...(صفحة المساعدات)..

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

لطووفه واسم العضو الحين بأحط الاوراق في مكتبة لوحتي بس راجعواالاوراق لايكون فيهاشي ناقص ولا غلط وبعدين تزعلوا مني.
بااااااااااااااااااااي وذااااااااااكروا زين ولاتخافوا هذه درجات دنيا ماراح تنفعنا في الاخره.

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

خلاص يابنات ثاني انجليزي الاوراق موجوده في مكتبة لوحتي روحوا اخذوها

[ٍShy Moon]

السلام عليكم بنات ثاني E أختي العزيزة white rose لم تنزل الأوراق في المكتبة بسبب الزحمة وتقول إن شاء الله بكرة
ولا تزعلو منها

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

بنات ثاني انجليزي خلاص الاوراق في مكتبة لوحتي صحيت بدري عشان أحطها لكم قبل الزحمه.
أتمنى أنها تفيدكم.

[لطوفه الحلوه]

الله يوفقكم ولا يحرمكم الاجر.........



وبالتوفيق للجميع من غير اي اسثنااااااااء

[اسم العضو]

*تسلم عيونك(( يالورررده البيضا )) الله يبض ايامك ويسعدك ويوفقك ان شاء الله ولايحرمنا من هالطيبه صدق قدها وقدود انا توني شاريتها وماراح انساك من الدعااااء ومشكوره يالغاليه

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

احنا خوات يااسم العضو وأنا أحب الخير لكل البنات بس ياعمري راجعيها
امييييييييييييييين يارب :praying: العفوووووووووو ياقلبي

[لطوفه الحلوه]

وايت روز


ابي اسالك اوراقك اللي بمكتبة لوحتي هي من تحديد الاستاذه ولا انتي جامعه كل اللي بالكتاااب؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟

لاني انا جبتر 4 مو محددتها عندي بكتابي.....

عشان كذا ودي اذاكر اوراقك يبلي اراجع البنات ولا انتي تحديدك متاكده منه؟؟؟؟

بليز انتظرك تردين ويعطيك العافيه يالغاليه..
تسلمين:)

[لطوفه الحلوه]

وايت روز


ابي اسالك اوراقك اللي بمكتبة لوحتي هي من تحديد الاستاذه ولا انتي جامعه كل اللي بالكتاااب؟؟؟؟؟؟؟؟

لاني انا جبتر 4 مو محددتها عندي بكتابي.....

عشان كذا ودي اذاكر اوراقك يبلي اراجع البنات ولا انتي تحديدك متاكده منه؟؟؟؟

بليز انتظرك تردين ويعطيك العافيه يالغاليه..
تسلمين:)

