronies happen whenever a narrative stops the chronological order in order to bring events or information from the past (of the time zero) or from the future (of the time zero).


1-Analepsis:( - () __ )
>>> ---past ---recounts after the fact
that took place earlier than the moment

2-Prolepsis:( - () __ )
anticipates events that will occur after the point in time>>>future

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Narrative Mood:
Mimesis vs. Diegesis
((( )

Genette says, all narrative is necessarily diegesis



It can only achieve an illusion of mimesis (showing) by making the story real, alive and vivid.

--------------------------------------

The only imitation (mimesis) possible in literature is the imitation of words

____
Mimesis: maximum of information and a minimum of the informer.
: .. (

Diegesis: a minimum of information and a maximum presence of the informer.
: (( )

---------------------------------------
3-voice
Who speaks?)
Who see??
>>>>>>>>

Who see??Focalization:
..
1. Zero focalization: The narrator knows more than the characters

2. Internal focalization: The narrator knows as much as the focal character
:

3. External focalization: The narrator knows less than the characters.


-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Who Speaks? "
˿
:
4 ---

1-SUBSEQUENT: The classical (most frequent) position of the past
:

2- PRIOR: Predictive narrative, generally in the future tense (dreams,
:

3- SIMULTANEOUS: Narrative in the present contemporaneous
: ...

4-INTERPOLATED: Between the moments of the action (this is the most complex)
: ...

----------------------------------------
Homodiegetic Narrator:present

Heterodiegetic Narrator:absent

Extradiegetic Narrative:superior,

Intradiegetic Narrative
----------------------
%%
2017- 11- 17, 01:59 AM

--Structuralism " "
,,,,
......

1. Roland Barthes: __,,The Death of the Author


In Literary Studies


Structuralism is interested in the conventions and the structures of the literary work.


----------------------------------
According to Roland Barthes, it is language that speaks and not the author who no longer determines meaning. Consequences: We no longer talk about works but texts.
...


-----------------------------------------------------
The birth of the reader has a cost: the death of the Author.


-------------------------------------------------------

... .. ..

.............................
,,


:love 080:
%%
2017- 11- 17, 02:16 AM
10

1. Michel Foucault
: What is an Author?

:


:........

"author function" is more like a set of beliefs or assumptions governing the production, circulation, classification and consumption of texts.
( )

.................................................. .
11

Greimas: The Actantial Model
: Actantial Model

Actantial Model

actantial model is a tool that can theoretically be used to analyze any real or thematized action
for all literature
(

Actantial Model 6


Actantial Model 6 3 Axes
The axis of desire - Subject Object

The axis of transmission Sender Receiver

The axis of power Helper Opponent

.................................................. ...................
12

Poststructuralism




*
outcome of Twentieth-century French philosophy

*
sees culture and history as integral to meaning

*
rebellion against structuralism

*logo-centrism was develop by: Poststructuralism

*
study of how knowledge is produced

*
Rejects the idea of a literary text having one purpose, one meaning or one singular existence
-
* ()
Poststructuralism displaces the writer/author and make the reader the primary subject of inquiry

*
rejects that there is a consistent structure to texts
%%
2017- 11- 17, 02:16 AM
10

1. Michel Foucault
: What is an Author?

:


:........

"author function" is more like a set of beliefs or assumptions governing the production, circulation, classification and consumption of texts.
( )

.................................................. .
11

Greimas: The Actantial Model
: Actantial Model

Actantial Model

actantial model is a tool that can theoretically be used to analyze any real or thematized action
for all literature
(

Actantial Model 6


Actantial Model 6 3 Axes
The axis of desire - Subject Object

The axis of transmission Sender Receiver

The axis of power Helper Opponent

.................................................. ...................
12

Poststructuralism




*
outcome of Twentieth-century French philosophy

*
sees culture and history as integral to meaning

*
rebellion against structuralism

*logo-centrism was develop by: Poststructuralism

*
study of how knowledge is produced

*
Rejects the idea of a literary text having one purpose, one meaning or one singular existence
-
* ()
Poststructuralism displaces the writer/author and make the reader the primary subject of inquiry

*
rejects that there is a consistent structure to texts
%%
2017- 11- 17, 02:19 AM
13


Jacques Derrida

Post-structuralism is a European-based theoretical movement that departs from structuralist methods of analysis.
...



