[ المناقشات ] : ظهور الرواية

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لو سمحتوا نبي مناقشات:


1) نظرية الترجمة
2) ظهور الرواية
3) الادب الانجليزي 17








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مناقشات ظهور الرواية




1


The 18th century opened new areas of vision. New discoveries appeared, the people of this age knew a lot of information more than the ancient people Politics had a great impact on the 17th century literature in England . During this period, England was a great power in the world, even it became the most powerful empire




2




Most people were no more interested in the supernatural but in normal. Technological achievement appeared in this age through scientific methods such as observation experiment and hypothesis there were new scientific discoveries.




3




Some critics go further than Henry James, they think that the work of the novelist is creative not descriptive. The novelist should create his novel from his mind and imagination o According to Austin Wright, "A novel is a kind of communication. It acts as a bridge between the novelist and audience” very important.Any good novel will keep its readers' interest all over the novel. They feel that they can't stop reading.E.M. Forster sees novel as a kind of art that" imitates or represents images of life, real or imagined, abstract or concrete, ranging from the most specific and individualized to the most universal and archetypal"(Wright, 1982).A novel is a kind of art, good artistic experience. It is written for "artistic sake", to show how it is well made.




4




The Novel of Action •This kind of novel is concerned with what characters do all over the novel and how the action goes on. In this type of novel, there is sometimes a loose plot structure. •Example: Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) which has a loose plot structure. The Historical novel It is a novel that sets its events and characters in such a well-defined historical context. It includes convincing detailed description of manners, buildings,…etc. It gives a sense of historical authenticity. Example: Sir Walter Scott was a successful British novelist and " the greatest single influence on fiction in the 19th century." He established the historical novel through his Waverly novels.He wrote historical novels about Middle Ages and about the lowlanders and highlanders of Scotland. His most famous novels are Waverley(1814), Antiquary(1816). There are also some great novels in the 19th century which have a historical interest such as Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities( 1859) and Victor Hugo's Notre Dame De Paris(1831). The historical novel is neither dead nor dying. It is a story which is set among historical events. Such historical novels recreate the atmosphere of a past period and include actual characters and eventsfrom history.






5






In some novels, flat characters have important roles that can be remembered later. Explain. Flat character It was called "humorous" in the 17th century. This kind of character is constructed around a "single idea or quality ". This character is easily noticed and remembered by the readers because this character is not complicated and very simple. It is true that human being has more complexity than that shown in flat characters, but it is the "novelist touch" in which this kind of character has a great impact in the novel. A flat character doesn't present different attitudes. A flat character is static to some extent.






6








During the 18th century,novelists employed a natural setting in their novels as the houses of common people.But in the previous ages,there was a kind of supernatural settings such as huge castles and palaces.The components of the setting in the novel:1-The physical place:for example:location,city,at sea,on island.2-The time:in which the novel takes place such as year,season,month,day,hour.period of time:such as Restoration,Edwardian,Victorian.3-The social environment for example:culture and social traditions:such as religious practices,education and games.4-The weather:for example:snow,rain,temperature,and storm.These components make characters respond differently when they move from one setting to another






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Because some always looking for a fresh perspective and sometimes subject completely unrelated to a niche can send you down a rabbit hole of creative thought and being published while some best selling authors have written a small number of books that have sold millions of copies other have had lengthy careers and maintained at high level of output year after year






8








There are many changes that affected the writing of the novels in the 18th century. Some novelists try not show the great influence of negative changes in their narrative, they make use of positive changes. Nevertheless, the novels of this age are full of both kinds of changes. Some novelists intend to reflect the reality of their society. One of them was Daniel Defoe.