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

chapter six
*************
restoration drama and prose
*******************************
when charles ii become king in1660, the change in english literature was almost as great as the change in goverment. for one thing, the theatres opened again,and new dramatists therefore appeared.
*********************************
the tragic drama of this period was made up mainly of heroic plays.
in these the men are splendidly brave, and the women wonderfully beautiful.there is a lot of shouting and a good deal of nonsense. the plays are written in heroic couplets, a form of metre perfected by john dryden.
********************************
one of dryden's best heroic plays is the conquest of granada.
*****************************
in most of dryden's plays, fine speeches and poor ones may follow each other in an astonishing way. he seems to have been unable to see his own faults.
*************************************** his first comedy, marriage-a-la-mode, in bad blank verse, appear in 1672. its subject is explained in the first song;
************************************
his well-known play, all for love or is in blank verse. it is based on shakespeare's antony and cleopatra.
***********************************
we may well be surprised that he tried to improve on shakespeare, but we have to remember that in his day antony and cleopatra was not valued very highly.
******************************
he said that all for love was the only play that he wrote to please himself.
***********************************
some critics consider it his best, but others prefer don sebastian.
*************************************
few or none of dryden's plays are acted now.they are strangely unequal; there is usually some good, and some bad, writing in each.
***********************************
the poetry of the rhymed plays is on the whole better,and the dramatic force of the unrhymed plays is stronger.
***********************************
some of the men of the time saw the stupidity of the extra-ordinary situations in the heroic plays,and the second duke of buckingham,probably with some help, produced a comedy, the rehearsal,which satirized them.
******************************************the plot is intention-ally foolish,and hits at dryden and other dramatists.
**************************************
of the tragedies by other dramatists, three by thomas otway are among the best.
*************************************
these are don carlos in rhymed verse; the orphan (1680) in blank verse;and venice preserved(1682) also in blank verse.
************************************
he also wrote other plays,and used the works of the french dramatists racine and moliere as a basis for two. otway died very poor at the early age of 33.
***************************************
a new kind of comedy appeared at the end of this century, known as the comedy of manners.
*********************************
this kind of play is hard and bright, witty and heartless. it was introduced by sir george etherege his play the man of mode(1676) gives a picture of the immoral manners of the society of the day, but has no proper plot.
***********************************
william wycherley was a satirical dramatist. he best works are the country wife (1675),a coarse play with some fine wit in it;and the plain dealer>
************************************
why we said?
better than these were the plays of willam congreve.
at the end of the century,when he was writing,the coarseness of the early days of the restoration was beginning to pass away, and the more reasonable eighteenth century was near.
********************************
his first comedy,the old bachelor(1693), is about an old fellow who pretends to hate women but marries a bad one.
***********************************
the way of the world(1700) is finer than any other play of the time.
******************************************the drawing of the characters especially of the women,is good, and so is the prose.
*******************************
unfortunately it was not well received, and congreve stopped writing plays in disgust.
**********************************
write short note?
sir john vanbrugh wrote three successful comedies,the relapse (1696), the provoked wife(1697) and the confederacy. his characters are distinct,his plots interesting,but his writing unremarkable. he was an architect by profession, and was re-sponsible for the building of several important houses.
******************************
these plays were in general rather coarse,clever,bright,and partly a reflection of the behaviour of upper-class society of the time. but not all people of the day were like the characters in them.
************************************
much later, oliver goldsmith produced she stoops to conquer, a play in which a private is mistaken for a hotel.
1):wrote the rivals
2):the school for scandal
*************************************
sheridan's third important play is the critic.it is a satire rather like buckingham's the rehearsal,and it satirizes drama and literary criticism.
**************************************
we must now consider the prose of the restoration time. dryden's critical works include his essay on dramatic poesie.
************************************
what is contain?
1):this compared english and french drama.
2):defended the use of rhyme in drama.
3):and praised shakespeare.
********************************
dryden's prose is important why?
1):more than anyone else at this time
2):he led the way to a clear,reasonable and balanced way of writing english.
3):in addition to this he was a better critic than most poets.
4):in the essay he men-tioned the limitations which the french set themselves by keeping to the unities of time and place.
