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كويزالمحاضرة الرابعة مدخل إلى اللغويات د.أحمد الخطيب
[أسئلة مراجعة مجهود شخصي - مدخل إلى اللغويات - د.أحمد الخطيب]
كويز مادة مدخل إلى اللغويات

عدد الأسئلة: 64

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1) Phonetics:

deals with the production of speech sounds

is about the physical aspect of sounds, it studies the production and the perception of sounds, called phones

has some subcategories, but if not specified

we usually mean "articulatory phonetics": that is, "the study of the production of speech sounds by the articulatory and vocal tract by the speaker"

transcriptions are done using the square brackets, [ ]

all above

2) phonology

is about the patterns of sounds

is about the abstract (mental) aspect of sounds

it studies the phonemes (phonemic transcriptions adopt the slash / /

is about establishing what are the phonemes in a given language

those sounds that can bring a difference in meaning between two words

is a phonic segment with a meaning value

all above

3) The ear hears ............., but the brain hears ...............

phonetics - phonetics

phonetics - phonology

phonology - phonetics

phonology - phonology

4) • the blueprint of each sound type • the constant basis of all versions in different physical articulations of that sound type in different contexts. e.g., the differences in pronouncing the sounds /t/ and /k/ as they have meaningful consequences related to one rather than the other and they make different words ‘meaningfully distinct’. • the representation of sounds in our minds, to recognize and interpret the meaning of words based on the physical sound we say and hear.

Phonology

syntax

Phonetics

Morphology

5) Phoneme:

Single written symbol

Meaning distinguishing sounds

such as /f/ and /v/

all above

6) Phonemes have a ................. as in fat and vat (if we substitute one sound for another there will be a change in meaning and pronunciation, then the two sounds will represent different phonemes).

Minimal sets

natural classes

contrastive property

Minimal pairs

7) Some phonemes are described as ‘....................’ when they similar sound characteristics. For example, /p/ and /k/ are both voiceless stops. So, they are considered as parts of a natural class of phonemes.

Minimal pairs

contrastive property

Minimal sets

natural classes

8) Phonetics is about the .................... of sounds

contrastive property

physical aspect

abstract (mental) aspect

natural classes

9) Phonology is about the ...................... of sounds.

abstract (mental) aspect

natural classes

physical aspect

contrastive property

10) ...................... is the abstract unit or sound in the mind; while phone is the sound type produced in actual speech in the mouth.

physical

morphemes

mental

phoneme

11) ....................... is a set of phones all of which are versions of one phoneme. (e.g., the phoneme /t/ is produced in different ways as phones [t] either with strong puff as in tar less puff in star); they are referred to as allophones of the phoneme /t/.

morphemes

Allophone

phoneme

mental

12) Changing ....................... only results in different pronunciation of the same word.

phoneme

morphemes

allophone

physical

13) When two words such as pat and bat are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two are described as a ............................... in English.

minimal pair

morphemes

physical

Minimal sets

14) ................. does not have this contrast between these two phonemes /p/ and /b/.

Arabic

English

15) Examples of more ................................ in English: fan – van, bet – bat, site – side.

Minimal sets

morphemes

physical

minimal pairs

16) ........................ are also used for teaching English as a foreign language to develop the ability of students to understand the contrast in meaning.

morphemes

Minimal sets

minimal pairs

physical

17) When a group of words can be differentiated by only changing one phoneme; this is considered as a ............................

minimal pairs

minimal set

physical

morphemes

18) An example of one minimal set based on the .............. phonemes of English is: feat, fit, fat, fate, fought and foot.

consonant

vowel

19) An example of one minimal set based on the ............... phonemes of English is: big, rig, fig, dig and wig.

consonant

vowel

20) The basic elements of syllables are ............... (one or more consonants) followed by Rhyme (consists of a vowel, known also as nucleus, plus a consonant/ or consonants, known as the coda).

Rhyme

Onset

21) A .............. denotes the basic structure of larger phonological units.

physical

Minimal sets

syllable

minimal pairs

22) A syllable may consist of ..........................................

a vowel or a diphthong

a Consonant or a diphthong

a Consonant or a vowel

all above

23) The most common type of syllables is ............................... (CV).

consonant and diphthong

consonant and vowel

vowel and diphthong

vowel and vowel

24) The basic elements of syllables are Onset (one or more consonants) followed by ................ (consists of a vowel, known also as nucleus, plus a consonant/ or consonants, known as the coda).

Onset

Rhyme

25) ......................... (which have an onset and nucleus, e.g., me, to or no … etc.)

open syllables

closed syllables

voiced syllables

26) ......................... (which have an set, nucleus and coda, e.g., up, up, hat … etc.).

voiced less syllables

open syllables

closed syllables

27) Syllables in English .............

Green (CCVC)

Eggs (VCC)

Like (CVC)

Them (CVC)

all above

28) Consonant clusters:

A combination of two consonants (CC) such as /st/ in the word stop, known as onset whereas coda in the word post.

English can have more than two consonants - larger consonant clusters - as the words stress and strong (CCC).

all above

none above

29) In ................... the dominant syllable is CV.

English

Japanese

Arabic

Italy

30) Large consonant clusters may be reduced if they come in the middle of a word.

middle

last

began

31) ...................... refers to the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound.

Consonant clusters

Assimilation

Syllables

Co-articulation

32) The co-articulation effects kinds:

Assimilation

Nasalization

Elision

all above

33) Assimilation:

When two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspects of one segment is taken or copied by the other.

For example, the word have is pronounced in a phrase as I have to go with replacing /v/ sound to be a similar to /f/ sound and from being voiced to become voiceless.

Both of consonants and vowels are subject to assimilation.

all above

34) Nasalization:

The anticipation of forming the final nasal consonant will make it easier to go into the nasalized articulation in advance.

