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lecture 11

1) what did A. J. Greimas propose?
the actantial model

2)when was that ?
during the sixties

3)what was it based on?
the theories of Vladimir Propp

4)what is the actantial model ?
a tool that can theoretically be used to analyze any real or thematized action

5)In the actantial model an action may be broken down into how many components?
6

6)what are those components called?
actants.

7) what are actants?
Actantial analysis consists of assigning each element of the action being described to one of the actantial classes

8) what are the Actantial Models ?
the subject (the hero of the story, who undertakes the main action )
the objects (what the subject is directed toward )
the helper (helps the subject reach the desired object )
the opponent (hinders the subject in his progression )
the sender (initiates the relation between the subject and the object)
the receiver (the element for which the object is desired)

9)The actants must not be confused with characters because ?

1)An actant can be an abstraction (the city, Eros, God, liberty, peace, the nation, etc), a collective character (the soldiers of an army) or even a group of several characters.

2)A character can simultaneously or successively assume different actantial functions

3)An actant can be absent from the stage or the action and its presence can be limited to its presence in the discourse of other speakers


10) what does Greimas say about actant?
an extrapolation of the syntactic structure of a narrative. An actant is identified with what assumes a syntactic function in the narrative.

11)how many axes are there ?
3

12) The six actants are divided into what ?
three oppositions, each of which forms an axis of the actantial description

13) what is the axis od desire?
subject and object

14) the axis of power?
helper and opponent

15)axis of transmission ?
the sender and receiver

16) what is the relationship between the subject and the object called ?
junction.

17) what kind of junction is the Prince wanting the Princess ?
conjunction

18) what kind of junction is a murderer succeeds in getting rid of his victim's body ?
disjunction.

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lecture 12

1)what is Poststructuralism ?
a broad historical description of intellectual developments in continental philosophy and critical theory

2)when and where does it come from ?
Twentieth-century French philosophy

3)what does the prefix "post’ mean ?
primarily that it is critical of structuralism

4)Structuralism tried to deal with meaning as what ?
complex structures that are culturally independent

5) what does Post-structuralism see culture and history as ?
integral to meaning

6) what was Poststructuralism a ‘rebellion against ?
structuralism

7) what was a critical and comprehensive response to the basic assumptions of structuralism ?
Poststructuralism

8)what does Poststructuralism study?
the underlying structures inherent in cultural products (such as texts)

9) what does it use for linguistics, psychology, and anthropology ?
analytical concepts

10) what do poststructuralist study to understand a text?
1)The text itself
2)the systems of knowledge which interacted and came into play to produce the text

11) what kind of study is Post-structuralism?
a study of how knowledge is produced, an analysis of the social, cultural and historical systems that interact with each other to produce a specific cultural product, like a text of literature,

12) how does Poststructuralism see the concept of “self” ?
fictional construct, an illusion

13) what is the concept of “self” ?
"self" a singular and coherent entity

14) what is “self “ to Poststructuralism?
a mass of conflicting tensions + Knowledge claims (e.g. gender, class, profession, etc.)

15) what must the reader do to properly study a text ?
the reader must understand how the work is related to his own personal concept of self and how the various concepts of self that form in the text come about and interact

16)what is Self-perception in poststructuralism ?
Poststructuralism requires a critical attitude to one's assumptions, limitations and general knowledge claims (gender, race, class, etc)

17)for Poststructuralism what is secondary to the meaning that the reader can generate from the text ?
Authorial intentions

18) what is Authorial intentions ?
the meaning that the author intends to “transmit” in a piece if literature

19) who rejects the idea of a literary text having one purpose, one meaning or one singular existence ?
Poststructuralism


20)who utilizes a variety of perspectives to create a multifaceted (or conflicting) interpretation of a text?
Poststructuralism

21) who analyzes how the meanings of a text shift in relation to certain variables ?
Poststructuralism

22)what are the Poststructuralist Concepts ?
1)Destabilized Meaning
2)Deconstruction

23) who does Poststructuralism displace ?
the writer/author

24) who does it make the primary subject of inquiry ?
the reader

25) what do they call this displacement?
the "destabilizing" or "decentering" of the author

26) what does it disregard ?
the essentialist reading of the content that look for superficial readings or story lines

27) what other sources of meaning are examined?
readers, cultural norms, other literature, etc.)


Such alternative sources promise no consistency, but might provide valuable clues and shed light on unusual corners of the text

28)what does Poststructuralism reject?
that there is a consistent structure to texts, specifically the theory of binary opposition

29)what made the theory of binary opposition famous?
that structuralism

30) what do Post-structuralists advocate ?
deconstruction


Meanings of texts and concepts constantly shift in relation to many variables. The same text means different things from one era to another, from one person to another

31) what is the only way to properly understand these meanings ?
deconstruct the assumptions and knowledge systems which produce the illusion of singular meaning

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lecture 13
مختصره ما تحتاح أسئلة


lecture 14

1)when and where was karl Marx born?
1818 in Rhineland

2)what was he known as?
“The Father of Communism.”

