ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã

ÇáÚæÏÉ   ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã > .: ÓÜÇÍÜÉ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ (ÇáÇäÊÓÇÈ):. > ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá > ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ > ÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ > E6
ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÞÇÆãÉ ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ   ÃÚÊÈÑ ãÔÇÑßÇÊ ÇáãäÊÏì ãÞÑæÁÉ

E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum

ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ
 
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 19   #81
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

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Çã ØáÇá íÇ ÞáÈí ÚÇÏí ÊÑì ßáäÇ äÍÝÑ åååååååå
ÃäÇ áí ËáÇË ÇíÇã ÃÍÝÑ Êæ ÎáÕÊ ÇáËÇáËÉ
ÏÎáÊ Ú ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ ÃÞæá íÇÑÈí æÔ ÐÇ åååååååååååå
ÇáãÇÏÉ ÌãããíáÉ ÈÓ åæ ßËÑ ÚáíäÇ Çááå íÕáÍå .
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 19   #82
Çã ØáÇá*
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136135
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sat Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 198
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 1269
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 50
Çã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enoughÇã ØáÇá* will become famous soon enough
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÇááÛÉ ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉ
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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Çã ØáÇá* ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

æÇááå íÇßÇÑÒãÇ ÇáÌãÇá íãíä æåÇáãÇÏå æÏßÊæÑåÇ íÓÇÇÇÑ ãäÚæÌ ÈÚÏ ÈÓ Çááå íÎáÕäÇ ãäå
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #83
msteamo
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ msteamo
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 135036
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Jan 2013
ÇáÚãÑ: 34
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 950
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 104098
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 161
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÇäÌáíÒí
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ
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msteamo ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÈäÇÊ ÈäÇÊ íÚäí ÇáãáÎÕÕÕÕÇÊ ßáåÇÇÇ Ðí ÞÏíãåååå áÇäå ÏßÊæÑ ÌÏíÏ æãáÎÕÕ ÌÏíÏ ßíÝ äÝÊÍ ÇáÞÏíãå æÇÎÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑ áå ßÇä ãä ÞÏíã ãæ ãä ÕÇáÍäÇ äÐÇßÑ ÇáÞÏíã Çæ ãÏí äÓÇá ÇáÏßÊæÑ æÍÏå ÊÝÒÒÚ
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #84
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

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ÇáÏßÊæÑ áå ãáÎÕ æÌæÏ ÈÇáæá ÇáãæÖæÚ
ÇÍäÇ ËÇäí ÏÝÚÉ ÚäÏå .
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #85
Hend Alqahtani
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Hend Alqahtani
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 120618
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Wed Sep 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,419
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 5765
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 69
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÂÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English language...
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ
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Hend Alqahtani ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊå :

ßá ÇáÔßÑ áãÓ íæäÜ .. Úáì ÊÑÊíÈåÜ ÇáÌãíá , Çááå íæÝÞß æíÓÚÏ ÞáÈß íÇÑÈ ,

æÔßÑÇ ãä ßá ÞáÈí áßá Çáí ÊÚÈ æÌãÚ ÇáÇÔíÇÁ ÇáãÝíÏÉ áäÜ ..

ÑÈí áÇÊÍÑãåã ÇáÇÌÑ , æíÇÑÈ íæÝÞßã ÈÃÚáì ÇáÏÑÌÇÊ æíÓåáåÜ Úáíßãã ..

ßÇÑÒãÇ , ÏæÑíãí äæÑÉ ... æßá ÇáÕÈÇíÇ Çáí ÃÝÇÏæäÇ åäÜ .. ÑÈí íæÝÞßã æíÓåá Úáíßã

æÊæäí Çáíæã ÃãÓß ÇáäÍæ , æäÞæá ÈÓã Çááå æíÇÑÈ ÊÓåáå ..

Êæßáä Úáì Çááå ,

íÇÑÈ íßæä Ìãíá ..