9






The Footprint ; Crusoe’s shocking discovery of a single footprint on the sand . Is one of the most famous moments in the novel, and it symbolizes our hero’s conflicted feelings about human companionship. Crusoe has earlier confessed how much he misses companionship, yet the evidence of a man on his island sends him into a panic. Immediately he interprets the footprint negatively, as the print of the devil or of an aggressor










10






Crusoe Robinson Crusoe is the protagonist and the major character of the novel. This character appears at the beginning of the novel as a young man from the middle class. His rebellion against his father’s advice to be a lawyer gives the reader a sense that this character is untraditional; he wants to decide his future by himself. He believes in his ability to undergo new adventure, and ready to be responsible for the consequences what so ever. It is really brilliant to have a central character like Crusoe who can catch the readers’ attention and interest all over the novel. He is isolated and alone in his island.Defoe He was a productive author of the Augustan Age. He was the first of the great 18th-century English novelists. He was a distinguished writer even before he wrote his novels. For example, when he published his poem The True-Born Englishman in 1701, he estimated that more than 80,000 copies were sold. • Defoe turned into a new literary path in 1719. He was around 59 years old when he published Robinson Crusoe. It is considered the first English novel. He also wrote many other novels after that. Defoe is considered the “inventor” of the English novel. • Daniel Defoe was considered the first writer who did not follow the previous "protocol" of storytelling.










11










There is a general tendency of slavery in this novel. Crusoe is a kind of colonizer who underestimates other people from other places such as Africa, America and even other people from Europe who are not British. Crusoe is a prototype of the Englishman at that time where England obtains great power over other countries. He has ambitions to get control over other people in his island. Crusoe teaches Friday to call him “Master” before teaching him anything. On the contrary, Friday is a symbol of the colonized native who suffers social injustice and imperialism. Crusoe considers Friday as a servant not as a friend. The English people think that they have better qualities and rank than other people. Crusoe wants to bring “order to disorder”. This is his high purpose of killing some of the cannibals, and at the same time educating one of them; Friday. Defoe makes the setting of Robinson Crusoe similar to the general setting of England. Crusoe colonizes the island and builds his empire of farms and homes which become larger and larger by time. Also, the British Empire expands by time. Crusoe saves his life and makes him his servant. He gives him the name Friday because he saved him on this day. He is a good servant who follows the instructions of Crusoe Crusoe has no emotional feelings towards others including his family. He becomes inhuman and devoid of any emotional reaction. For example, he sells his servant Xury, even after he trusts in him and finds him loyal. Crusoe decides to make a good man of this slave, but he doesn’t complete his mission and sells him to the Portuguese caption for the sake of money. Some readers think that this is unrealistic since there is a kind of promise between Crusoe and his servant. Other readers can see this event as a kind of realistic relationship between a colonist and a colonized slave because the colonist sees the colonized as a kind of commodity not as human being.










12








Before know his poetic limitations full he wrote poetic from because that since dyden was the favour mode for public polemic but before real aim was not literary greatness but immediate effect










13






So what do we find in this 'History' ? Robinson Crusoe has three elements that make it irresistible. First the narrative voice of the castaway is Defoe's stroke of genius. it's exciting unhurried, conversatinal and capavle of high and low sentiments. it's also often qasi-journalistc, which suits Defor's style. This harmonious mix of tone putss the reader deep into the mind of the -castaway and his predicament. his adventures become our adventures and we experience them inside out viscerally for ourselves reader often vecome especially entrancesd by Crusoe's freat journal. the central passage of his enforeced sequestratiion






14






Individualism (there is a desire of human being to fulfill himself) Crusoe is interested in obtaining his individuality through many aspects: A. He wants to be more civilized and educated than other people. (Self civilization, development) B. He wants to be wealthy and expands his propriety. (Economic individualism) C. He wants to have power and control over his surroundings. (Self independence) Crusoe makes use of everything around him in the island. He discovers nature and domesticates wild animals such as goats and parrots. He saves food for coming time. He does not wait for help, and leaves working. He starts from the beginning of his existence on the island to think of himself. Being alone on the island does not make Crusoe like other cannibals. He is aware of his humanity and social status. In the island, he is organized. For example, he has a kind of calendar to feel the time and state his experiences. He wears clothes. He keeps his mind working. He describes things precisely. For example, he tells us the period of time that he spends in cutting a tree to make his boat (canoe). It takes twenty days to cut a tree and fourteen to clear its branches














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