Jacques Lacan (psychoanalysis)
Michel Foucault (history

Jacques Derrida (philosophy

Derrida
language is unreliable



There is no pre-discursive reality. Every reality is shaped and accessed by a discourse.
,,, ...
((



.................................................. ........
14



Marxist Literary Criticism


Karl Marx

*born 1818 in Rhineland. 1818

*Known as The Father of Communism.

*Marx died in 1883 1883

-------------------------------------------------------

Base-Superstructure



The Base: The material conditions of life, economic relations, labor, capita
: ....

The Superstructure: This is what today is called ideology
:

-------------------------------------

Marx said that it is peoples material conditions that determines their consciousness

-------------------------------------------------------------

Marx and Engels were political philosophers


------------------------------------------------------------

:

( )
Literary products (novels, plays, etc) cannot be understood outside of the economic conditions, class relations and ideologies of their time.

--------------------------------------------------------------


............................. .................................................. ..
%%
2017- 11- 17, 03:10 AM
..
https://vb.ckfu.org/t739205.html
%%
2017- 11- 17, 03:20 AM

%%
2017- 11- 17, 03:21 AM


Literary Criticism ( )#1
# #

[ ] :Literary Criticism and Theory( ) - lecture 1


[ ] : - /





( 2 )

Literary Criticism ( )#2


[ ] :Literary Criticism and Theory( ) -lecture 2

[ ] : - /





ayosha 2 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11453

ayosha 2 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11447



(3 )


Literary Criticism ( )#3

[ ] :Literary Criticism and Theory( ) - lecture3 ( )
[ ] :Literary Criticism and Theory( ) - lecture3 ( )


ayosha 3 part1

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11454


ayosha 3 part2

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11457


ayosha 3 part3

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11458


(1-3)




ayosha 4 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11462

ayosha 4 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11464


Literary Criticism ( )#4




( 5 )

Literary Criticism ( )#5

[ ] : (4-5)


ayosha 5 part1
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11511

ayosha 5 part2
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11512

ayosha 5 part3
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11513



( 6 )






Literary Criticism ( )#6


(6-7)




ayosha 6 part1


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11509




ayosha 6 part2


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11510






Literary Criticism ( )#7



ayosha 7 part1



http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11506



ayosha 7 part2



http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11504



8



Literary Criticism ( )#8

-




ayosha 8 part1


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11501








ayosha 8 part2




http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11502


9


[ ] : (9-10)




ayosha 9


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11470



10




[ ] : (9-10)




ayosha 10


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11469



11




(11 -12 )


ayosha 11


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11468



12


(11 -12 )
ayosha 12
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11467

13

(13-14)
ayosha 13
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11507





14

(13-14)


ayosha 14
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11466



.

1435
1437

1435 - ,



19

24
2017- 11- 17, 03:24 AM

%%
2017- 11- 17, 03:38 AM


a+:(204):
2017- 11- 18, 02:41 AM
Dody cool
2017- 11- 20, 10:00 PM
1437
Roqaia Adel
2017- 11- 21, 03:52 PM

dodycool
2017- 11- 24, 08:36 AM
:icon19::icon19:
Sultanahm7
2017- 11- 24, 03:28 PM
2017- 11- 25, 04:50 AM
2017- 11- 25, 05:53 AM
Western drama, poetry, literary criticism, art, education, politics, fashion
, architecture, painting, sculpture
were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome

( )


But the Wests relationship with antiquity
is not simple.
It is full of contradictions and ambivalence.

Roman poet Horace writes:
:
Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive

( )
Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence
:
man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.

&
No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.


- Seneca

The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them.

Imitation cannot produce originality.

.
The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people

became successful warriors,
2017- 11- 25, 06:36 AM
The period is called the Renaissance
because across Europe people wanted to revive the ancient learning of Rome and Greece.



books of the Greeks and Romans
literature and a culture

hundreds and hundreds of texts and books that no one had seen for hundreds of years.
This material will transform the mind of Europe, and lead to the Renaissance



Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments
2017- 11- 25, 06:47 AM

Bellay
, poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power


in imitation of the bees, to produce in our own words thoughts borrowed from others.
"
..

