[ المناقشات ] : ظهور الروايه

[الاشواق]

السلام عليكم

احتاج حل مناقشات ظهور الراويه الله يسعدكم

[مناهل]

هل في حل المناقشات خاصية النسخ واللصق او القاها ؟

[abo dalea]

استخدمي المتصفح الفيرفوكسواضيفي ادة النسخ واللص
بالتوفيق

[loge]

حتى انا ابي مناقشات والله عجزت القاهااااااااااااااااااااااااا

[abo dalea]

تاكدو منها

1-
Drama was also the vehicle for the political comments of writers until subjected to censorship after the License Act of 1737.
This act was against drama. No play could be performed without a license.
For that reason, drama had been weakened. As a result of that novels flourished and grew quickly in the 18th century (We will see that later in the reasons behind the rise of the novel)
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Most people were no more interested in the supernatural but in the normal. Technological achievements appeared in this age through scientific methods such as ( observation, experimentation, and hypothesis). There were new scientific discoveries.
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3-
Henry James had a unique perception of the novel: " A novel is a living thing, all one and continuous, like any other organism, and in proportion as it lives it will be found, I think that in each of the parts there is something of the other parts."
· Some critics go further than that, they think that the work of the novelist is creative not descriptive. The novelist should create his novel from his mind and imagination.
· According to Austin Wright, "A novel is a kind of communication. It acts as a bridge between the novelist and audience”.
· Any good novel will keep its readers' interest all over the novel. They feel that they can't stop reading.

E.M. Forster sees novel as a kind of art that" imitates or represents images of life, real or imagined, abstract or concrete, ranging from the most specific and individualized to the most universal and archetypal"(Wright, 1982)
· A novel is a kind of art, good artistic experience. It is written for "artistic sake", to show how it is well made.

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The Novel of Action
•This kind of novel is concerned with what characters do all over the novel and how the action goes on. In this type of novel, there is sometimes a loose plot structure.
•Example: Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) which has a loose plot structure.

The Historical novel
It is a novel that sets its events and characters in such a well-defined historical context. It includes convincing detailed description of manners, buildings,…etc. It gives a sense of historical authenticity.
Example: Sir Walter Scott was a successful British novelist and " the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century." He established the historical novel through his Waverly novels.He wrote historical novels about Middle Ages and about the lowlanders and highlanders of Scotland. His most famous novels are Waverley(1814), Antiquary(1816).
There are also some great novels in the 19th century which have a historical interestsuch as Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities( 1859) and Victor Hugo's Notre Dame De Paris(1831).

Thehistorical novel is neither dead nor dying. It is a story which is set among historical events. Suchhistorical novels recreate the atmosphere of a past period and include actual characters and eventsfrom history.
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Yet we do learn about character in a novel rather as we do in real life: from people's actions, from what they say about themselves, from what others say about them. We may be told just what to think, or be left with some of the ambiguities and perplexities we feel in real life".

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During the 18th century, novelists employed a natural setting in their novels as the houses of common people. But in the previous ages, there was a kind of supernatural settings such as huge castles and palaces.


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Defoe as Writer
•He was a productive author of the Augustan Age. He was the first of the great 18th-century English novelists. He was a distinguished writer even before he wrote his novels. For example, when he published his poem The True-Born Englishman in 1701, he estimated that more than 80,000 copies were sold
•Defoe turned into a new literary path in 1719.He was around 59 years old when he published Robinson Crusoe. It is considered the first English novel. He also wrote many other novels after that. Defoe is considered the “inventor” of the English novel.
• Daniel Defoe was considered the first writer who did not follow the previous "protocol" of storytelling.

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8.
•Writers were interested in retelling stories that everyone had already heard. Defoe moved away from this tendency of re-telling stories and began to create characters that were new to the literary tradition. Defoe began writing narratives about characters and their life using new technique which used literary elements similar to real life. Some critics admired the novels of Defoe. Such as Rousseau who said that "fiction was never nearer the truth"
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9-
إختار/ي أحدهم وأشرح عنه .. الدكتور يريد مثال وحد ....

Theme
There are many different themes in this novel. The most important ones are the following:

1. Individualism (there is a desire of human being to fulfill himself)
Crusoe is interested in obtaining his individuality through many aspects:
A. He wants to be more civilized and educated than other people. (Self civilization, development)
B. He wants to be wealthy and expands his propriety. (Economic individualism)
C. He wants to have power and control over his surroundings. (Self independence)
Crusoe makes use of everything around him in the island. He discovers nature and domesticates wild animals such as goats and parrots. He saves food for coming time. He does not wait for help, and leaves working. He starts from the beginning of his existence on the island to think of himself.
Being alone on the island does not make Crusoe like other cannibals. He is aware of his humanity and social status. In the island, he is organized. For example, he has a kind of calendar to feel the time and state his experiences. He wears clothes. He keeps his mind working. He describes things precisely. For example, he tells us the period of time that he spends in cutting a tree to make his boat (canoe). It takes twenty days to cut a tree and fourteen to clear its branches.