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Hend Alqahtani ; 2015- 11- 20 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 02:29 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #86
hessah.f
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ hessah.f
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 117558
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Aug 2012
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 166
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 2175
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÂÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ØÇáÈÉ áÛÉ ÅäÌáíÒíÉ
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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hessah.f ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
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ÃäÇ äÒáÊ ÇáãÇÏÉ ÇáÊÑã Çááí ØÇÝ æÐÇßÑÊ ÇáãÍÊæì ÇáÌÏíÏ ÍÞå ãä ÞáááÈ ÞáááÈí
æÂÎÑÊå ÌÇÈ ÇáÃÓÆáÉ ãä ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÏßÊæÑ Çááí ÞÈáå :d

æÍãáÊ ÇáãÇÏÉ æÈÎÊÈÑåÇ åÇáÊÑã :d

áÐáß ÇÑÌÚæ áÃÓÆáÉ æãÍÊæì ÇáÏßÊæÑ Çááí ÞÈáå áÇ ÊÚÊãÏæä Úáíå ÃÈÏðÇ
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #87
hessah.f
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ hessah.f
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 117558
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Aug 2012
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 166
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 2175
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 53
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÂÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ØÇáÈÉ áÛÉ ÅäÌáíÒíÉ
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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hessah.f ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÃäÇ äÒáÊ ÇáãÇÏÉ ÇáÊÑã Çááí ØÇÝ æÐÇßÑÊ ÇáãÍÊæì ÇáÌÏíÏ ÍÞå ãä ÞáááÈ ÞáááÈí
æÂÎÑÊå ÌÇÈ ÇáÃÓÆáÉ ãä ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáÏßÊæÑ Çááí ÞÈáå

æÍãáÊ ÇáãÇÏÉ æÈÎÊÈÑåÇ åÇáÊÑã

áÐáß ÇÑÌÚæ áÃÓÆáÉ æãÍÊæì ÇáÏßÊæÑ Çááí ÞÈáå áÇ ÊÚÊãÏæä Úáíå ÃÈÏðÇ

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ hessah.f ; 2015- 11- 20 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 03:42 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #88
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Lightbulb ÔÑÍ fix ááãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÃæáì

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ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊÉ

Words are important: basic units of language Unlike phonemes and syllables, words carry meaning
ÇáßáãÇÊ ãåãÉ
ÇáæÍÏÇÊ ÇáÃÓÇÓíÉ ááÛÉ ÎáÇÝÇ ááÕæÊíÇÊ æÇáãÞÇØÚ¡ ÇáßáãÇÊ ÊÍãá ãÚäì

Unlike sentences, which are forgotten soon after we produce them, words are stored in a speaker's mental dictionary or lexicon. Words are the fundament building blocks of language.
ÎáÇÝÇ ááÌãá ÇáÊí íÊã äÓíÇä ÞÑíÈÇ ÈÚÏ Ãä ääÊÌ áåã¡ íÊã ÊÎÒíä ÇáßáãÇÊ Ýí ÇáÞÇãæÓ ÇáÚÞáí ÃÍÏ ÇáãÊßáãíä Ãæ ÇáãÚÌã. ÇáßáãÇÊ åí áÈäÇÊ ÈäÇÁ ÑßíÒÉ ááÛÉ.
Native speakers of English know thousands of words such as read, language, computer, on, whose meaning and form cannot be predicted. However, once they know the meaning of phish (obtain sensitive information via email fraudulently), they can recognize and construct words such as: phished, phisher, phishing, and unphishable.
ÇáäÇØÞíä ÈÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ íÚÑÝæä ÂáÇÝ ÇáßáãÇÊ ãËá ÇáÞÑÇÁÉ¡ æÇááÛÉ¡ æÇáßãÈíæÊÑ¡ãÚäÇð æÔßáÇð áÇ íãßä ÇáÊäÈÄ Èå.

æãÚ Ðáß¡ ãÌÑÏ ÐßÑ ßáãÉ ÝíÔ ¡
ÝÅäåÇ íãßä Ãä ÊÚÊÑÝ ÚáíåÇ æãÕÇÏÑåÇ ãËá
phished¡ ãÎÇÏÚ¡ æÇáÊÕíÏ¡ æunphishable

Thus,
MORPHOLOGY is that component of the grammar which studies the structure of words to account for the knowledge that native speakers have about their own language.
æåßÐÇ¡ ãæÑÝæáæÌíÇ (ÇáÕÑÝ) åæÇáÐí íÏÑÓ ÈäíÉ ÇáßáãÇÊ áÍÓÇÈ ÇáãÚÑÝÉ ÇáäÇØÞíä ÈáÛÊåã ÇáÎÇÕÉ.

Native speakers know how to segment a string of sounds into words when they write, for instance, so then:
What is a word?
How can it be defined?