In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture.


Europeans thought that they were imitating the classical cultures of Greece ad Rome
. In reality they imitated mostly the Romans

2017- 11- 25, 09:23 AM
-Platos most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the

- Republic

Mimesis Diagesis


Mimesis
Diagesis

Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling

can proceed by narration or by imitation

And narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two




Plato Bans the Poet

Poetry Cripples the Mind

Poetry excites the senses and neutralizes
the brain and the thinking faculties. It produces docile and passive imitators


(ars)
all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences.



The poet that Plato describes in the Republic
is a poet, a performer and an educator.

It is only in an oral society
that poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education.


The reason: in a society that does not have a system of writing
, poetry becomes useful to record and preserve knowledge.


.

Without a system of writing, how does a society preserve its knowledge,
its customs and its traditions?

Poetry and songs

.
2017- 11- 25, 09:59 AM
Aristotle

czar of literary criticism,
(poetics)

Tragedy
an imitation of an action


Tragedy arouses pity and fear,
because the audience can envision themselves
within the cause-and-effect chain of the action


6

Plot , Characters Thought , Diction , Spectacle (Melody

Plot

The plot must be a whole, with a beginning, middle, and end.
incentive moment
climax
resolution
The end should therefore solve or resolve the problem


arrangement of these incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.





Liveing culture

Museum culture


..



Horace, though, was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle.
He was a poet writing advice in the form of poems


In Ars Poetica:


Horace equates the preserved Greek culture (books) with elegance

and he equates the popular culture of his own time with venom.
!


I will not die entirely, writes Horace, some principal part of
me yet evading the great Goddess of Burials. That great part of him was his books.


"Epistle to Maecena"
How oft, ye servile crew
Of mimics, when your bustling pranks Ive seen,
Have ye provoked my smiles how often my spleen!


If you want me to cry, mourn first yourself, then your misfortunes will hurt me
Roman poet Horace writes:
:
Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive
2017- 11- 25, 10:10 AM
Quintilian
he was the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome.
He wrote the Institutio as a help in the training of orators.





Latin authors used poetry and literature for two things only:


To improve eloquence

To sing the national glories of Rome and show off its culture.
2017- 11- 25, 11:08 AM

Formalism defined its project as the study of literature:

. From a scientific and objective perspective
2017- 11- 25, 11:18 AM
Which school of criticism developed the concept of "Defamiliarization"?
Defamiliarization
- Russian Formalism

Russian Formalists wanted to:

. Develop a science of literature
2017- 11- 25, 11:40 AM
Vladimir Propp was a Russian Formalist who studies:

Fairy Tales

In his study of fairy tales. Vladimir Propp established:

7 Seven character types
31



russian fairytales


1960 ...........
Structuralism-


the port


between the literary (or poetic) use of language and the ordinary

2017- 11- 25, 11:49 AM
Dante
divinely Creation

Lorenzo Valla
human Creation


. The central tactic in the attack on the monopoly of Latin was the production
of grammar books for the vernacular
2017- 11- 25, 12:14 PM
1960
Structuralism in literature appeared in France in the 1960s

future
Prolepsis

past
Analepsis


Anachronies "
2017- 11- 25, 12:18 PM
Genette distinguishes three kinds of focalization:

Zero focalization
Internal focalization
External
2017- 11- 25, 12:41 PM
Roland Barthes: The Death of the Author

Structuralism is interested in the conventions and the structures of the literary work.


idea of the author is a modern invention.


The birth of the reader has a cost: the death of the Author


Barthes wants literature to move away from the idea of the author in prder to
discover the reader, and more importantly, in order to discover writing.


Barthes rejected the idea that literature and criticism should rely
on a single self-determining author, in control of his meanings,


...

It is now known that a text is not a line of words realising a single theological meaning
(the message of the Author-God) but a multi- dimensional space in which
a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash.

