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م1
What does FAIR stand for?
Answer:
FAIR stands for:
The French revolution
The American Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
The Religious Revolution
The four revolutions that affected the rise of the novel in the 18th century are:
1-.........2-.........3-.........4-..............الاجابة اللي فوق
The three mottos/slogans of the FR are :
Equality
Fraternity
Liberty
The French Revolution took place in the
18th- century
Some famous thinkers who motivated the French Revolution are :
Voltaire
Rousseau
Montesquieu
The slogans of the FR gave rise to other revolutions like the - American) Revolution.
When did the American Revolution take place?
18thcentury
.
Where did the American Revolution take place?
America
The two famous parties that always were in conflict in England are :
the Whigs and the Tories
.
In the 18th century, England was
(1- a monarchy-
م2
Why did the Church not want people to think?
to remain devoted to it
هنا اظن السؤال الاصح قبل القرن الثامن عشر In the 18th century, (the Church) told people what to do and how to think
According to the Church in the 18th century, (the earth-) was the centre of the universe.
According to the Church in the 18th century, (- the Church)
was the centre of the earth.
Every individual in the 18th century felt
(important
All revolutions in the 18th century led to the increased importance of
- individuals).
م3
تعريف الرواية :
A fictional prose narrative of considerable length
م4
The industrial revolution
(changed society
Select True or false
The industrial revolution made Knowledge easier
The industrial revolution made transportation easier
The industrial revolution created more resources of knowledge like books and magazines
جميع الاجابات اعلاه صحيحة
True or false
Before the novel arose, there was plenty of fiction like epics, ballads, anecdotes, and myths.(صح )
Before the novel arose, there was plenty of fiction like history and geography. (خطأ)
The novel arose due to:
the rise of the middle classes in western Europe.(صح)
Profound social and economic changes brought the novel into popular prominence. (صح)
Advances into the technology of printing made written texts available to a growing population of readers (صح)
The spread of poetry(خطا)
wars(خطا)
Reasons Behind the Emergence of the Novel؟
decline of drama
decadence poetry
When and Where? بداية الرواية ؟
1st half of the 18th century in England في النصف الاول من القرن الثامن عشر
Origins:
(young form (250 years old
How old is the English novel?
250 years
True or false:
The greatest masters of the English novel are(صح)
Defoe, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne.
The greatest masters of the English novel are Shaw and Shakespeare (they are famous dramatists)(خطا)
Who is the mother of the English Novel?
(1688). Aphra Behn’s Oroonoko
Oroonoko was written in the (17th- century
Who is the father of the English Novel?
Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe (1719)
م5
What did writers do to escape from censorship?
Writing prefaces to justify the writing of novels
Changing the setting like solitary islands or remote places and past times
The setting is the (time- place- time and place) of the novel.
Seeking patronage
Calling the novel history or tale or adventure or just giving it any other name in order to avoid censorship
True or False?
Censorship was good for the rising novel(خطا)
Unnecessary prefaces
Exaggeration
Not giving the novel its proper name
اللي فوق تعبر عيوب صح ؟
Verisimilitude مصطلح (فرنسي- - Features of the novel
Title expressive (remote-exotic)
Prefaces
No dialogue
Illustrations
repetition
All places very queer
Setting
Sharp but indirect criticism
Demerits
Titles of novels and chapters
Subtitles
Coincidence
Language
Illustrations
م6
Summary of Watt’s Point of View
Defoe describes Robinson as the embodiment of the age in which he lived.
Robinson is interested in himself an individual.
He is so keen on collecting money and on becoming rich.
This financial issue is the most obvious trait of his character.
It is even more important than any other values in his life, even more important than his parents and friends.
Individualism in Robinson Crusoe النزعة الفردية لروبنسون كروزو
In Robinson Crusoe, the writer focuses entirely on the character of Robinson as if no one else exists.
When Robinson deals with anyone even his parents and friends, we understand that his own good and desires come first.
That is why, as we will see, he does not listen to the advice of his parents or even know what happened to his friends
The most important thing Defoe’s characters are interested in is - - money).
As an 18th century writer, Defoe was interested most in (- the individual- The most important feature the critic has noticed about Robinson Crusoe is (-individualism-).
A Word about Daniel Defoe
He worked a s a journalist most of the time.
This made his style and language easier than those of other writers who did not work as journalists.
He got interested in stories full of action and adventure
He knew how to create suspense and excitement in readers.
He liked to refer to facts and data in all he wrote.
He came to novel- writing at the age of 59.
This means that the novels he wrote suffered from certain technical problems.
How old was Defoe when he wrote Robinson Crusoe? (- 59)
Defoe worked as a (- journalist) before writing Robinson Crusoe.