ÇáäÇØÞíä ÈÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ íÚÑÝæä ßíÝíÉ ÊÞÓíã ÓáÓáÉ ãä ÇáÃÕæÇÊ Åáì ßáãÇÊ ÚäÏãÇ íßÊÈæä¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ ÍÊì Ðáß ÇáÍíä:ãÇ åí ßáãÉ¿ ßíÝ íãßä ÊÚÑíÝ¿

Linguists define the word as the smallest free form in a language.

ÊÚÑíÝ ÇááÛæííä ÇáßáãÉ ßÔßá ÍÑ ÃÕÛÑ Ýí áÛÉ.
This means that it can occur alone and in different positions in the sentence as well
:

æåÐÇ íÚäí Ãäå íãßä Ãä ÊÍÏË æÍÏåÇ æÝí ãäÇÕÈ ãÎÊáÝÉ Ýí ÇáÌãáÉ¡ æßÐáß:
(1) A: What creatures do children find most fascinating?
B: Dinosaurs.
(2) Paleontologists study dinosaurs
Dinosaurs are studied by paleontologists
* Dinosaur is –s extinct
(-s is NOT a free form)
ßáãÉ

Dinosaur
ßáãÉ ÍÑÉ ÛíÑ ãÑÊÈØÉ
íÚäì Free
ãÌÑÏ ÇÑÊÈÇØåÇ ÈÜ s
ÇÕÈÍÊ ÛíÑ ÍÑÉ Çí bound
æåÐÇ ãÇÓäÊÚáãÉ ÈÚÏ ßÐÇ


ÇáÕÑÝ MORPHEMES
Like syllables and sentences, words have an internal structure which consists of one or more morphemes.
ÇáÕÑÝíÉ
ãËá ÇáãÞÇØÚ æÇáÌãá æÇáßáãÇÊ áåÇ Çáåíßá ÇáÏÇÎáí ÇáÐí íÊßæä ãä æÇÍÏ Ãæ ÃßËÑ ãä ÊÕÑíÝ.
A Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
æÇáÕÑÝ åæ ÃÕÛÑ æÍÏÉ ÇááÛÉ ÇáÊí ÊÍãá ãÚäì.
For example: Builder is made up of build ( construct) and –er (one who builds) Houses is made up of house (dwelling) and –s (more than one
ßáãÉ Builder
ãßæäÉ Çæ ãÈäíÉ ãä ÌÒÆíä
Build + er
æÊÚäí ÇáÔÎÕ ÇáÐí íÞæã ÈÇáÈäÇÁ
æßÐáß ßáãÉ Houses
ãßæäÉ ãä house
+
S
æÊÚäí ÇáÚÏíÏ ãä ÇáãäÇÒá
One-morpheme word is said to be simple and two or more morpheme words are said to be complex. Ex: and, hunt, hunt-er, hunt-er-s.
ßáãÉ ÕÑÝíå æÇÍÏÉ ÊÞÇá Ãä Êßæä ÈÓíØÉ æÇËäíä Ãæ ÃßËÑ ãä ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÕÑÝ íÞÇá Ãä Êßæä ãÚÞÏÉ
hunt, hunt+er
hunter
, hunt -er +s
hunters.

Free and bound morphemes
ÇáÕÑÝ ÍÑÇð æãÑÊÈØÇð
A morpheme can be either free, when it can stand alone, or bound, when it must be attached to another one. Ex: boy vs -s
ÇáÕÑÝ íãßä Ãä ÍÑå ÚäÏãÇ íãßä Ãä ÊÞÝ æÍÏåÇ¡ Ãæ ãÑÊÈØÉ ÚäÏãÇ íÌÈ Ãä ÊÊÕá ãÚ æÇÍÏÉ ÇÎÑì
ãËÇá
ßáãÉ ÕÈí
boy vs –s
A free morpheme in English can be bound in a different language
æÇáÕÑÝ ÇáÍÑÉ Ýí ÇááÛÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ ÈÅãßÇäåÇ ÇáÅÑÊÈÇØ ÈÃí áÛÉ ãÎÊáÝÉ
Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá
Ex: head and *fi (in Athapaskan, an Amerindian language).
In this language, this morpheme is bound, sefi, meaning my head.
ãËÇá