, ,
2017- 11- 25, 12:49 PM
Michel Foucault:
What is an Author

"author function"
is more like a set of beliefs or assumptions governing
the production, circulation, classification and consumption of texts.
2017- 11- 25, 01:04 PM
Greimas Actantial Model
all literature

Greimas
actants
2017- 11- 25, 01:18 PM
 Poststructuralism was a rebellion against structuralism



f "self" as a singular and coherent entity, for Poststructuralism
, is a fictional construct, an illusion
2017- 11- 25, 02:57 PM
Jacques Derrida



There is no pre-discursive reality. Every reality is shaped and accessed by a discourse.
there is nothing outside of the text (Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology)


For Derrida, language is unreliabl
2017- 11- 25, 03:13 PM

The Father of Communism.



Marx said that it is peoples material conditions that determines their consciousness







The idea that history is made of two main forces
The Base1
2The Superstructure

..

Literary products (novels, plays, etc) cannot be understood outside
of the economic conditions, class relations and ideologies of their time

tropxily
2017- 11- 26, 02:27 AM

2013
쿿
2017- 11- 26, 09:39 AM
,
2017- 11- 26, 09:40 AM

2013
쿿

aljori999
2017- 11- 27, 08:41 PM
.
:love080:




:004:

:16.jpg:
aljori999
2017- 11- 27, 09:05 PM

:d5:


:icon19:
%%
2017- 11- 28, 07:20 AM

:d5:


:icon19:


2017- 12- 2, 08:43 PM
maria-
2017- 12- 2, 09:34 PM
Dody cool


٠
2017- 12- 3, 09:36 PM
2017- 12- 4, 12:06 AM



:icon19::icon19::icon19:
2017- 12- 6, 12:43 PM
https://vb.ckfu.org/t799507-6.html
2017- 12- 10, 06:57 AM
Noouf Al-Ajmii
2017- 12- 10, 11:11 AM




samah..
2017- 12- 12, 12:04 PM
1437

2017- 12- 12, 11:09 PM






ALRAYANI
2017- 12- 13, 12:10 AM
2017- 12- 13, 12:57 AM
..



https://vb.ckfu.org/t741260.html
Sultanahm7
2017- 12- 15, 02:17 PM
Mn2l
2017- 12- 15, 03:24 PM



3
SaRa..!
2017- 12- 16, 04:49 AM
..

:(
Mn2l
2017- 12- 16, 06:08 AM

2017- 12- 16, 06:51 AM
Roqaia Adel
2017- 12- 16, 09:24 AM
2017- 12- 16, 06:23 PM
1436-1437 .
Ala3
2017- 12- 16, 07:18 PM
😭😭❤
khuloodsh44
2017- 12- 16, 07:25 PM
2017- 12- 16, 07:30 PM
😁

https://vb.ckfu.org/t741038.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t741260.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t741017.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t777310.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t777319.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t771549.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t771563.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t718733.html
student3
2017- 12- 16, 07:55 PM
😁

https://vb.ckfu.org/t741038.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t741260.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t741017.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t777310.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t777319.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t771549.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t771563.html
https://vb.ckfu.org/t718733.html

2017- 12- 16, 07:58 PM
🌸


1434
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=13308

1434
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=13312

1435
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=13325

1435
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=13336

1435
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11784

.. 1434 - 1435
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=10645


28
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=11323#takeresult


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=1067

1436-1437
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/quiz.php?do=take&quiz_id=13749
Noouf Al-Ajmii
2017- 12- 16, 08:25 PM



Mn2l
2017- 12- 16, 08:58 PM
((()))


Shamrock
2017- 12- 16, 09:10 PM
3

when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the past ( of the time zero ), it is called " "
) (
- Analepsis
- Prolepsis
- Anachrony



when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the future ( of the time zero ), it is called " "
) (
- Analepsis
- Prolepsis
- Anachrony
- Flashback



Anachronies happen whenever a narrative stops the chronological order
in order to bring events or information from the past (of the time zero) or
from the future (of the time zero).
ؾ (Anachronies( -
0 ( ) (


Analepsis: The narrator recounts after the fact an event that took place
earlier than the moment in which the narrative is stopped.