***********************************
john bunyan's prose set an example of clear,simple expression especially in the pilgrim's progress and the holy war (1682) another allegory,in which he was helped by his own experiences as a soldier on the side of parliament in the civil war.
***********************************
his style was influenced by his regular reading of the authorised version of the bible and it reflects the beauty and earnest simplicity of that translation.
*************************************
john locke's prose was also clear, earnest and without ornament, though it lacks the balance in its sentences which gives bunyan's style its charm. but locke's essay on the human under-standing(1690)is one of the most important works of english philosophy. it gave a new direction to though, not only in english but in other countries of europe although,
***************************************
samuel pepys wrote a well-known diary
*************************
it is interesting and important; it gives details of many events and of the life diary, is very attractive.
*****************************
another diarist,jhon evelyn, describes his travels in europe, and writes about the men of his own time. evelyn also wrote several books on art and trees>
***************************************
chapter six finish
=============
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
chapter four
***************
elizabethan drama
********************
the chiefliterary glory of the great elizabethan age was its drama,but even before it began several plays appeared which showed that a great development had taken place.
=======================
they are not very good plays,but in general the comedies are better than the tragedies.
hamlet's tragic
the first regular english comedy was 1):ralph roister.2):nicholas udall,
who probably wrote it for his boys to act. it is in rough verse and contains the sort of humour that may be found among country people.
========================
lyly's prose comedy campaspe and his allegorical play endimion are an improvement on this.
=======================
they were performed in front of queen elizabeth,probably by boy actors.
======================-
these boys,know as 'children of paul's',no doubt caused a lot of fun when they played the parts of great men such as alexander the great,
=======================
the first regular english tragedy was gorboduc, in blank verse, performed in 1564.
-=====================
the first three acts were written by1):thomas norton,the other two by2):thomas sackville.
=====================
it is very dull, and is about king corboduc of england and his family.
=======================
the blank verse is poor stuff, and nothing is done on the stage except some movements in silence.the story of the play is told.
======================
the spanish tragedy by thomas kyd is an example of the tragedy of blood,popular at the time.
blood and death play a large part in such plays.
=========================
the spanish tragedy is in some ways rather like shakespeare's hamlet. a ghost appears, demanding revenge; but it appears to the father of a murdered son,not to the son of a murdered the father,as in hamlet.
========================
the first great dramatist of the time was christopher marlowe.his first tragedy,1):tamburlaine the great,is in two parts.
=======================
it is written in the splendid blank verse that marlowe brought to the stage.the first part deals with the rise to power of tambur-laine,a shepherd and a robber.
=======================
1):his terrible ambition drives him ever onwards to more power and more cruelty.
2):in the second part tamburlaine is pulled to babylon in a carriage.
it is drawn by two kings, whom he whips and curses when they do not go fast enough.
========================
the play was well received,but the violence of the language and of the action,and the terrible cruelty,are serous faults
.=================
2):the jew of malta is again often violent.
in it the governor of malta taxes the jew there, but barabas, a rich jew,refuses to pay.
======================
his money and house are therefore taken from him and in revenge he begins a life of violence.
=========================
he poisons his own daughter, abigail, and causes her lover to die too. he helps the turks when they attack malta,and so they make him governor;but he decides to kill all the turkish officers.
=======================-
he arranges that the floor of a big room can be made to fall suddenly, and then invites them to a meal in it.
======================
he hopes thus to destroy them while they are eating,but an enemy makes his secret known,and he himself is thrown down below the floor into a vessl of boilong water.
=====================
the language of the jew of malta is not always so fierce;sometimes the beauty of sound and rhythm is very fine;
=======================
the play is based on the well-known story of a man who sold his soul to the devil so as to have power and riches in this life.
=====================
3):marlowe's faustus agrees to give his soul to the devi, mephistopheles, in return for twenty-four years of splendid life.
====================
one of the things that faustus orders the devil to do for him is to bring back from the dead the beautiful helen of troy, the cause of the trojan war.
=========================-
4):marlowe's edward the second, perhaps his best play, deals with english history.
=======================
it is possible that he helped shakespeare with the writing of parts of henry the sixth and other early plays.
====================
certainly marlowe's writing set an example for other dramatists in the great elizabethan age in two important ways;1):the use of powerful blank verse lines to strengthen the drama,
