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E7 English Literature Students level seven Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
2017- 11- 20 | #31 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
áæ ÓãÍÊæ ÈÏí äãæÐÌ 1437 ÇáÝÕá ÇáËÇäí ÖÑæÑí
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2017- 11- 21 | #32 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáÝ ÇáÝ ÔßÑ ÍææÑ
ÇäÇ ÈÏíÊ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáãÇÏå ãä ãáÎÕ dodycool ÌÏ ÑææÚå æÓåá Úáí ÇáãÇÏå |
2017- 11- 24 | #33 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
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2017- 11- 24 | #34 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ãáÝ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí ááÃÚæÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞå ãÊÑÌãÉ ÈÇáãÑÝÞÇÊ ãÚ ÇáÚáã Çä ÇáÕíÝí ßÇä ãßÑÑ áÇÍÏ ÇáäãÇÐÌ ¡ ÏÚæÇÊßã
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2017- 11- 25 | #35 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÞÈá ÇÚÊãÇÏ Çí ÇÌÇÈÉ Ýí ãáÝÇÊ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ ÊÃßÏæÇ ãä ÍáåÇ ÇáÕÍíÍ
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2017- 11- 25 | #36 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
Western drama, poetry, literary criticism, art, education, politics, fashion
, architecture, painting, sculpture were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome ÇáÏÑÇãÇ æ ÇáÔÚÑ æ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈðí æ ÇáÝäæä æ ÇáÊÚáñíã æÇáÓñíÇÓÉ æ ÇáãæÖÇÊ æ Ýä ÇáÚãÇÑÉ æ ÇáÑÓã æ ÇáäÍÊ ÌãñÚåÇ äÊñÌÉ áãÍÇßÇÉ ÇáÃÚãÇá ÇáÊí ÊäÊãí ááÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏñãíÉ (ÇáÑæã æ ÇáñíæäÇä) But the West’s relationship with antiquity ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÛÑÈ ãÚ ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏíãÉ is not simple. áã Êßä ÈÓíØÉ It is full of contradictions and ambivalence. ßÇäÊ ãáíÆÉ ÈÇáÇÒÏæÇÌíÉ æÇáÊäÇÞÖÇÊ Roman poet Horace writes: ÞÇá ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÑæãÇäí :åæÑÇÓ “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” ÇáÇÓíÑ ÇáíæäÇäí ÇÎÐ ÈÇÓÑ ãÍÊáå ÇáåãÌí ãíä ÇáãÍÊá åäÇ ( ÇáÑæã ) ßÇä íÔÑÍ åäÇ Ýí ÑÓÇáÊå Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence ÇÍÓÇÓå ÈÇáäÞÕ ãä ÇáÞÇÆá åäÇ : man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking. ÇáÇäÓÇä ÇáÐí íÊÈÚ ÇäÓÇäÇ ÇÎÑ áä íÌÏ ÔíÆÇ æáÇ íÚÏ ÍÊì ÈÇÍËÇ & “No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.” ÇáãÇÖí áÇ íåÏíäÇ ÇáãÌÏ æãÇ ÞÏ ÍáÝå ÇáÓÇÈÞæä áíÓ ãä ÍÞäÇ - Seneca ÓíäíßÇ The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. ÇáÑæãÇä ÇÑÇÏæÇ ÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇä æÝÔáæÇ Ýí ãÌÇÑÇÊåã ÈÓÈÈ Imitation cannot produce originality. Çä ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ áÇ ÊÌáÈ ÇáÇÕÇáÉ . The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people ÇáÑæãÇä ßÇäæÇ ÈÓíØíä ÑííÝííä ÛíÑ ãÊÍÖÑíä áßäåã ÈÑÒæÇ Ýí ÇáÞæÉ ÇáÚÓßÑíÉ æÇÕÈÍæÇ ãÍÇÑÈíä äÇÌÍíä became successful warriors, |
ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ; 2017- 11- 25 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 06:01 AM |
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2017- 11- 25 | #37 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
The period is called the Renaissance
because across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient learning of Rome and Greece. Óãí ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ áÇä ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ ÇÑÇÏæÇ ÇÍíÇÁ ÇáãÚÇÑÝ ÇáÚÊíÞÉ ãä ÑæãÇ æÇáíæäÇä Ýí ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ ÞÇãæÇ ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ÈÇÚÇÏÉ ÇßÊÔÇÝ ßÊÈ ßÇäÊ áãíä ÇáßÊÈ books of the Greeks and Romans ããÇ ÓãÍ áåã ÈÊØæíÑ ÇáÇÏÈ æÇáËÞÇÝÉ literature and a culture hundreds and hundreds of texts and books that no one had seen for hundreds of years. This material will transform the mind of Europe, and lead to the Renaissance ÇßÊÔÝÊ ÇæÑæÈÇ ÇáãÆÇÊ æÇáãÆÇÊ ãä ÇáäÕæÕ æÇáßÊÈ ÇáÊí áã íÑÇåÇ ÇáäÇÓ æÇáÊí ÛíÑÊ ãä æÖÚ ÇáÇæÑÈííä æÞÇÏÊåã äÍæ ÍÑßÉ ÇáäåÖÉ Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ßÇäæÇ íÑæä ÇáÞÕÇÆÏ æÇáãÓÑÍíÇÊ æÇáßÊÈ æÇáÞÕÕ ÇËÇÑÇ æØäíÉ |