2017- 12- 16, 09:25 PM
38
SaRa..!
2017- 12- 16, 09:31 PM





!!
Mn2l
2017- 12- 16, 09:59 PM
38




38 1434
Meraa
2017- 12- 16, 10:24 PM
when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the past ( of the time zero ), it is called " "
) (
- Analepsis
- Prolepsis
- Anachrony



when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the future ( of the time zero ), it is called " "
) (
- Analepsis
- Prolepsis
- Anachrony
- Flashback



: A
: B
khuloodsh44
2017- 12- 16, 10:37 PM
:Cry111:
Ala3
2017- 12- 16, 11:02 PM
..
Logocentrism is an important concept that was developed by
ݪ
- Structuralists
Post-structiralists -
- Formalism
- Semioticians

------
when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the future ( of the time zero ), it is called
) (
- Analepsis
Prolepsis - - Anachrony
- Flashback

-------
Formalists located literary meaning in
- The poet
The poem -
- The figures of speech
- The impact of the poem on the reader

-------

Formalists proposed to make a distinction
- Between prose and poetry
- Between ancient and modern poetry
Between poetic language and ordinary language -
- Between Russian poetic language and English poetic language
-----

During the Renaissance, Humanist critics relied heavily on theories of imitation that ... ֪ ... ....developed
In Rome -
- In Greece
- In Europe
- In the Muslim world
Ala3
2017- 12- 16, 11:09 PM
((()))




ramarimo
2017- 12- 16, 11:19 PM
..
Logocentrism is an important concept that was developed by
ݪ
- Structuralists
Post-structiralists -
- Formalism
- Semioticians

------
when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the future ( of the time zero ), it is called
) (
- Analepsis
Prolepsis - - Anachrony
- Flashback

-------
Formalists located literary meaning in
- The poet
The poem -
- The figures of speech
- The impact of the poem on the reader

-------

Formalists proposed to make a distinction
- Between prose and poetry
- Between ancient and modern poetry
Between poetic language and ordinary language -
- Between Russian poetic language and English poetic language
-----

During the Renaissance, Humanist critics relied heavily on theories of imitation that ... ֪ ... ....developed
In Rome -
- In Greece
- In Europe
- In the Muslim world

Post-structiralists -
Prolepsis
Between poetic language and ordinary language -
In Rome -
Ala3
2017- 12- 16, 11:20 PM


!

..


Aiosh 25
2017- 12- 16, 11:41 PM
..
Logocentrism is an important concept that was developed by
ݪ
- structuralists



post-structiralists -
- formalism
- semioticians

------
when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from the future ( of the time zero ), it is called
) (
- analepsis
prolepsis - - anachrony
- flashback

-------
formalists located literary meaning in
- the poet
the poem -
- the figures of speech
- the impact of the poem on the reader

-------

formalists proposed to make a distinction
- between prose and poetry
- between ancient and modern poetry
between poetic language and ordinary language -
- between russian poetic language and english poetic language
-----

during the renaissance, humanist critics relied heavily on theories of imitation that ... ֪ ... ....developed
in rome -
- in greece
- in europe
- in the muslim world








Ala3
2017- 12- 16, 11:48 PM


Bandar12
2017- 12- 17, 01:46 AM




👀

☹

🌺
Ala3
2017- 12- 17, 02:09 AM
👀

☹

🌺


https://vb.ckfu.org/attachments/e7/328084d1513336106-%E3%CC%E1%D3-%E3%D0%C7%DF%D1%C9-%C7%E1%E4%DE%CF-%C7%E1%C3%CF%C8%ED-%C7%D3%C6%E1%C9-%C7%E1%E4%DE%CF-%C7%E1%C3%CF%C8%ED-%E3%CA%D1%CC%E3.pdf
2017- 12- 17, 03:17 AM
vanillastar
2017- 12- 17, 03:32 AM
!!!!
2017- 12- 17, 04:32 AM
!
,
SaRa..!
2017- 12- 17, 04:45 AM
!!!!

..



2017- 12- 17, 07:38 AM
!!!!

😳😳😳😳😳😳😳😳😳😳😳
2017- 12- 17, 08:02 AM
European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.
2017- 12- 17, 08:04 AM
(were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome
()
2017- 12- 17, 08:06 AM
:Cry111:

:)
2017- 12- 17, 08:14 AM

(rome ----a museum culture)

(greece ----a living culture)
2017- 12- 17, 08:17 AM
The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality
2017- 12- 17, 08:21 AM
Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive

: Horace
2017- 12- 17, 08:23 AM
No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.