3) the was the “Communist Correspondence League” ?
1847

4)when was The “League” disbanded ?
1852

5)when did Marx die?
1883

6)what was on of karl Marx’s greatest ideas?
base-superstructure

7) who came up with the idea that history was made of two main forces ?
Marx

8) what are the two main forces?
The Base
The Superstructure

9) what is the base?
The material conditions of life, economic relations, labor, capital, etc

10) what is the superstructure ?
This is what today is called ideology or consciousness and includes, ideas, religion, politics, history, education, etc

11) who said it is people’s economic conditions that determines the ideas and ideologies that they hold ?
marx


Note: Ibn Khaldoun says the same thing in the Muqaddimah

12)Marxist criticism analyzes literature in terms of what?
historical conditions which produce it while being aware of its own historical conditions

13)what is the goal of Marxist criticism ?
to “explain the literary works more fully, paying attention to its forms, styles, and meanings- and looking at them as products of a particular history

14) what should the best literature reflect?
the historical dialectics of its time

15) what does it mean to understand literature?
understanding the total social process of which it is part

16)how do we understand ideology, and literature as ideology ?
must analyze the relations between different classes in society.

17) what is ideology ?
a set of ideas

18)Literary products (novels, plays, etc) cannot be understood outside of what ?
the economic conditions, class relations and ideologies of their time

19)Truth is not eternal but what?
institutionally created

20) give an example ?
“private property” is not a natural category but is the product of a certain historical development and a certain ideology at a certain time in history

21)what are Art and Literature ?
commodities (consumer products

22)what are Art and Literature ?
Reflections of ideological struggle and can themselves be central to the task of ideology critique

23) what are the main schools of marxism?
Classical Marxism: The work of Marx and Engels
Early Western Marxism
Late Marxism

24) when did Classical Marxist criticism flourish?
in the period from the time of Marx and Engels to the Second World War

25) what do they consider the main forces of historical development ?
materialism, economic determinism, class struggle, surplus value, reification, proletarian revolution and communism

26) what were Marx and Engels ?
political philosophers

27) what did the few comments they made on literature enabled people after them to build ?
a Marxist theory of literature

28)Marx and Engels were more concerned with what in literature?
contents rather than the form

29)why?
because to them literary study was more politically oriented and content was much more politically important

30) when did literary form have a place?
when it served their political purposes

31)who was the first western Marxist ?
Georg Lukács

32)what did he insist on?
on the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory

33) what is the the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory ?
Superstructure as a reflection of the base

34)who was attacking the traditional Marxist reflectionist theory?
the formalists in the fifties

35)who wrote “Discourse in the Novel” ?
Bakhtin

36) when?
1930s

37) who like Lukács tried to define the novel as a literary from in terms of Marxism ?
Bakhtin

38) what does he say about the discourse of the novel ?
it’s is dialogical

39) what does that mean?
that it is not tyrannical and one-directional. It allows dialogue

40)what is the discourse of poetry ?
monological tyrannical and one-directional

41) what does the laughter in the Medieval Carnival represent?
“the voice of the people ‘

42) where was that said?
In Rabelais and His World

43)when was the Frankfurt School of Marxism founded ?
1923 at the “Institute of Social Research” in the University of Frankfurt, Germany

44)who were some of the members ?
Max Hirkheimer, Thoedor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse, Louis Althussser, and Raymond Williams


45) what are some distinctive features of the Frankfurt School ?
independence of thought, interdisciplinarity and openness for opposing views

46)who said There were at least three forms of Marxism: the writings of Karl Marx, the systems developed by later Marxists out of these writings, and Marxisms popular at given historical moments ?
Raymond Williams

47) who said There were two Marxisms, one being the Marxian System developed by Karl Marx himself, and the other being its later development of various kind ?
Fredric Jameson

48)In his Grundrisse, Karl Marx sees the abstract not as a lofty esoteric notion but as what?
a kind of rough sketch of a thing

49) why is the notion of money abstract?
because it is no more than a bare, preliminary outline of the actual reality.

50)who makes the makes of supposing that the concrete is simple and the abstract is complex ?
the Anglo-Saxon

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كذا آكون خلصت النقد الأدبي
الله يوفقنا

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كلمات الشكر ماتوفيك حقك:004::004::004::004::004:الله يكتب لك الأجر ويسهل أمرك مثل ماسهلتي علينا

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يعطيك العافيه اجمعوها بملف

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الله يعافيك
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امين ، الله يوفقك ويجزاك خير
الله يعافيك
على الأقل اقرئي المحتوى
عندك وقت
الله يبارك فيك ويجزاك خير

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الله يجزاك عنا خير الجزاء اخت عيوشا ويفرحك بأعلى الدرجات في الدنيا والآخرة
بس ياليت احد يجمعها بملف مشكور