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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
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#21 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáÓÇÏÓå ÚÌÒÊ ÇÝåã ÂÎÑåÇ :(
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#22 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÖÌíÌ ÇáÍáã 'maha ãÔßæÑíä Çááå íæÝÞäÇ ÌãíÚÇ ÈÇáäÓÈÉ ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ ÈÔÑÍåÇ ßÇãáÉ æÇáÎÇãÓÉ ÈÚÏ ÇäÊÙÑæäí
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#23 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÈÇäÊÙÇÑß
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#24 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
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#25 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá Synonymy ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ Çæ ÇáÊÔÇÈÉ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ Synonymy is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the same sense. Words that have the same sense are called synonyms ÇáÊÑÇÏÝ åæ ßáãÊíä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ãËá (buy – purchase) ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (ÔÑÇÁ ) ÇíÖÇ (wide –broad) ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (æÇÓÚ) ÇäæÇÚ ÇáãÊÑÇÏÝÇÊ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá Ýí åÐÇ ÇáãËÇá (“fall-“autumn) ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÝÕá ÇáÎÑíÝ ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝÊ åäÇ áÇä ÈÚÖ ÇááåÌÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ íÚäì Çåá ãäØÞÉ ãÚíäÉ íÓãæäÉ fall, æãäØÞÉ ÇÎÑì íÓãæäÉ autumn æßáåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÇÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá (different dialects) áåÌÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ _________ãËáÇ ÚäÏäÇ ÈãäÇØÞ ÇáããáßÉ ßá ãäØÞÉ áåÇ áåÌÉ ãÎÊáÝÉ æßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäí ãËÇá (gentleman”, “man” and “chap) åäÇ ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÑÌá åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ äÓãíÉ (different styles) ÇÔßÇá ãÎÊáÝÉ ÇÓÊÇíá ãÎÊáÝ áäÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ äÏáÚ ÇáßáãÉ Ôæí ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇáË ãËÇá (“politician” and “statesman)åäÇ ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì (ÓíÇÓí) ÇíÖÇ ãËÇá ÇÎÑ (“liberty” and “freedom) ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ (ÍÑíÉ ) æÝíÉ ÇãËáÉ ÇÎÑì åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ äÓãíÉ differ only in their) emotive or - evaluative meanings) ÇÎÊáÇÝ ÇáãÚäì ÇäÝÚÇáíÇ Çæ ÊÞÏíÑí íÚäì Úáì ÍÓÈ ÇáæÖÚ ÇÐÇ ßäÇ äÞÏÑ ÔÎÕ Çæ äÍÊÑãÉ äÞæá ÇáßáãÉ ÈÔßá ÇÎÑ ÇßËÑ ÑÓãíÉ æÇÍÊÑÇã ÇæáãÇ äßæä ãäÝÚáíä ÓæÇÁ ãÈÓæØíä ÇæÛíÑÉ ÝíÎÊáÝ Ôßá ÇáßáãÉ Úáì ÍÓÈ ÇáæÖÚ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ãËÇá (“rancid” occurs with “bacon” or “butter æaddled” with “eggs” orbrain “brain) ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ “rancid –addled ßáåÇ ãÚäÇåÇ ÝÇÓÏ ÇæäÊä ÈÓ ÇáÇæáì äÞæáåÇ ãÚ ÇáÒÈÏÉ æáÍã ÇáÎäÒíÑ ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞæáåÇ ãÚ ÇáÈíÖ Çæ ÇáÚÞá ãÚ ÇäåÇ ÊÚØì ßáåÇ ÝÇÓÏ ÈÓ ßá ßáãÉ ÊáÊÒã ÇæÊÓÊÎÏã ãÚ ßáãÇÊ ãÚíäÉ íÓãì åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ (collocationally restricted) ãÊáÇÒãÇÊ áÝÙíÉ ãÞíÏÉ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÎÇãÓ ãËÇá (“mature=“adult”, “ripe” or) (“govern=“direct”, “control” or “determine) ÇáãËÇá ÇáÇæá ßáãÉ( (“mature äÇÖÌ æäÞÏÑ äÞæáåÇ ÈÔßá ÇæÓÚ ããßä äÞæá ÈÇáÛ ÇæßÇãá ÇæÈÇáÛ ÍÏ ÇáßãÇá ÊæÓÚäÇ Ôæí Ýí ãÚäì ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ Ýí ÇáÇÎíÑ åí ÊÚØí äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÇáÇæá ÇíÖÇ ÇáãËÇá ÇáËÇäí ßáãÉ åäÇ íÍßã æããßä äÞæá íæÌÉ íÓíØÑ ÞÑÑ íÞÑÑ (“govern) ÇÊãäì íßæä æÇÖÍ ÇáÔÑÍ ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá ÇäÊåì |
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#26 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäì ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ
Antonymy ÇáÊÖÇÏ ÇáßáãÉ æÚßÓåÇ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÖÇÏ Antonymy is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the opposite sense. Words that are opposite are called antonyms Types of Antonymy ÇäæÇÚ ÇáÊÖÇÏ 1) Binary antonymy (dead/ alive) married/ unmarried) ) åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá ãä ÇáÊÖÇÏ åæ ÊÖÇÏ ÍÇÏ Çæ ÈÍÊ ãËÇá ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ãÊÒæÌ æÛíÑ ãÊÒÌ ãÇÈíäåÇ ÊÝÇæÊ íÚäì ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞæá ãÊÒæÌ Ôæí ÇæÇßËÑ ÊÒæÌ íÚäì ÇãÇ ãÊÒæÌ ÇæáÇ ÇíÖÇ ßáãÉ ãíÊ æÍí ÇãÇ íßæä ãíÊ ÇæÍí ãÇíÌí ãíÊ Ôæí ÇæäÕ Íí 2) Converses ÇáäæÚ ÇáËÇäì åæ ÚáÇÞÉ ÊÖÇÏíÉ íÚäì ßáãÊíä ÚßÓíÉ ÈÓ áÇÒã Êßæä ãÚ ÈÚÖ ãËÇá John bought a car from Fred. Fred sold a car to John ÔÑÇÁ æÈíÚ áÇÒã ÊÌì ãÚ ÈÚÖ íÚäì ãÇÑÍ ÊÔÊÑì Ôí ÇáÇ æÇÍÏ ÈÇíÚÉ áß ãËá Ìæä ÔÑÇ ÓíÇÑÉ ãä ÝÑíÏ æÝÑíÏ ÈÇÚ ÇáÓíÇÑÉ áÌæä 3) Gradable antonyms åÐÇ ÇáäæÚ ÊÖÇÏ ãÊÝÇæÊ íäÚí ÝíÉ ÏÑÌÇÊ ãËÇá “hot” and “cold” we have “warm”, “cool åäÇ ÈÇÑÏ æÍÇÑ íÌí ÈíäåÇ ÊÝÇæÊ ããßä äÞæá ÏÇÝí æÈÇÑÏ ÇæÍÇÑ ÌÏÇ ÍÇÑ Ôæí ÈÇÑÏ ÌÏÇ ÈÇÑÏ Ôæí íÚäí ÝíÉ ÊÏÑíÌ ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ |
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#27 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá Hyponymy ßáãÉ ãäÏÑÌÉ ÊÚÑíÝ Hyponymy is a sense relation between words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of the other word ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çæ ÇáãÔÊãáÉ íÚäì ÊäÏÑÌ ãä ÊÕäíÝ ãÚíä ãËÇá ßáãÉ "tulip" and "rose ßáãÉ ÒåÑ ÇáÎÒÇãí æÇáæÑÏ ßáåÇ ßáãÇÊ ãäÏÑÌÉ ãä ("flower) ÒåæÑ ÇíÖÇ ãËÇá ÇÎÑ ßáãÉ "lion" and "cow ßáãÉ ÇÓÏ æÈÞÑÉ åí ßáãÉ ãäÏÑÌÉ ãä ("animal" or mammal) ÍíæäÇÊ Çæ ËÏíÇÊ ãáÇÍÙÉ ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÊíä áÇÒã äÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ Çáí åí hyponymy =ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çæ ÇáãÔÊãáÉ Çáí åí ÇáÇÓÏ æÇáÈÞÑÉ ÒåÑÉ ÇáÎÒÇãí æÇáæÑÏ superordinate=ÇáÊÕäíÝ ÍÞ ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Çáí åæ ßáãÉ ÒåæÑ æßáãÉ ÍíæäÇÊ ÇæËÏíÇÊ ÚäÏäÇ ãÕØáÍ Çáí åæ ("symmetrical hyponymy) ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ ÇáãÊãÇËáÉ Çæ ãÊÑÇÏÝÉ íÚäí ããßä Çä Çá hyponymy ÇáßáãÉ ÇáãäÏÑÌÉ Êßæä ãÊÑÇÏÝÉ synonymy ßáãÊíä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì æÊäÏÑÌ ãä äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäí Polysemy ãÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäí ÊÚÑíÝ Polysemy is a sense relation in which the same word has several very closely related meanings (senses). ãÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäì Çáí åæ ß äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÈÓ áåÇ ãÚäííä ãÎÊáÝÉ ãËÇá( "Earth/earth" (our planet vs. soil) ÇáÇÑÖ åäÇ áåÇ ãÚäííä ÇãÇ äÞÕÏ ÈÉ ßæßÈ ÇáÇÑÖ Çæ äÞÕÏ ÇáÊÑÈÉ äÝÓåÇ ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇáË Homonymy ÇáãÔÊÑß ÇááÝÙí ÊÚÑíÝ Homonymy is a sense relation in which several words have the same shape, but different meanings that are far apart from each other ÇáãÔÊÑß ÇááÝÙí åæ ÇáßáãÊíä Çááí áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈÉ ÈÓ ÊÎÊáÝ ãÚÇäíåÇ ãËÇá ÞÏ \ßÑäÇå Ýí ãÍÇÖÑÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ ßáãÉ ("Bank" ( financial institution vs. the side of a river ããßä äÞæá Èäß ááÈäß Çæ Èäß áÖÝÉ ÇáäåÑ åäÇ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ÇíÔ ÇáÝÑÞ ÈíäåÇ æÈíä ÇáãËÇá Çáí ÝæÞ Çáí Úä ÇáÇÑÖ Çä ÇáãËÇá Çáí ÝæÞ ÇÎÊáÝ ÊÚÈíÑåÇ ÈÓ ßáåÇ ÊÎÕ ÇáÇÑÖ ÇãÇåäÇ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáÈäß ÇÎÊáÇÝ ßáí æÕÇÑáå ãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ ßá ÇáÇÎÊáÇÝ Úä ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÇÎÑì ãáÇÍÙÉ áÇÒã äÝÑÞ Èíä åÐíä ÇáãÕØáÍíä homography ( words spelled the same "Lead" ( metal ) and "lead" ( dog's lead ÚäÏäÇ åäÇ ÇáßáãÉ áíÏ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáÇÓÈáäÞ ÈÓ íÎÊáÝ ãÚäÇåÇ Ýí ÇáÇæá íÌí ãÚäÇåÇ ãÚÇÏä æÝí ÇáËÇäì íÌí ãÞæÏ ÇáßáÈ homophony ( words pronounced the same "site" and "sight åäÇ äáÇÍÙ ÇáßáãÉ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ ÓÇíÊ ÈÓ ãÚäÇåÇ íÎÊáÝ ÇáÇæá ãÚäÇåÇ ãæÞÚ æÇáËÇäí ãÚäÇåÇ äÙÑ ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ |
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#28 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÞÇíÒ ÓæÑí Ú ÇáÏÎáå ÇÈí æÇÌÈÇÊ ÇáãÇÉ :d
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#29 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
[QUOTE=sonrisa;10791774]ÞÇíÒ ÓæÑí Ú ÇáÏÎáå ÇÈí æÇÌÈÇÊ ÇáãÇÉ :d[/QUOTE
]ÇáæÇÌÈÇÊ ãæÌæÏÉ ÈÇáÕÝÎÉ ÇáÇæáì ãä ÇáãæÖæÚ |
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#30 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
Lovly ÌÒÇß Çááå ÎíÑ ÇÓÊÝÏÊ ãäß æãÓÊãÑÉ Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå
ææÏí ÃÓÇáß Úä ÇÓÆáÉ ßæãí Þæáí æÔÑÇíß ÝíåÇ æÚáãäí Çááå íÚÇÝíß http://www.ckfu.org/vb/attachment.ph...5&d=1396469246 |
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ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ | |
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