ßáãÉ head ÍÑÉ
ÚäÏãÇ ÊÑÊÈØ ÈÜ ááÛÉ ÇÎÑì ãËá

áÛÉ ÇáåäæÏ ÇáÍãÑ ßßáãÉ
Sefi
æãÚäÇåÇ ÑÃÓí æåí ÔÞíä
Çí ãÑÊÈØÉ bound
______




Conversely, a bound morpheme in English can be free in other languages.
Úáì ÇáÚßÓ ãä Ðáß¡ æåæ ÇáÕÑÝ ãÞíÏ Ýí ÇááÛÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ íãßä Çä íßæä ÍÑÇ Ýí áÛÇÊ ÃÎÑì.
Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá

Ex, played
ßáãÉ ÈÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖí
ãÞÇÈáåÇ thaan leew
äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ ÈÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖí ÈÇááÛÉ ÇáÊÇíáäÏíÉ
áÇßä ÍÑÉ æáã ÊÑÊÈØ ÈÜ ÇáßáãÉ
_______
Allomorphs
Allomorphs are the variant forms of a morpheme.
Allomorphs, äÝÓ ÇáãæÑÝíã áÇßä Ôßá ãÎÊáÝ
.
Example 1: the indefinite article in English has two variants:
ãËÇá 1: ÇáäßÑÉ Ýí ÇááÛÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ áåÇ ÇËäíä ãä ÇáãÊÛíÑÇÊ:
when preceding a word that begins with a consonant a book
ÊÈÏÃ ÈÍÑÝ ÓÇßä a
æÚäÏãÇ ÊÓÈÞ ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÊí ÊÈÏà ÈÍÑÝ ÓÇßä (ßÊÇÈ)
and an when preceding a word that begins with a vowel
( an orange ).
ãÊì ÓÈÞÊ ßáãÉ ÊÈÏà ÈÍÑÝ ÚáÉ ãËá ßáãÉ(ÈÑÊÞÇá)

Example 2: The plural morpheme –s has 3 pronunciations: [s], [z], and [əz] as in cats, d ogs, judges , respectively.
ãËÇá 2
ãÑÝíã ÇáÌãÚ - s
ÞÏ ÇáäØÞ 3: [s], [z]¡ æ [əz] ßãÇ åæ ÇáÍÇá Ýí ÇáÞØØ¡ ÇáßáÇÈ¡ æÇáÞÖÇÉ¡ Úáì ÇáÊæÇáí.
Do not confuse spelling changes with allomorphic variation
. Ex : e in create and ride is dropped in creat-ive and rid-ing.
On the other hand, there is allomorphy in electric / electric-ity and impress / impression, where the pronunciation changes but not the spelling.
[k] => [s] and [s] => [sh]
áÇ ÊÎáØ Èíä ÇáÊÛííÑÇÊ ÇáÅãáÇÆíÉ ãÚ ÇÎÊáÇÝ allomorphic.
ãËÇáÇð e
Ýí ßáãÊíä
create and ride
Çä ÊÓÞØåÇ Ýí ßáãÊíä ÝÊÕÈÍ
creat-ive and rid-ing
ãä ÌÇäÈ ÂÎÑ ,,, åäÇß allomorphy Ýí
electric / electric-ity and impress / impression, where the
ÍíË íÊÛíÑ ÇáäØÞ æáßä áíÓ ÇáÊÏÞíÞ ÇáÅãáÇÆí.
. [k] => [s] and [s] => [sh
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #89
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ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
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ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Lightbulb Ê / ÔÑÍ fix

.
.


ANALYSING WORD STRUCTURE

To identify the internal structure of words, we need not only to identify the component morphemes but also to classify them according to their contribution to the meaning and function of the word

ÊÍáíá ÈäíÉ ÇáßáãÉ åíßá

áÊÍÏíÏ ÇáÈäíÉ ÇáÏÇÎáíÉ ááßáãÇÊ¡ äÍä ÈÍÇÌÉ áíÓ ÝÞØ ÊÍÏíÏ äÓãí ÚäÇÕÑ ÇáÕÑÝ æáßä ÃíÖÇ ÊÕäíÝåã æÝÞÇ áãÓÇåãÊåÇ Ýí ãÚäì ææÙíÝÉ ÇáßáãÉ.


Roots and affixes: Complex words consist of a root morpheme and one or more affixes.

ÇáÌÐæÑ æÇááÇÍÞÇÊ:ßáãÇÊ ãÚÞÏÉ ÊÊßæä ãä ãÑÝíã ÇáÌÐÑ æÇÍÏ Ãæ ÃßËÑ ÇááÇÍÞÇÊ.

The root is the core of the word that carries the major meaning component. Typically, roots are lexical categories such as N, V, A, or P.