: Seneca
2017- 12- 17, 09:09 AM
Narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two



Plato
2017- 12- 17, 09:21 AM
The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, , is a poet, a performer and an educator

(Plato) (Republic)
mmnssm
2017- 12- 17, 09:22 AM
🙈

..



no past a man






.. !


Greece 🇬🇷

("A man who follows another not only finds nothing, he is not even
looking
Seneca




.. . .. fake






:
Poetry cripples the mind.

It weakens the critical faculty


breeds conformity.



👌🏻👍🏻
Poetry cripples the mind.


It weakens the critical faculty


breeds conformity.




.. ..
🌸🌸🌸🌸
:
Zero focalization
📌 The charactor knows LESS than the narrator
📌 The narrator Knows MORE than the charactor

internal focalization
📌 The charactor knows as much as the narrator
📌 The narrator Knows as much as the charactor

External focalization
📌 The charactor knows MORE the narrator
📌 The narrator Knows LESS the charactor

⚠Very important

......

past ( of the time zero) Analepsis

future ( of the time zero) prolepsis

past and future ( of the time zero)
Anachronies
1438

🔴🔴🔴
...
2017- 12- 17, 09:27 AM
* Aristotle ɿ
philosophical systems

( 😒 😌)
2017- 12- 17, 09:45 AM
̡ 😁
Bandar1409
2017- 12- 17, 10:20 AM
* aristotle ɿ
philosophical systems

( 😒 😌)

😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
ZAINH
2017- 12- 17, 10:30 AM
During the Renaissance, Humanist critics relied heavily on theories of imitation that
.developed


In Rome
- In Greece
- In Europe
- In the Muslim world


abu bailasan
2017- 12- 17, 11:45 AM
During the Renaissance, Humanist critics relied heavily on theories of imitation that
.developed


In Rome
- In Greece
- In Europe
- In the Muslim world




2017- 12- 17, 12:20 PM
Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories

like they were national monuments.
2017- 12- 17, 12:32 PM
*The aim of Russian Formalism was ..
..

A- To encourage Russians to write more literature
B- To establish formalism as a respectable school of literary criticism
C- To establish literary scholarship as a distinct and autonomous field of study

C

2017- 12- 17, 12:36 PM
Formalists located literary meaning in ...

A- The poet
B- The poem
C- The figures of speech
D- The impact of the poem on the reader
2017- 12- 17, 12:52 PM
when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information
from the past ( of the time zero ), it is called
( )

(((Analepsis)))

when a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from
the future ( of the time zero ), it is called
( )

(((Prolepsis)))
2017- 12- 17, 01:04 PM
The relationship between the time of the story and the time of the narrative
, according to Gerard Gennette, is called:


Narrative Order
2017- 12- 17, 01:11 PM
Gerard Gennette show that the question of "focalization" in literature is
focalization

Who sees the action?



Voice


? Who narrates the action
2017- 12- 17, 01:20 PM


^^
2017- 12- 17, 01:21 PM
😎😎
2017- 12- 17, 01:25 PM
semo qween:
🌸🌸


🙈

..



no past a man






.. !


Greece 🇬🇷

("A man who follows another not only finds nothing, he is not even
looking
Seneca




.. . .. fake






:
Poetry cripples the mind.

It weakens the critical faculty


breeds conformity.



👌🏻👍🏻
Poetry cripples the mind.


It weakens the critical faculty


breeds conformity.





🌸🌸🌸🌸

😛 = Seneca




(1)
No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours


.

(2)

man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking."


..Europeans
Renaissance
👇🏻

rediscovered the books of the Greeks and Romans


................


👈🏻(Renaissance)


👇🏻
(revive)
👇🏻
(the ancient learning)
👇🏻



................


"literature"

👇🏻
(motivation ) (purpose)
👇🏻
(political )

................


