رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

Relative Clauses :
In Lecture 12, we discussed subordination and the types of subordinate clauses. We talked in detail about the first type of subordinate clauses: noun clauses. In this lecture, we will cover other types of subordinate clauses in more detail.
2. Relative Clauses
A relative clause is a clause which mainly modifies a noun phrase. It usually begins with a relative pronoun: “who”, “whom”, “whose”, “which” and “that”.
e.g. 1. The car which he owns is very old.
(The car is very old. He owns the car.)
Sometimes the relative pronoun can be deleted (zero relative pronoun), but it still exists as a grammatical position in the clause.
e.g. 2. The car he ownsis very old.
In example 1, the relative pronoun “which” is the object of the verb “owns”. Similarly, in example 2, the zero relative pronoun is the object of the verb “owns”.
The relative pronoun points back to the head of the noun phrase modified by the relative clause. The head of the NP is called the antecedent of the relative pronoun.
e.g. The manwho called us yesterday has come to meet you. (the pronoun “who” points back to the head of the NP “man”. “Man” in this sentence is called an antecedent.)
• The Use of Relative Pronouns:
A. Personal Relative Pronouns
The personal relative pronouns “who” and “whom” are used with human antecedents.
e.g. 1. There is a man outside who wants to see you. (There is a man outside. The man wants to see you.)
e.g. 2. Ahmed, who/whom I told you about yesterday, is here. (Ahmed is here. I told you about Ahmed yesterday.)
B. Non-Personal Relative Pronouns
The non-personal relative pronoun “which” is used to talk about animals, objects, places, ideas… etc.
e.g. I want a watchwhich is waterproof.
C. Personal and Non-Personal Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns “that” and “whose” are used with both personal and non-personal antecedents.
e.g. 1. There is the driverthat was speeding. (“that” used with the personal antecedent “driver”)
e.g. 2. There is the carthat was speeding. (“that” used with the non-personal antecedent “car”)
Note: “Whose” gives the idea of possession.
e.g. 1. The manwhose car you borrowedwants to see you. (The man wants to see you. You borrowed his car.)
e.g. 2. We saw the castlewhose walls were made of rocks. (We saw the castle. Its walls were made of rock.)
•In the following section, we will talk about the third type of subordinate clauses: adverbial clauses.
Exercise:
Which of the subordinate clauses in each of the following sentences is a relative clause?
a. relative clause b. not a relative clause
1. The machine which makes plastic bottles is broken.
2. The manager is upset about what the worker told him.
3. The problem is that he didn’t oil the machine.

4. The worker that forgot to oil the machine is speaking with the manager.
5. They called a technician who could fix the machine.
3. Adverbial Clauses:
Similar to adverbs and adverb phrases, adverbial clauses allow us to talk about time, place and manner.
e.g. I met Ahmed in 2005. (adverbial phrase of time)
I met Ahmed when I was travelling. (adverbial clause of time.)
He parked his car here. (adverb of place)
He parked his car where there is a parking sign. (adverbial clause of place)
He drives carefully. (adverb of manner)
He drives as his father did. (adverbial clause of manner)
Note: The words “when”, “where” and “as” in the previous sentences are subordinate conjunctions.
Adverbial clauses also have functions similar to adverbs and adverb phrases. For example, the adverbial clause in the following sentence is an adjunct:
e.g. I met Ahmed when I was travelling. (The adverbial clause “when I was travelling” is an adjunct.)
Compare: I met Ahmed in 2005. (The adverbial phrase “in 2005” is an adjunct.)
• In the next section, we will look briefly at examples of some other types of subordinate adverbial clauses.
Other Adverbial Subordinate Clauses :
4. Other Adverbial Subordinate Clauses
Please return my book if you finish reading it. (Conditional Clause)
Ahmed is quicker than I am. (Comparison Clause)
I couldn’t open the door because I used the wrong key. (Reason Clause)
He closed the windows so that he wouldn’t hear the noise outside. (Purpose Clause)

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

الله يبارك فيك وبجهودك

لو واحد يضبطها بملف ممتاز:d5:

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

الله يجزاكي ألف خير على مجهودك

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

الله يجزاك خير و يوفقك مجهود ررائع

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

مشكورة أختي الفاضلة على هذا المجهود الرائع :16:

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

يا سلام عليك
الله يعطيك العافية:2::2:

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

Independent Clause
An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence.
Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz.
Dependent Clause
A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word.
When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.)
للتوضيح dependent يعني اعتمادية
independent مستقلة جمللة تامة
:29: لان انا احترت فيها فوجدت في شرح انه الجمل التي تحتوي على هذه الكلمات هي جملة اعتمادية
after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.

رد: شرح منهج القواعد والمنظومة النحوية ( متجدد)
 

الله يعطيك العافية على الشرح الوافي

وبالتوفيق للجميع