Defoe’s language is (easy-) because he worked as a journalist.
One thing Daniel Defoe liked to refer to in his novels is (facts-
What did Defoe write about?
Individuals in search of fortune, dreaming of wealth
Adventures of all sorts
Remote places like islands and African nations.
Stories of exotic people (different from the British)
The clash between science and religion
Some Disadvantages of Robinson Crusoe بعض عيوب رواية روبنسون كروزو (وهي تعبر عن عيوب روايات تلك الفترة :
Serialization التسلسل
Patronage طلب الدعم
Prefaces المقدمات
Long titles طول العناوين
Sentimentalism العاطفة
Repetition التكرار
Colonialism الاستعمارية
Contradiction التناقض
The omniscient narrator الراوي العليم
Serialization
Every chapter or episode for instance had to be interesting in itself as if it were the end product and as if it would not be followed by other installments.
Structural cohesion in this sense was sacrificed for the sake of arousing the immediate attention of readers.
Patronage
A lot of novelists had to seek ‘patronage’ among politicians, businessmen, and even the court itself. This promised to be the last resort for writers who wanted to escape the anger of the reading public and the censorship of authorities.
The opening pages of so many eighteenth century novels are almost always dedicated to praise of the author’s patron or ‘patroness’.
This is unnecessary as it has nothing to do with the novel itself.
Such pages can easily be removed.
Robinson Crusoe also has this disadvantage.
Mark as True of False
Robinson Crusoe does not have organic unity. √
The structure of Robinson Crusoe is weak. √
Defoe preferred the excitement of readers to the cohesion of the novel. √
Robinson Crusoe was published in serials. √
Serialisation means a type of food. X
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists resorted to patronage.(صح )
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists refused to write prefaces to their novels(خطا)
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists insisted on calling their new books “novels”(خطا)
To avoid censorship, 18th century novelists discussed current topics in the same way.(خطا)
م7
full titles :
Like all other novels in the 18th century, the title page is so long.
It is long because the writer wants to:
Make the novel interesting to readers.
Prove that it is not “a novel” but just a history or some adventures.
Make sure thee reader will buy the book using illustrations and explanations
Sentimentalism
It means a lot of crying and tears on any occasion. It is affected, not real. Men and women are described as shedding tears.
It is against verisimilitude.
It is one of the common features of the novel in the 18th century.
This is not touching all the time. It could be insincere. An example is Robinson's parents early in the novel
Repetition
The reasons behind repetition are:
-the novel was published in journals and the writer had to remind readers every time of what has been said before.
The writer had no experience of novel-writing before and that is why he could not avoid repetition.
اختر
Robinson Crusoe is full of redundancy:
It is full of repetition
Redundancy is…… in Robinson Crusoe .
A disadvantage
Colonialism (الفوقية )
Robinson feels very important as a British citizen. For him Africans and Arabs and even Muslims are lower classes of people. He is the superior one. For him they are inferior
Contradiction
No experience in novel-writing led writers to contradict themselves without noticing it.
The novel is full of contradiction which is understandable in the light of the things explained above
Examples:
promising to obey God and parents then obeying only himself,
saying that he has close friends then getting rid of them so soon,
visiting Africa to know more about it but considering it to be inferior and referring to it in a vulgar way.
Describing the voyage as the most successful one while we know that it is not.
The omniscient narrator
First of all, the word omniscient means a narrator who knows everything about characters and events.
He is the one through whose eyes the whole novel is narrated.
In the novel, no character speaks for himself or herself. All are given to us from the point of view of that narrator. We are just told about them.
The same thing with events which are narrated only from the point of view of the narrator.
This is of course a demerit in novel writing as it detracts from the reader’s right to free judgement.
True or false:
The word omniscient means a narrator who knows everything about characters and events√(صح)
Best Answer?
Using the omniscient narrator is (an advantage- a disadvantage- needed) in the 18th century novel.
م8
A Summary of Robinson Crusoe
If Daniel Defoe published it as a novel in 1719, it would not be published at all.
He does not call the novel a novel.
He gives it the name of a history and a narrative of fact or a book of adventures.
He insists it is realistic, not fictional
He says he is just the editor not the writer of the story.
We learn from this that he avoids censorship through these steps.
When does the novel start?
The (- the 17th-) century.
What happens to Robinson’s sccond brother?
He vanishes
What is the most obvious thing about Robinson’s character?
Hesitation
Robinson fears for his life and prays to God for deliverance when
He is in trouble
Robinson’s parents advise him to
Stay at home
On his very first voyage, what does Robinson do to achieve himself as an individual?
He tries to make more money
What is a narrative gap?
