[ المناقشات ] : مناقشات تحليل الخطاب

[Abdulmajeed111]

المناقشات


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1.What are the elements of the context of situation ?
Who is speaking to Whom, when, where, and about what topic ..

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2. Define at least two types of mega language functions.?
a. The informative function:
This function refers to the use of language to provide information or ask for information
b. The communicative function:
People use sentences or utterances to produce functions ..

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3.Discuss three differences between speech and writing
-Writing is usually permanent and written texts cannot usually be changed once they have been printed/written out.
Speech is usually transient, unless recorded, and speakers can correct themselves and change their utterances as they go along.
-A written text can communicate across time and space for as long as the particular language and writing system is still understood.
Speech is usually used for immediate interactions.
-Written language tends to be more complex and intricate than speech with longer sentences and many subordinate clauses.
The punctuation and layout of written texts also have no spoken equivalent.
However some forms of written language, such as instant messages and email, are closer to spoken language


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4. What are the different ways of expressing the directive function
Directive language function: language used for the purpose of causing (or preventing) overt action.
a. The directive function is most commonly found in commands and requests.
b. Directive language is not normally considered true or false (although various logics of commands have been developed).
c. Example of this function: 'Close the windows.' The sentence 'You're smoking in a nonsmoking area,' although declarative, can be used to mean 'Do not smoke in this area.'



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5. What do the following mean in conversational analysis? A. minor sentence. B. adjacency pairs. E. editing term.
Minor sentence: A fragmented, elliptical, or incomplete sentence or clause that still conveys meaning. Also called sentence fragment.
ADJACENCY PAIRS: Composed of two turns produced by different speakers which are placed adjacently and where the second utterance is identified as related to the first.
Editing term:An echo utterance is speech that repeats, in whole or in part, what has just been said by another speaker. Sometimes called simply echo



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6. What are the three ways, which can be used to describe personal reference
Demonstrative reference, Comparative Reference, and Pronominal reference
Pronominal reference: Made by third person pronouns (he, him, his, she, her, her, they , them, their, it, its)
Where are the children?
They went to visit their grandmother


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7. distinguish with examples between substitution and ellipsis
Substitution is the replacement of a word or phrase with a "filler" word (such as one, so, or do) to avoid repetition
example
I never saw a Purple Cow,
I never hope to see one;
But I can tell you, anyhow,
I'd rather see than be one.
ellipsis is the omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader
example "Vanessa had to leave her children and come running, nurses had to be hired, rest homes interviewed, transport accomplished


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8. Define and give examples of the following coherence devices:
a. Exemplification b. Cause and effect c. Contrast
Exemplification or illustration ( for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration): John is a big mone spender. For example, yesterday he paid $5000 for a cell phone.
Contrast ( an idea is opposite to another idea): However, yet, but, although, nevertheless): she studies very hard . Yet, her marks are always low.
Cause: Because, since, as, for that reason:
, I missed the first lecture For that reason I slept very late last night.
Effect : the consequence of a cause ( hence, thus therefore, as a result, consequently): John arrived late at the airport. Hence, he missed his flight to Paris.


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9. Define and give examples of three things we build when we use language
1. Significance: I talk and act in a certain way to make something significant or not. Research question: How is this piece of language being used to make certain things significant or not? This lecture is very important.
2. Activities: I talk and act in one way and I am engaged in formally opening a committee meeting. I talk and act in another way and I am engaged in a chit-chat with a colleague before the meeting starts. Discourse question: What activity or activities in this piece of language being used to get others to recognize as going on?

3. Identities :I talk and act in one way and I am acting as a teacher in a class room. I talk and act in another way and I am a husband talking to his wife. Discourse question: What identity or identities in this piece of language being used to get others to recognize as operatives ( teacher, husband, colleague, parent)


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10. Distinguish between discourse with a big D and discourse with a small d
“discourse with a small ‘d’ ): Studies language use only to perform and recognize social activities and identities.
Discourse with a big “D” ,( the approach studied in this course) studies both the role of language of language use and “other stuff” in the creation and recognition of social activities and identities


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11. What are the types of “WHO” in discourse
An oral or written utterance has meaning, then, only if and when it communicates a “who” ( a socially situated identity, the kind of person one is seeing to be and enact here and now Who's can of course be a single entity ( e.g. one person ) or it can be multiple ( e.g. more than one person )


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12. What do you understand by the term “heteroglosic” who”
a diversity of voices, styles of discourse, or points of view in a literary work and especially a novel


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13. Distinguish between Grammar 1 and Grammar 2
Grammar1: The traditional set of units like nouns, verbs, inflections, phrases, clauses, and sentences. We can also refer to this “sentence grammar”.
The other-less studied, but more important Grammar (Grammar 2)- is “The rules by which grammatical units like nouns and verbs, phrases, clauses and sentences, are used to create patterns which signal characteristic whos-doing-whats-within-Discourses. That is, we speakers and writers design our oral or written utterances to have patterns in them in virtue of which interpreters can attribute situated identities and specific activities to us and our utterances. We call this “discourse grammar.



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14. If you were a “real Indian”, how would you demonstrate or show this
doing being-and-becoming –a- “real Indian” is not something one can do by oneself. It requires the participation of others. One cannot be a “real Indian” unless one appropriately recognizes“real Indians” and get recognized by others as a “real Indian” in the practice doing –and-becoming-a- “real- Indian”. Being a “real Indian”also requires appropriate and accompanying objects, times, and places

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