2017- 11- 25 | #38 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÞÇá Èíáíå
Bellay , poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power ÇáÇÏÈ æÇáÔÚÑ ßÇäæÇ áæÇÒã ÖÑæÑíÉ ááÞæÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ æÞÇá ÇíÖÇ “in imitation of the bees, to produce in our own words thoughts borrowed from others.” ÃÝßÇÑäÇ ÇááÊí ääÊÌåÇ ÈáÛÊäÇ æ ßáãÇÊäÇ ãä ÎáÇá ÚãáñíÉ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ ÊÔÈå ÚãáñÉ ÇäÊÇÌ ÇáäÍáÉ ááÚÓá " .. In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture. Ýí ÑæãÇ ÇÏì Èåã ÇáÊÞáíÏ æÇáÇÍÈÇØ Çáì ËÞÇÝÉ ãÓÑæÞÉ Europeans thought that they were imitating the classical cultures of Greece ad Rome . In reality they imitated mostly the Romans åäÇ ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ßÇäæÇ íÚÊÞÏæä Çäåã íÍÇßæä ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáßáÇÓíßíÉ áßá ãä ÇáÑæã æÇáíæäÇä áßä Ýí ÇáæÇÞÚ ßÇäæÇ íÍÇßæä ÇáÑææææã |
ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ; 2017- 11- 25 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 06:48 AM |
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2017- 11- 25 | #39 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
-Plato’s most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the
ÇßËÑ ãÓÇåÇãÇÊ ÇÝáÇØæä Ýí ÇáäÞÏ ØåÑÊ Ýí ÍæÇÑå ÇáÔåíÑ ÇáÌãåæÑíÉ - Republic æÖÚ ÇÝáÇØæä ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä Mimesis æ Diagesis ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ æÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáÚÑÖ æÇáÇÎÈÇÑ ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ ÈÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ÚÇÏÉ Êßæä Mimesis ãÍÇßÇÉ ÇãÇ ÇáÞÕÕ ÝÊßæä Diagesis ÓÑÏ Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling ÇÝáÇØæä ãä ÇæÇÆá ÇáãÝßÑíä ÇáÐíä ÈÃä ÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáÍßÇíÉ ãä Çáããßä can proceed by narration or by imitation Çä íßæä ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ ÞÇá ÇÝáÇØæä And narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two ÇáÓÑÏ íßæä ÈÓíØÇ Çæ ãÍÇßÇÉ Çæ ÇÊÍÇÏ ÇáÇËäíä ØÈÚÇ íÌí ÇáÓÄÇá ãä ÇáÞÇÆá Çä ÇáÓÑÏ íßæä ÈÓíØ Çæ ãÍÇßÇÉ Çæ ÇÊÍÇÏ ÇáÇËäíä ÇÇæ ÓÄÇá æÖÚÊ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ æÇáÓÑÏ ãÓãíÇÊ ÇÏÈíÉ ÈæÇÓØÉ ÇáÇÌÇÈÉ ÇÝáÇØæä Plato Bans the Poet ÇÝáÇØæä íÍÙÑ ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ ãä ÇáãÏíäÉ æÇáÓÈÈ Poetry Cripples the Mind ÇáÔÚÑ íÔá ÇáÚÞá Poetry excites the senses and neutralizes the brain and the thinking faculties. It produces docile and passive imitators Çäå íËíÑ ÍãÇÓ ÇáÇÍÓÇÓíÓ æíÖÚÝ ÞÏÑÇÊ ÇáÚÞá (ars) ãÚäÇåÇ all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences.” ÊÏá Úáì ÌãíÚ ÇáäÔÇØÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ÇáÊí ãßä Çä äÓãíåÇ ÍÑÝ Çæ Úáæã ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÐí íÕÝå ÇÝáÇØæä Ýí ßÊÇÈå ÇáÌãåæÑíÉ The poet that Plato describes in the Republic ÔÇÚÑ æ ãÄÏí æãÚáã is a poet, a performer and an educator. It is only in an oral society that poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education. Ýí ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÔÝåí íÕÈÍ ÇáÔÚÑ Ýíå ãÕÏÑÇ ááãÚÑÝÉ æÇáÓÈÈ The reason: in a society that does not have a system of writing , poetry becomes useful to record and preserve knowledge. Çä ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÐí áÇ íãáß äÙÇãÇ ááßÊÇÈÉ íßæä Ýíå ÇáÔÚÑ Ýíå ãÝíÏÇ Ýí ÊÓÌíá ÇáãÚÇÑÝ æÇáÍÝÇÙ ÚáíåÇ . ØíÈ ãä Ïæä äÙÇã ÇáßÊÇÈÉ ßíÝ íãßä ááãÌÊãÚ Çä íÍÇÝÙ Úáì ãÚÇÑÝå æÚÇÏÇÊå æÊÞÇáíÏå ¿ Without a system of writing, how does a society preserve its knowledge, its customs and its traditions? ÇáÌæÇÈ ÈæÇÓØÉ ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÛÇäí Poetry and songs . |