👇🏻
(less) (sophisticated)
👇🏻


>>

🌸🌸

*
Republic


( )
+

( )
+

( rhetorical )
+


Gerard Gennette

voice = ( who *narrates* the action )

Focallzation = ( who *sees* the action )



* ( A living culturr )

* (
A museum culture )

The most accurate definition of the " plot " in Aristotle's theory of tragedyis


🔵The arrangement of the events in a cause-effect chain incidents



( )

🔴 Vladimir Propp tested his theories on


🔵Russian fairytales

( )
😂

🔴 In poetry, said Jakobson, the communicative function should be



- Reduce to minimum

( )

( ,, Reduce )

🔴 With structuralism, literary criticism develops the ambition to study literature from
.. ..
🔵 Strictly scientific perspective

( .. )

(ambition to study Strictly scientific )

🔴 In Narrative Discourse, Gerard Gennette defines the "time of the story" as

..
🔵 The time in which the story happens

( )

,( Gerard Gennette .. story happens)

🔴 Structuralism seeks to



🔵 Investigate the structures of literature


( )
( )

🔴Gerard Gennette calls "narrative order



⭕The relationship between the time of the story and the time of the narrative



🔴 Who said: " There is no pre-discursive reality. Every reality is shaped and accessed by
? "discourse a
-
/


⭕ Jacques Derrida


( )


🔴
taim of the story=story happens

🔴

taim of the Narrative = story is being told

🔴When a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from
the past (of the time zero) of from the future (of the time zero), it is called



Anachronies

(
chronies )

🔴When a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from
the *past* (of the time zero) of from the *future* (of the time zero), it is called



🔵Anachronies

(
chronies )

_____________________
🔴When a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from
the *past* (of the time zero)


🔵analepsis

( 5 😬 😣🏃🏼♀)

_____________________

🔴When a narrative stops the chronological order to bring events or information from
the *future* (of the time zero)

🔵prolepsis

( 🙄 )🏃🏼♀😂


:
( mimesis diegesis )

(mimesis+ imitation+shows )➡ *First person*
_
( ) ____________________

(diegesis+ narration+telling)
*third person*
( )



( cripples the mind )




👳🏼
2017- 12- 17, 01:25 PM
The conceput of (self) a singular and coherent entity




a fictional construct
Njj
2017- 12- 17, 01:31 PM
The distinction between Mimesis and Diegesis was developed by
. Roman literary critics - -
Arab philosophers
- Greek philosophers
- Christian priests
Roman or Greek 😣
2017- 12- 17, 01:32 PM
Formalists located literary meaning in ...

A- The poet
B- The poem
C- The figures of speech
D- The impact of the poem on the reader










2017- 12- 17, 01:37 PM
13) In the Republic, Plato says that poetry should not be allowed in the city

Poetry breeds conformity
Poetry produces ignorance
Poetry creates rebellion
Poetry breeds intelligence
2017- 12- 17, 01:38 PM
The distinction between Mimesis and Diegesis was developed by
. Roman literary critics - -
Arab philosophers
- Greek philosophers
- Christian priests
Roman or Greek 😣


- Greek philosophers
2017- 12- 17, 01:39 PM
Formalists located literary meaning in ...

A- The poet
B- The poem
C- The figures of speech
D- The impact of the poem on the reader












B- The poem
2017- 12- 17, 01:42 PM



:love080:
2017- 12- 17, 01:43 PM
Quintilian leading teacher of rhetoric


(Q leading wedding 💃💃)
Mn2l
2017- 12- 17, 01:43 PM
) (
whoever
2017- 12- 17, 01:45 PM

2017- 12- 17, 01:45 PM
Quintilian leading teacher of rhetoric


(Q leading wedding 💃💃)

:cheese:

2017- 12- 17, 01:46 PM
) (


2017- 12- 17, 01:52 PM
one of the most important ideas of --Karl Marx--
(Base-Superstructure)


( _)
2017- 12- 17, 02:00 PM
" Classical Marxism " refers to the work of:

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Early Western Marxists
Late Marxists
the Frankfurt School
2017- 12- 17, 02:16 PM
The "time of the story," says Gerard Gennette, is the time in which:

A-The author writes the story
B-The narrator tells the story
C-The story happens
D-The story is analyzed


C
Roqaia Adel
2017- 12- 17, 02:33 PM
who said :
we should imitate the one who is the best of all


:pietro bembo


Roqaia Adel
2017- 12- 17, 02:39 PM
the most famous humanist in France


A-Virgil
B-cicero
C-Bembo
D-Du Bellay

D

6
2017- 12- 17, 03:09 PM
Zero less
Internal much
Extrenal more
Doosh87
2017- 12- 17, 03:11 PM
zero less
internal much
extrenal more