The word can can become /Kaen/ with an emphasis on changing the velar /g/ in the I can go. So, the influence of the following velar nasal [g] will make the preceding nasal sound come out.

Think about the phrase you and me.

all above

35) Elision:

The process of not producing a sound segment that might be present in the deliberately careful pronunciation of a word in isolation.

The word friendship, the sound /d/ is deleted.

This is common in consonant clusters – or a coda position, as in the aspects or he must be without stress on /t/.

all above

36) Vowels also disappear as in the following words: interest, cabinet, camera, suppose and every.

False

True

37) ................ refers to the process of coping with new words. There is a regularity in the word-formation processes in a language.

Neologisms

Etymology

Borrowing

none above

38) ............... refers to the study of the origins and history of words. Etymon has come from Latin which means ‘original form’ and logia means ‘study of’.

Neologisms

Borrowing

Etymology

all above

39) ...................... taking over of words from other language or adopting a wide number of words from other languages.

Borrowing

Etymology

Neologisms

none above

40) Sources of words formation: Borrowing : taking over of words from other language or adopting a wide number of words from other languages such as:

Jewel (French)

Ski (Norwegian)

Yogurt (Turkish)

all above

41) Other languages might borrow some words from English too, such as:

suupaamaaketto in Japanese (Supermarket in English)

taipurataa (typewriter in English).

all above

none above

42) Loan translation or calque:

A type of borrowing

It refers to a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language

e.g., the Dutch wolkenkrabber (cloud scratcher) or the German Wollkenkratzer (cloud scraper) which were calques for the English Skyscraper

all above

43) When there is a joining of two separate words to produce a single form, thus Lehn and Wort are combined to produce the word Lehnwort in German (Loan word in English).

Compounding

Elision

Nasalization

Assimilation

44) (Compounding) Very common in English and German and less common in French and Spanish. Examples are like:

Wallpaper – noun

Textbook – noun

Fingerprint – noun

Good-looking – adjective + noun

all above

45) Part of compounding process is blending.

True

False

46) .......................... is the combination of two separate forms to produce a single new term.

Clipping

Blending

Hypocorisms

Backformation

47) Blending differs from blending in a sense that it takes only the beginning of one word and joint it to the end of the other word. e.g :

Smog (blending of smoke + fog)

Bit (blending of binary + digital)

Motel (blending of motor + hotel)

all above

48) Clipping The element of reduction that is noticeable in blending is even more apparent in the process of clipping. It happens when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form (facsimile -------- fax). Examples are like:

gasoline ------- gas

advertisement ------- ad

influenza ----------- flu

fantastic --------------- fan

examination ----------- exam

all above

49) Types of clipping:

Hypocorisms

Backformation

all above

50) ................ (often in Australian and British English): longer words reduced to a single syllable, then y or ie is added to the end.

Hypocorisms

Backformation

51) Hypocorisms (often in Australian and British English): longer words reduced to a single syllable, then y or ie is added to the end. Examples are like:

telly (television)

toastie (toasted sandwich)

handi (handkerchief)

all above

52) ..............................: a word of one type (e.g. noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (e.g. verb)

Backformation

Hypocorisms

53) Backformation: a word of one type (e.g. noun) is reduced to form a word of another type (e.g. verb) Examples are like:

donation (noun), donate(verb)

emotion (noun), emote (verb)

enthusiasm (noun), enthuse (verb)

all above

54) Conversion (category change/ functional shift):

Simply, it is a change in the function of a word without reduction.

Words such as bottle, butter, chair, vacation … etc. have become to be used as verbs instead of being only nouns.

Someone need to chair the meeting

They are vacationing in Florida.

Part of the process of conversion is verbs become nouns (e.g.. guess), phrasal verbs become nouns (e.g., to print out/ a printout), and verbs become adjectives (e.g., a stand-up comedian).

all above

55) .................. : are new words are created based on the name of a person or place such hoover and Spangler.

Hypocorisms

Eponyms

Backformation

blending

56) Coinage:

It is the invention and general use totally new terms. It is not very common in English.

Old examples for coinage are: aspirin and nylon and more recent examples are: granola and Xerox. (After first use, they become everyday words in the language)

Google is an example of coinage (using the internet to find information)

Eponyms: are new words are created based on the name of a person or place such hoover and Spangler.

all above

57) One form of coinage of words is ...................................

acronyms

blending

derivation

functional

58) ................... are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.

Functional

Eponyms

Acronyms

Derivation

59) Coinage: One form of coinage of words is acronyms. Acronyms are new words formed from the initial letters of a set of other words. Examples are like:

CD compact disk

UNESCO, NATO, NASA (these examples keep their capital letters)

Laser = light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Radar = radio detecting and ranging

ATM = Automatic teller machine

PIN = personal identification number

all above

60) It is accomplished by means of creating a large number of words of small bits, described as affixes.

Functional

Derivation

Acronyms

Eponyms

61) ................ refers to words added to the beginning of words such as un-happy , mis-understanding and dislike.

Prefixes

Suffixes

Acronyms

Infixes

62) ............... refers to words added to the end of words such as care-less, sad-ness and boy-ish.

Infixes

Prefixes

Acronyms

Suffixes

63) ................ - not normally used in English – refers to using affixes inside another word. e.g., see (v) ------ srnee (n) -meaning to drill in Laos, a language in South East Asia.

Acronyms

Suffixes

Infixes

Prefixes

64) Multiple processes:

Some sources of word formation can come in operation of more than one process at work in the creation of a particular word.

or example, when someone says ‘problems with the project have snowballed’. That means the final word can be understood as compounding of snow and ball; which has then turned into a verb through conversion.

all above

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