2):and the development of character to heighten the sense of tragedy.
-========================
when shakespeare added to these his own mastery of plot and his human sympathy, the drama reached its greatest heights.
======================
marlowe was killed in a quarrel at a thames-side inn before he was thirty years of sge.
=====================
if he haf lived longer, he would probably have written onther splendid plays.shakespeare certainly thought so.
-====================
william shakespeare
it is known that he was an actor and dramatist by 1592.
shakespeare's earliest work is probably seen in certain historical plays.
======================
perhaps he began his work as a dramatist by improving the work of other writers;
======================
the three plays which tell the story of 1):henry the sixth may be an example of this.
2):in richard the third
3):the later richard the second we see shakespeare gradually discovering his powers and mastering his art.
==================
romeo and juliet is the first of shakespeare's great tragedies.
======================
the plot of this story of pure and tragic love is known in all parts of the civilized world. the death of romeo and juliet are necessary;their families are enemies,and death is the only way out of their hopeless situation.the tragedy is deeply sad and moving,but without the shock of the terrible tragedies that followed later.
-=========================
the first of the comedies was probably 1):a comedy of errors; its plot depends on the likeness of twins and the likeness of their twin servants,with the resulting confusion.the order of the early comedies after this may be the taming of the shrew, the two gentlemen of verona,and love's labour's lost. the real step forward comes with a midsummer night's dream, which shows shakespeare's growing power in comedy.
-=========================
the next play we should notice is 2): the merchant of venice in this, anotonio,a merchant, borrows money froms shylock to help his friend bassanio, who wasnts to marry the rich and beautiful portia.shylock hates antonio and only agrees to lend the money on condition that,if it is not repaid at the right time,antonio shall pay a pound of his flesh.when antonio's ships are wrecked,and to everyone's surprise he cannot pay the money,shyock demands his pound of flesh. the case is taken to court,and antonio has no hope. then suddenly portia,dressed as a lawyer, appears in court.
======================
the portia herself becomes hard:shylock may have his flesh -but not one drop of blood;there is nothing about blood in the agree-ment.as shylock cannot take the flesh without spilling some blood, antonio is saved.
======================
it is called a comedy,though shylock is, in fact, badly treated.he has been called the first great shakespearian,the first great tragic figure.
====================
3):as you like it. another important comedy,is the story of a good duke living in the forest of arden because his evil brother has driven him out of his country.
========================-
the pastoral setting gives us some beautiful de************************ions,but there is a reality about the characters that was not to be seen in earlier pastoral poetry and plays. it is true that nature at its most cruel is seen as kinder than men in courts and towns:
========================
twelfth night has been called the perfection of english comedy?
because the whole play is alive with humour and action.the skill in the changes from bright to dark,from gentle to severe,is matched by the skill in the arrangement of the verse and prose.
======================
the play contains several songs.
======================
julius caesar is probably the best shakepearian play to read first?in the earliest plays there is not enough thought to fill the language;the later plays are diffcult because so much thought is pressed into the language that is not very clear.
======================
in julius caesar the thought and the language are about balanced.its structure is also clear:the rise from the introduction to the crisis (the killing of caesar) in act iii, and the gradual fall to the tragic end of the play (the deaths of the conspirators).
further,julius caesar is not so dark and heavy as coriolanus, nor so loose as antony and cleopatra.
=========================
the main subject of antony and cleopatra is antony's love for the egyptian queen.
=======================-
coriolanus concerns the life and death of coriolanus, he wishes to become one of the consuls of the city; but to succeed in this aim,he must ask the people for votes.his pride makes this impossible:he cannot beg for votes or for anything else.
=====================
in each of these tragedies,the fatal weakness of character,and the tragic course of events.which together lead a great man to ruin are clear enough.
======================-
in the next play antony is ruined because of his love of comfort and love. coriolanus is ruined by his terrible pride.
======================
in hamlet, the prince of that name suspects that his dead father, king of denmark,has been murdered by uncle,
claudius. claudius has become king and has married hamlet's mother.the ghost of hamlet's dead father appears to him in the castle of elsinore and tells him about the murder.hamlet decides on revenge;but then he begins to think too much,and to hesitate. was the ghost telling the truth? hamlet must try to find proof of the murder.in the crisis in act iii, hamlet has his proof.but still he hesitates.the play still holds our attention,and hamlet keeps our sympathy,but the end is certain and unavoidable.
=======================
hamlet tragic weakness is hesitation,
inability to act when action is needed. he is too much of a thinker.
======================