ÇáÌÐÑ åæ ÌæåÑ ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÊí íÍãá ÚäÕÑ ãÚäì ßÈíÑ. ÚÇÏÉ¡ æÇáÌÐæÑ åí ÝÆÇÊ ÇáãÚÌãíÉ ãËá N¡ V¡ A¡ Ãæ P.
Affixes are NOT lexical and are ALWAYS bound morphemes. For ex, -er in teach-er (V+er => N).

ãáÇÍÙÉ ÐßÑåÇ ÇáÏßÊæÑ Ýí ÇáÔÑÍ
Çä
root are lexical word
root are lexical categories


affixes are not lexical its always bound




_______________________

Below are examples of the internal structure of some words








ÇááÇÍÞÇÊ áíÓÊ ãÚÌãíÉ ,æåí ÏÇÆãÇ ÊÑÊÈØ ÈÜ ÇáÝæäíã (ÇáÕÑÝ)

ãËÇáer

Ýí ßáãÉ
teach åí ÇÓã noun
ÖÝäÇ ÚáíåÇ
er
ÇÕÈÍÊ ÕÝÉ

teach-er

V + er =

N


æÝíãÇ íáí ÃãËáÉ Úáì Çáåíßá ÇáÏÇÎáí ááÈÚÖ ÇáßáãÇÊ


Affix types: There are 3 types :

A prefix is attached to the front of the base.

Ex. De-activate, re-play, il-lega

ÇáÈÇÏÆÉ ãæÕæáÉ Åáì ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÃãÇãí ãä ÇáÞÇÚÏÉ.


A suffix is attached to the end of a base

. Ex. Faith-ful, govern-ment, hunt-er

ÇáæÇÍÞ ÊÊÕá ãÚ äåÇíÉ ÇáÞÇÚÏÉ


An infix, which less common, occurs within another morpheme.

æÇáÊí ÃÞá ÔíæÚÇ¡ æíÍÏË ÏÇÎá ãÑÝíã ÂÎÑ.
ÊÍÏË ÏÇÎá ÇááæÇÕÞ
For example, in Tagalog, the language spoken in the Philippines, we find: bili è buy, the past form of which is b-in-ili è bought.


ãËÇá

äÌÏ Çä

Tagalog

ÇááÛÉ ÇáãÓÊÎÏãÉ Ýí ÇáÝáÈíä
äÌÏ
bili
ãÚäÇåÇ

buy
, the past form of which is


b-in-ili
ãÚäÇåÇ
bought


in åäÇ åí ÇáÍÑÝ ÇáãÇÖí ÇáÊí ÊÖÇÝ ááßáãå æÊÚäí ÇäåÇ ÊÍæáÊ ááãÇÖí
ßãÇ Ýí ÇáÇäÌáíÒíÉed
æÇíÖÇð ÈáÛÉ ÇÎÑì

Beware! ish

in boy-ish-ness is NOT an infix.
_________________





Arabic, and other Semitic languages, has interesting illustrations of infixing.
Roots in Arabic are consonantal.
Various combinations of vowels are
added, including in between consonants to mark grammatical contrasts such as
ÇááÛÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ¡ æáÛÇÊ ÓÇãíÉ ÃÎÑì áÏíåÇ ÇáÇåÊãÇã ÇááæÇÕÞ
ÌÐæÑ Ýí ÇááÛÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÓÇßäÉ, ÊÑßíÈÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ ãä ÃÍÑÝ ÇáÚáÉ
ÇáãÖÇÝÉ¡ ÈãÇ Ýí Ðáß Ýí ãÇ Èíä ÇáÓÇßäÉ ÚáÇãÉ äÍæíÉ ãÊäÇÞÖÉ ãËá*
ãáÇÍÙÉ ãä ÇáÏßÊæÑ
there isn't vowels in Arabic root



Kataba => wrote, kutiba => has been written, aktub => I write/am writing.


One way of representing these facts is by assigning vowels to a different tier, level :
ØÑíÞÉ æÇÍÏÉ áÊãËá åÐå ÇáÍÞÇÆÞ Úä ØÑíÞ ÊÚííä ÃÍÑÝ ÇáÚáÉ Åáì ØÈÞÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ¡ ãÓÊæì:







Problem cases
English morphology is said to be word-based.
Consider the following:
re-do, treat-ment.
Most complex words are like these two.
ÍÇáÇÊ ÇáãÔßáÉ

Úáã ÇáÕÑÝ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ ÊÚÊÈÑ ÇÓÇÓ ÇáßáãÉ.