2. Colonial theme
There is a general tendency of slavery in this novel. Crusoe is a kind of colonizer who underestimates other people from other places such as Africa, America and even other people from Europe who are not British. Crusoe is a prototype of the Englishman at that time where England obtains great power over other countries. He has ambitions to get control over other people in his island. Crusoe teaches Friday to call him “Master” before teaching him anything. On the contrary, Friday is a symbol of the colonized native who suffers social injustice and imperialism. Crusoe considers Friday as a servant not as a friend.
The English people think that they have better qualities and rank than other people. Crusoe wants to bring “order to disorder”. This is his high purpose of killing some of the cannibals, and at the same time educating one of them; Friday.

3. The theme of Social Contact
Crusoe’s social contact with the Portuguese captain brings him wealth and happiness. At the beginning of his life, the captain takes him to Brazil and Crusoe makes his plantation. He meets him again after twenty eight years to inform him of his fortune in Brazil.

4. Religious disillusionment.
When Crusoe is alone, he becomes closer to God. The nature around him develops his religious belief. Crusoe develops his religious aspects. He is a religious guide in the island who can instruct other characters.
5. Family life (sons and parents)
There is a kind of “original sin”, Crusoe and his parents. His disobedience to his father’s warning. He warned him not to go to the sea. Later, Crusoe is punished and sent to the isolated island as a result of his sin.
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Robinson Crusoe is like Defoe himself,



Crusoe
Robinson Crusoe is the protagonist and the major character of the novel. This character appears at the beginning of the
novel as a young man from the middle class. His rebellion against his father’s advice to be a lawyer gives the reader a
sense that this character is untraditional; he wants to decide his future by himself. He believes in his ability to undergo
new adventure, and ready to be responsible for the consequences what so ever.
It is really brilliant to have a central character like Crusoe who can catch the readers’ attention and interest all over the novel. He is isolated and alone in his island.

Defoe
He was a productive author of the Augustan Age. He was the first of the great 18th-century English novelists. He was a distinguished writer even before he wrote his novels. For example, when he published his poem The True-Born Englishman in 1701, he estimated that more than 80,000 copies were sold.
• Defoe turned into a new literary path in 1719. He was around 59 years old when he published Robinson Crusoe. It is considered the first English novel. He also wrote many other novels after that. Defoe is considered the “inventor” of the English novel.
• Daniel Defoe was considered the first writer who did not follow the previous "protocol" of storytelling.
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There is a general tendency of slavery in this novel. Crusoe is a kind of colonizer who underestimates other people from other places such as Africa, America and even other people from Europe who are not British. Crusoe is a prototype of the Englishman at that time where England obtains great power over other countries. He has ambitions to get control over other people in his island. Crusoe teaches Friday to call him “Master” before teaching him anything. On the contrary, Friday is a symbol of the colonized native who suffers social injustice and imperialism. Crusoe considers Friday as a servant not as a friend.
The English people think that they have better qualities and rank than other people. Crusoe wants to bring “order to disorder”. This is his high purpose of killing some of the cannibals, and at the same time educating one of them; Friday.
Defoe makes the setting of Robinson Crusoe similar to the general setting of England. Crusoe colonizes the island and
builds his empire of farms and homes which become larger and larger by time. Also, the British Empire expands by time.
Crusoe saves his life and makes him his servant. He gives him the name Friday because he saved him on this day. He is a good servant who follows the instructions of Crusoe
Crusoe has no emotional feelings towards others including his family. He becomes inhuman and devoid of any
emotional reaction. For example, he sells his servant Xury, even after he trusts in him and finds him loyal.
Crusoe decides to make a good man of this slave, but he doesn’t complete his mission and sells him to the Portuguese
caption for the sake of money. Some readers think that this is unrealistic since there is a kind of promise between
Crusoe and his servant. Other readers can see this event as a kind of realistic relationship between a colonist and a
colonized slave because the colonist sees the colonized as a kind of commodity not as human being.
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12-
Robinsonade is a literary genre that takes its name from the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. The success of this novel spawned so many imitations that its name was used to define a genre, which is sometimes described simply as a "desert island story".
The word "robinsonade" was coined by the German writer Johann Gottfried Schnabel in the Preface of his 1731 work Die Insel Felsenburg (The Island Stronghold).It is often viewed as a subgenre of survivalist fiction.

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There is no psychological insight. Some critics see that it is not enough to tell only a story in its sequence of time.
These critics think that a novel should contain other aspects in addition to the basic elements of characters, setting and plot.
They think that "But if to write a novel is to create a coherent world populated by credible people at least one of whom dominates the main action, and then Defoe's romances or tales of adventure are indeed novels".

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14-

Individualism (there is a desire of human being to fulfill himself)
Crusoe is interested in obtaining his individuality through many aspects:
A. He wants to be more civilized and educated than other people. (Self civilization, development)
B. He wants to be wealthy and expands his propriety. (Economic individualism)
C. He wants to have power and control over his surroundings. (Self independence)
Crusoe makes use of everything around him in the island. He discovers nature and domesticates wild animals such as goats and parrots. He saves food for coming time. He does not wait for help, and leaves working. He starts from the beginning of his existence on the island to think of himself.
Being alone on the island does not make Crusoe like other cannibals. He is aware of his humanity and social status. In the island, he is organized. For example, he has a kind of calendar to feel the time and state his experiences. He wears clothes. He keeps his mind working. He describes things precisely. For example, he tells us the period of time that he spends in cutting a tree to make his boat (canoe). It takes twenty days to cut a tree and fourteen to clear its branches