in king lear we see an old king thrown out of his home by two wicked daughters,and treated so badly that he goes mad and dies. it is perhaps shakespeare's greatest work, reaching into the deepest places of the human spirit;but as a play on the stage it is very difficult,if not impossible,to act. lear's weakness is his open-ness to flattery. he gives his kingdom to the two evil daughters who flater him,and nothing ti the youngest girl,who tells the truth but loves him best.
=======================
in macbeth the hero, macbeth, must be considered together with his wife, lady macbeth.three old witches tell macbeth that he will receive high honours and then become king. the high honours come,and he decides to help fate to make him king.
king duncan stays with him at his castle,and he and lady macbeth murder the king;but duncan's sons, malcolm and donalbain,escape. malcom bring an army against macbeth,who is killed.lady macbeth is already dead.
=========================
othello is the story of a brave moorish commander in cyprus who has a beautiful wife, desdemona. iago, an evil old soldier,has seen cassio raised in rank above him,and tries to make othello believe that cassio and desdemona are lovers. othello too easily believe this,and kills desdemona.some critics have said that othello has no fatal weakness; but such unquestioning jealousy is great weakness,even if it comes from a mind too noble to doubt evil suggestions.
=======================
the main last plays of shakespeare are usually called the romances. they are cymbeline, the winter's tale
it is generally agreed that the tempest is his last complete play.all these works are coloured with the idea of forgiveness.
=======================
a great dramatist who followed shakespeare,but who was far below him, was benjamin jonson. his work is more learned and less inspired than shakespeare's,and the ancient classics had a great influence on it. his best known play is 1):every man in his humour.
========================
a 'humour' meant a quality made into person,a special foolishness, or the chief strong feeling in a man. this is one of jonson's weaknesses as a dramatist.his characters are walking humours,and not really human. in this play kitely,a merchant,has a pretty wife and his humor is jealousy.
========================
jonson wrote about twenty plays along,and others with orher playwrights.his tragedy2):sejanus was played at the globe theatre in1603 by shakespeare's company. 3):volpone the fox, a comedy, was also acted at the globe,and at the two old universities
=======================
jonson was also one of the best producers of masques this or any other time. these masques are dramatic enterainments with dancing and music,which are more important than the story and the characters.
=======================
jonson was proud and rude. he said, in effect,here is my play it's good. if you don't like it, that's your fault. he scorned much of the other dramatic work of the time, but not shakespeare's.
=======================
jonson belived in the unities of place, time and action.1);that is to say, he thought that the scenes of a play ought all to be in one place, or at least not too far from each other. if the audience were supposed to travel a few hundred miles between one scene and the next,he did not think it reasonable,
2):the unity of time meant that the events of a play ought not to spread over more than twenty-four hours;and most of his own plays follow this rule.
3):the unity of action meant that nothing outside the main story should be allowed into the play.he crossed out a fine speech in the original every man in his humour because it was in praise of poetry and did not suit the rest of the action.
=======================
among his other plays are every man out of his humour, epicoene, the silent woman
they are all remarkable plays,but it is hard to find a single ordinary person in them.
=======================
other dramatists of the time include john webster, who depended a lot on violence,revenge,murder,wrong-doing,and so on. his best two plays are the white devil.
=========================
francis beaumont and john fletcher together wrote a number of plays at this time,and perhaps the knight of the burning pestle, a comedy which helps the modern reader to understand the theatre and stage of those days. the two men also wrote tragedies, such as the maid's tragedy.
===\\\===\\\====\\\====\\\====\\\= chapter four finish
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

chapter seven
****************
english poets,1660-1798
****************************
alexander pope,
----------------------
essay on criticism
----------------------
****************************************
the eighteenth century is often called age of reaso.order was important in men's thoughts, and the comfortable town was usually preferred to the wild mountains.the heroic couplet is well suited to verse based on reasoning,but it must not be thought that there was no other sore of poetry. a return to thoughts about nature and more lyrical subjects began early.
==========================
a group of poets who turned away from the bright tea-table chose death for their subject.they are sometimes known as the churchyard school of poets.edward.
(night thoughts)
========================
other poets turned to tha past when they tried to escape from the polished orderliness of the eighteenth century, thomas percy's reliques of ancient english poetry.
=======================
william blake a poet and an artist, illustrated the works of young, blair, gray and others. much of his poetry has hidden meanings that are hard to understand.
=========================
بنات أناحطيت تاريخ الادب هنا لأن في بنات مابيقدروا ياخذوه من المكتبه بس تشابتير5 مو هنا بس موجود بالمكتبه
اسحبوه على الوافي وترجموه.