2017- 11- 25 | #40 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
Aristotle
ÇÑÓØæÇ áå ÇÚãÇá ÝáÓÝíÉ ‘czar of literary criticism, åæ ÝíÕÑ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÇÏÈí ßÊÇÈå Ýä ÇáÔÚÑ (poetics) ÚÑÝ ÇÑÓØæ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ Tragedy ÇäåÇ ÊÞáíÏ áÍÏË ÌÇÏ an imitation of an action æÞÇá Çä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ ÊËíÑ ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÔÝÞÉ Tragedy arouses pity and fear, because the audience can envision themselves within the cause-and-effect chain of the action áÇä ÇáÌãåæÑ íÊÕæÑ äÝÓå ãä ÎáÇá ÊÓáÓá ÇáÇÍÏÇË ØÈÚÇ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ æÝÞÇ áÇÑÓØæ ÊÍÊæí Úáì 6 ÇÌÒÇÁ Plot , Characters Thought , Diction , Spectacle (Melody Plot ÇáÍÈßÉ æÇáÍÈßÉ ÇáããÊÇÒÉ íäÈÛí Çä íßæä áåÇ ÈÏÇíÉ ææÓØ æäåÇíÉ The plot must be “a whole,” with a beginning, middle, and end. ÇáÈÏÇíÉ ÇÓãåÇ incentive moment áÍÙÉ ãÍÝÒÉ æÇáæÓØ climax ÇáÇÍÏÇË æÇáÎÇÊãÉ resolutionæÇáÊí íÌÈ Çä íßæä ÝíåÇ Íá ááãÔßáÉ The end should therefore solve or resolve the problem ÇáÍÈßÉ ÈãÚäÇå ÇáÏÞíÞ arrangement of these incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events. íãßä æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇáÞÏíãÉ Úáì ÇäåÇ ËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ Liveing culture íãßä æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ Ýí ÑæãÇ ÇáÞÏíãÉ ËÞÇÝÉ ÇáãÊÍÝ Museum culture .. åæÑÇÓ áã íßä äÇÞÏÇ ÝíáÓæÝ ßÇÇÝáÇØæä æÇÑÓØæ æáßä ßÇä ÔÇÚÑÇ íßÊÈ ÇáäÕíÍÉ Ýí ÕíÛÉ ÞÕíÏÉ Horace, though, was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle. He was a poet writing advice in the form of poems ÇÓã ÞÕíÏÊå In Ars Poetica: ÓÇæì Horace equates the preserved Greek culture (books) with “elegance” Èíä ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇáãÍÝæÙÉ ÈÇáßÊÈ ÈÇáÇäÇÞÉ and he equates the popular culture of his own time with “venom.” ÇãÇ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíÉ ÈÜ ÇáÓã ! íÞæá åæÑÇÓ I will not die entirely,” writes Horace, “some principal part of me yet evading the great Goddess of Burials.” That great part of him was his books. ÇäÇ áä ÇãæÊ ÈÔßá ßÇãá æÌÒÁ ãäí ÓæÝ íåÑÝ ãäÇáåÉ ÇáÏÝä íÞÕÏ ßÊÈå Ýí ÞÕíÏÊå "Epistle to Maecena" íÔÊßí ãä ÈÚÖ ÇáãÞáÏíä How oft, ye servile crew Of mimics, when your bustling pranks I’ve seen, Have ye provoked my smiles – how often my spleen! æßÊÈ “If you want me to cry, mourn first yourself, then your misfortunes will hurt me” Roman poet Horace writes: æßÊÈ ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÑæãÇäí :åæÑÇÓ “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” ÇáÇÓíÑ ÇáíæäÇäí ÇÎÐ ÈÇÓÑ ãÍÊáå ÇáåãÌí |
ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
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[ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ ] : ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí | æáíÇã íÇã | E7 | 2 | 2017- 8- 16 10:35 AM |
[ ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ ] : ÇáãåÇã ÇáÝÕáíå áãÞÑÑ ÇáÅÚÌÇÒ Ýí ÇáÞÑÂä æ ÇáÓõäøÉ | ÞãÑ ÇáåíáÇ | ÇáÏÑÇÓÇÊ ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ | 20 | 2016- 10- 31 12:12 AM |
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[ ÇÓÆáÉ ãÑÇÌÚÉ ] : ãÑÇÌÚå ÔÇãáå áãÓÊæì ÓÇÏÓ (ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÝÕáí+ æÇÌÈÇÊ+ãÈÇÔÑ+ãÑÇÌÚÇÊ) ÇáÊÝÇÕíá ÈÇáÏÇÎá | ÍäÇä Âá ÍíÇä | ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÏÓ - ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇÚãÇá | 45 | 2014- 12- 6 08:46 PM |