ãÚ ãÑÇÚÇÉ ÇáÇÊí :

re-do, treat-ment

ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÃßËÑ ÊÚÞíÏÇð ãËá åÐíä ÇáãËÇáíä.

Not all languages are like English, Spanish and Japanese, verbal roots are ALWAYS bound and cannot therefore stand alone. Arabic is also like that.
áíÓ ßá ÇááÛÇÊ ãËá ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ, æÇáÅÓÈÇäíÉ æÇáíÇÈÇäíÉ¡ æÌÐæÑ ÇááÝÙíÉ Êßæä ÏÇÆãÇð ãÑÊÈØÉ æ æáÐáß áÇ íãßä Ãä ÊÞÝ æÍÏåÇ. ÇááÛÉ ÇáÚÑÈíÉ ÃíÖÇ ãËá Ðáß.
English also has a number of bound roots such as unkempt ( unkempt hair) which does not break into un+kempt .
áÏíåÇ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ ÃíÖÇ ÚÏÏÇ ãä ÌÐæÑ ÇáãÑÈæØÉ ãËá ÃÔÚË (ÃÔÚË ÇáÔÚÑ) ÇáÊí áÇ äÓÊØíÚ ÝÕáåÇ ÇæßÓÑåÇ unkempt
____
Other words such as inept were borrowed into English from Latin ineptus (unsuited). Today, this word cannot be broken up into * in-ept.
ÚÈÇÑÉ ÃÎÑì ãËá ßáãÉ
inept
ÌáÈÊ ááÛÉ ÇáÅäÌáíÒíÉ ãä
ÇááÇÊíäíÉ ineptus
æãÚäÇåÇ(unsuited)
åÐå ÇáßáãÉ áÇ íãßä ÊÞÓíãåÇ
áÜ
* in-ept
____________
Another class of borrowed words from Latin via French is represented by the following:
receive, conceive, perceive, permit, submit and commit.

æÊÊãËá ÝÆÉ ÃÎÑì ãä ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáãÓÊÚÇÑÉ ãä ÇááÛÉ ÇááÇÊíäíÉ Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáÝÑäÓíÉ ÈãÇ íáí:
receive, conceive, perceiv
, permit, submit and commit

Each potential division of the word does not have a meaning of its own.
Re- => 'again' but –ceive => ?.
Consequently, these words cannot be segmented.
ßá ÊÝÓíã ãÍÊãá ááßáãÉ áÇíãÊáß ãÚäÇð ÎÇÕ Èå
ßáãÉ
receive
ßáãÉ áÇíãßä ÊÌÒÆÊåÇ Çæ ÝÕáåÇ
Re- => 'again' but –ceive =>

.
.

Allomorphs are the set of morphs or
Allomorphs
Allomorphs are variants of a morpheme that differ in pronunciation but are semantically identical.
For example, in English, the plural marker -(e)s of regular nouns can be pronounced /-z/, /-s/, or /-ɨz/, depending on the final sound of the noun's singular form

åÐå ÇáãÞÇØÚ Çæ ÇáãæÑÝíãÇÊ ÊäÊåí ÈÜ s ãÊØÇÈÞå áÛæíÇ æÊÎÊáÝ Ýí ÇáäØÞ æÊÚÊãÏ Úáì ÇáÕæÊ ÇáäåÇÆí áÔßá ÇáÇÓã ÇáãÝÑÏ

Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá

1 ÇÐÇ ÇäÊåÊ Çáßáãå ÞÈá s ÈÕæÊ ÓÇßä ÛíÑ ãäØæÞ
voicless ÊäØÞ s ãËá maps Çæ cats

2 ÇÐÇ ÇäÊåÊ Çáßáãå ÞÈá s ÈÕæÊ ãäØæÞ voiced
ãËá rooms Çæ balls

3 ÇÐÇ ÓÈÞÊ s ÈÇÍÏ ÇáÍÑæÝ ÇáÇÊíå
ch - sh - dg - z - s ÊäØÞ iz
ãËá witches - wishes - fridges



ÇÊãäì æÕá ÇáÔÑÍ


ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ ; 2015- 11- 20 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 06:44 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 20   #90
msyuna
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ÇáßáíÉ: ÌÇãÚå Çáãáß ÝíÕá
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ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
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