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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
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#71 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
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#72 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
ÚÐÑÇ Úáì ÇáÊÃÎÑ .. ÇáÍãÏ ááå ÚØáÊ ãä ÇáÏæÇã åÇáÃÓÈæÚ ßÇä ÂÎÑ ÇÓÈæÚ áí
![]() ![]() ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 10
That Tom remembered the appointment amazed the doctor. The doctor warned that nicotine causes cancer The word that, which introduces the complement clauses in the two sentences is called COMPLEMENTIZER or COMPLEMENTIZING CONJUNCTION (CCI). æÊÓãì ÇáßáãÉ¡ ÇáÊì ÊÏÎá complement clauses Ýì ÌãáÊíä COMPLEMENTIZER Ãæ COMPLEMENTIZING CONJUNCTION Notice that the word that in these sentences has no meaning by itself, but rather it acts as a kind of verbal signpost, altering the listener or reader that a complement clause is about to follow. ÊáÇÍÙ Ãä ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÊí ÈåÐå ÇáÌãá áíÓ áå ãÚäì Ýí ÍÏ ÐÇÊåÇ¡ Èá ÇäåÇ ÈãËÇÈÉ äæÚ ãä ÚáÇãÉ ÈÇÑÒÉ áÝÙíå¡ áÊÛííÑ ÇáãÓÊãÚ Ãæ ÇáÞÇÑÆ áÊßãáÉ ÇáÌãáÉ Úáì æÔß Ãä ÊÊÈÚ ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ ÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜ -Complementizer/conjunction That+ÌãáÉ ßÇãáå ÈÚÏåÇ CCI+sentence=(compP ããßä ÊÌí ÈäÕ ÇáÌãáå compP *The fact that the neighbors threw a wild party angered mark Adjective phrase ããßä ÊÌí ÈÚÏ ßãÇ Ýí ÇáãËÇá *Mark was angry that the neighbors threw a wild party |
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#73 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
ãÍÇÖÑÉ 11
determiners Çåã Ôí ÞÇá ÇáÇÑÊßÇá a-an-the -this æäÚÑÝ ÇáÇÎÊÕÇÑ ÍÞåÇ Det ÇáÈÇÞí ááãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÚÇãÉ ÝÞØ |
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#74 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
Ãåã ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 11
In addition to the articles (a, an, and the), other words could also fill that slot in a grammatical phrase: åÐå ÇáãÍÏÏÇÊ ÊÓÊÎÏã Ýí ÓÏ ÇáÝÌæÉ ÇáäÍæíÉ : This large box of groceries Each large box of groceries My large box of groceries John’s large box of groceries DETERMINERS=Det this, ÊÚÊÈÑ ãä DEMONESTRATIVE MODIFIERS (DEM) æÊÓãì ÈÐáß áÃäåÇ ÊËÈÊ æÊÔíÑ ááÊÃßíÏ |
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#75 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
ãÍÇÖÑÉ 12
Ôí æÇÍÏ ÝÞØ ÑÇÍ íÌíÈ Ìãáå ÝíåÇ ÇÏÝíÑÈ æíÞæá äæÚ ÇáÌãáå ãÇåæ ãËÇá Frank gazed intently at the sky æíÞæá æÔ äæÚ ÇáÌãáå Çááí ÊÍÊåÇ ÎØ ØÈÚÇ äæÚåÇ ÇÏÝíÑÈÇá ÝÑíÒ +PP ÝÞØ ( ãáÇ ÍÙå : ãæ ÈÓ åÐÇ ÇáãËÇá íÌíÈå äÝÓå ãåã ÊØáÚ Úáì ÇáÃãËáÉ ÇáÊí Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ) |
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#76 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
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#77 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
ãÍÇÖÑÉ 14
ÓáÇíÏ 8 10 ÝÞØ ÞÇÚÏå ÇÍÇæá ÇäÓÎ Çááí ÈÇáÔÑÇíÍ ÈÓ ÇáÈÇæÑ ÈæíäÊ ÚäÏí ãÏÑí æÔ ÈáÇÉ ãÇíäÓÎ ![]() |
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#78 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
Internal Change
Internal change is a process that substitutes one non-morphemic segment for another. æåí ÇáÊÛííÑ ÇáÏÇÎáí ááßáãå ãËáÇ åäÇß ßáãÇÊ ÊÎÊáÝ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖí Úä ÇáãÖÇÑÚ æÝí ÇáÌãÚ æÇáÅÝÑÇÏ ßãÇ Ýí ÇáÃãËáå Sing (present) sang (past) Sink (present) sank (past) Drive (present) drove (past) Foot (singular) feet (plural) Goose ( singular) geese (plural) Verbs such as sing, sink, and drive form their past tense by changing the vowel (e.g., from i to a in the first two examples). The term ABLAUT is often used for vowel alternation that mark grammatical contrast in this way. Ablaut can be distinguished from UMLAUT, which involves the fronting of a vowel under the influence of a front vowel in the following syllable. Historically, this is what is responsible for the use of feet and geese as plural forms of footand goose. Compounding Still another common morphological process in human language involves COMPOUNDING, the combination of lexical categories (nouns, adjective, verbs, or prepositions) to create a larger word. ÇáÌãÚ Èíä ÇáÝÆÇÊ ÇáãÚÌãíå Çááí åí ÇáÇÓãÇÁ æÇáÇÝÚÇá æÇáÕÝÇÊ æÛíÑåÇ áÅäÔÇÁ ßáãÉ ÇßÈÑ There are countless compounds in English, some of which are the following: Street + light (noun +noun ) Book + case (noun + noun ) Blue + bird (adjective + noun ) Happy + hour (adjective + noun ) High + chair ( adjective + noun ) Swear + word (verb + noun ) Scrub + lady (verb + noun ) Over + load (preposition + noun ) Out + house ( preposition + noun ) In + group ( preposition + noun ) |
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#79 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
æÈÓ ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÇÏå ÈÎíÑ æÓáÇãå æÈÇÞí ÇáÇãÊÍÇä æÈÇáÊæÝíÞ ÌãíÚ
æÕÑÇÍå ÇáÏßÊæÑ ãÇÞÕÑ Çááå íÌÒÇå ÎíÑ ÇäÇ áãÇ ÞÑíÊ ÇáãÇÏå ÈÇáÈÏÇíå ÞÈá ãÇ ÇÓãÚ ÇáÔÑÍ ÞáÊ æÔ ÐÇ ÇáãÇÏÉ ÇáÛËíËå ÈÓ ãÚ ÇáÔÑÍ ÇáÍãÏ ááå ÑÈí Óåá ÇáÏßÊæÑ ÈÏÚ ÈÇáÔÑÍ æÊÌãá ãÚÇäÇ æÞÇá áäÇ æÔ ÇáãØáæÈ æÔ ãåã æÔ íÈí ãä ÇáãÇÏå æÚÓÇå íßãá ÇÍÓÇäå æíÍØ áäÇ ÇÓÆáå Óåáå |
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#80 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ÊÚÇáæ äÔÑÍ áÈÚÖ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
ÑÈí íÚÇÝíß äÓÇíã ßÝíÊí æ æÝíÊí
Çááå íÚØí ÇáÌãíÚ ÇáÚÇÝíå ãÇÞÕÑÊæ ÇÊãäì ãä ÇáãÔÑÝíä íËÈÊæä ÇáãæÖæÚ ááÝÇÆÏå |
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ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ | |
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