It is a section in the story that is not covered in detail by the author.
Why is Robinson not described in detail as a prisoner?
Because he is British and readers in Britain would not welcome such a story
Robinson is not described in detail as a prisoner. This is called:
(a- narrative gap- )
As a prisoner, Robinson manages to escape because:
He is regarded by the author as powerful and skilful
Is Defoe a colonialist writer?
Yes he is.
م9
Why does he decide to become a tobacco planter?
It is a chance for him to earn more money.
What are the basic things that Robinson looks for once he is on the island?
Food and shelter
Though Robinson finds money on the ship, he is sad. Why?
He cannot make more money by trading with people
Why does the writer use the journal in the novel?
To achieve verisimilitude
م10
Important Remarks about the Novel
Robinson gains experience with age and adventures
He hesitates between good and evil
There is a conflict inside him all the time
There are two voices inside him: the voice of reason and the voice of the heart
The writer is interested in facts and data to make his novel achieve verisimilitude
Why does he keep a journal?
To achieve verisimilitude
Why does he call the island the island of despair?
he is by nature pessimistic like every body that century and he sees no hope for returning back to england
Can he keep the journal for long?
no becouse he is going to forget and to lose interest and to finish the ink that he found on the ship
Why does he stop it later?
no becouse he is going to forget and to lose interest and to finish the ink that he found on the ship
On April 16, an earthquake nearly kills him as he is standing in the entrance to his cellar:
he is saved
Guess what he thinks of as he faces death in the earthquake?
he prays
م11
Crusoe is interested only in the basic needs of his body, in his survival.
The writer gives us all the details concerning his existence on the island.
We feel that the story has completely stopped: no characters, no plot, no action except what is happening to Robinson.
(He is pleased at his “absolute command” over all the subjects of his island kingdom and enjoys dining like a king surrounded by his parrot, his senile dog, and his two cats.)
This is a nice introduction to Robinson’s colonialist attitude.
Defoe is a colonialist writer and his hero is full of himself as a British young man who is quite aware of his supremacy over other people from other nations
م13
According to Crusoe, more prosperity and satisfaction in life depends on:
a better understanding of himself and his fears
Friday's instantaneous servitude to Crusoe also raises questions about Crusoe's sense of his own rank and power. Crusoe easily could lift Friday from the ground when Friday grovels before him, but he does not. Without so much as a second thought, Crusoe accepts Friday as a servant and an inferior, assuming his own superiority. Friday may be the first New World “savage” in English literature to force a questioning of whether white people should automatically assume superiority over other races
ترجمة اللي فوق :
تعامل كروزو مع فرايدي يشير الى الحس الاستعماري والفوقي عند كروزو ، هو كان قادر انه يمنعه من التذلل له وقت اللي انقذه بس ما منعه وبدلا عن ذلك خلاه خادم عنده وهذا يؤكد الحس الاستعماري ، ربما فرايدي هو اول شخصية مستعبدة وجدت في الادب الانجليزي وهذا الشئ يوحي باحساس ان البيض لازم يكون ارفع دائما من الاعراق الاخرى
Crusoe at once makes of Friday a servant and an inferior because:
Friday worked a s a servant before
The writer wants to show Crusoe as superior to Friday
Why does Crusoe hesitate to kill cannibals at the start?
On moral grounds
One of the prisoners Crusoe arrests is his own father. This is called:
1- 3-coincidence 4-
The relationship between Crusoe and his father is a very important one here.
Is it the same?
no
Does he learn from experience?
no
Is he true to his feelings and his remorse?
no
Who is the most important person on earth for Crusoe?
Crusoe
When does he go back to England?
1686
Which century?
17
What is the most important thing that he is keen on as he returns to England?
mony
How long has he remained on the island?
28
Do you believe that that the story is credible?
no
`What does he decide to do after returning back and why?
go to Portugal on order to ask about his property
Does he have the same family that he left before starting the main voyage?
no
When Crusoe meets his Portugese captain friend again, he is touched mainly by
b-the large amount of money he has now,
Robinson is reluctant to become Catholic:
He likes religion so much
He does not like religion
Exaggerated description detracts from the worth and credibility of the novel. How could a single man do all this?
Remember that he is not the same Youngman we met before at the start of the novel.
Are you touched by the story of friendship between Crusoe and the wido
?
no
Is he a better person in terms of religion?
no
When he gets married, we soon learn that his wife dies. What does that mean?
it means that marrige not importint for him it also mean that the righ ter is not a skill for right he shold cover this point
He leaves England in the same century. Why?
because the writer from the very beginning to the very end doesn't want us to know that this is in the 18 century in england he want to escape from censorship
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2012- 5- 16
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