[ محتوى مقرر ] : تجمع أدب أطفــال | الاختبار :الأربعاء | | الفتره الثانيه | 6 - 4 -1438هـ |

[كارزما]

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اقرب فلم لرواية بينوكيو


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GUOHG05GaI



هنا الرواية مترجمة

https://vb.ckfu.org/t665486.html

[كارزما]

كويزات

https://vb.ckfu.org/t668444.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t642517.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t642697.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665134.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665151.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665195.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665235.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665256.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665409.html
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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665558.html


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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665871.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665903.html

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https://vb.ckfu.org/t665917.html



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Children‟s Literature-- L11 to L14

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https://vb.ckfu.org/showthread.php?t=744493

https://vb.ckfu.org/showthread.php?t=744498
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https://vb.ckfu.org/t740155.html

[كارزما]

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شرح لآنذر داي :

المحاضره الأولى

· Children's literature is called also juvenile literature

· Modern children's literature is classified in Two different ways

a- genre

b- the intended age of the reader.

· before publishing existed ,the early children's literature was an oral tradition

part of a wider

· Before printing the early children's literature, is difficult to trace.

· Many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults

and later adapted for a younger audience

· The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became

· known as the Golden Age of Children's Literature

· Anything that children read can be defined as widely definition of

children's literature

· Fiction , non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used

· by children and young people , this is specific definition of

children's literature

· Nancy Anderson defines children's literature as "all books written for

children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books,

cartoon books, and nonfiction works that are not intended to be

read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and

other reference materials

· The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

notes that "the boundaries of genre... are not fixed but blurred".

· J.K. Rowling's HarryPotter series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults

· children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing

genre

· A literary genre is a category of literary compositions.

Genres may be determined by…….

a. Technique

b. Tone

c. Content

· According to Anderson, there are Six categories of

: children's literature

1-Picture books (alphabet or counting)

2- Traditional literature(folktales)

3- Fiction( fantasy, realistic fiction, and historical fiction)

4- Non-fiction

5-Biography and autobiography

6-Poetry and verse.

· Folktales convey the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous

· According to Nancy Anderson, The genre can be further

broken into subgenres:

myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales

age category

Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print,

· and have many illustrations.

· Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer illustrations

· Picture books, appropriate for pre-readers or children ages 0-5

· Early reader books, appropriate for children ages 5–7

· Chapter book, appropriate for children ages 7–12.

– Short chapter books, appropriate for children ages 7–9

– Longer chapter books, appropriate for children ages 9–12

Young-adult fiction, appropriate for children ages 12–18.

Illustration

· Pictures have always accompanied children's stories

· Modern children's books are illustrated in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in graphic novels.

· the first illustrated children's book is considered to be Orbis Pictus which was published in 1658 by the Moravian author Comenius

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· Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in Latin and German

· Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus, were illustrated by woodcut

· Orbis Pictus considered to be The first illustrated children's book

· an illustrated book differs from abook with illustrations in that a good illustrated bookis one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text

· While the early children‟s books were illustrated by woodcut, the newer processes in the 1830s were illustrated by Copper and Steel

· Newer children's books after Early children's books , were illustrated by Newer processes, including copper and steel engraving were first used in the 1830

· One of the first uses of Chromolithographyin a children's

book was demonstrated in Struwwelpeter

English illustrator Walter Crane refined its use in children's books in the late 1800s

· Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was etching, used by George Cruikshank

· By the 1860s, top artists in the West were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, KateGreenaway, and John Tenniel. Most pictures werestill black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children

· In IndiaNandalal Bose, whose paintings are considered artistic

treasures, illustrated books for children from the late 1800s into

the 1900s

[كارزما]

المحاضرة الثانية

History

· All children's literature begins with spoken stories, songs, and poems

· In the beginning, the same tales that adults enjoy were created specifically to educate, instruct, and entertain children

· In the final stage, literature for children became established as a separate category from literature for adults and acquires its own genres, divisions, expectations, and canon

· The development of children's literature is influenced by the social, educational, political, and economic resources of the country or ethnic group

before 50 bc

· The earliest written folk-type tales included the Panchatantrafrom India

· some scholars believe Panchatantra was actually intended for adults.

· Jatakas, about the birth of Buddha, date from the 2nd or 3rd

century BC.

· The source stories for The Arabian Nights, originally from India

· The tale of The Asurik Tree, which dates back at least 3,000 years in Persia

· The great ancient Greek poet Homer lived sometime between

1200 BC and 600 BC.

· the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey is Homer

· Homer's work contributed to the development of all Western literature including children's literature,

· Hesiod told stories that became a major source of Greek mythology

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50 BC to AD 500

· In Imperial China, children attended public events with their parents, where they would listen to the complicated tales of professional storytellers

· In Imperial China Children watched the plays performed at festivals and fairs

· In Imperial China ,Storytelling may have reached its peak during the SongDynasty from 960-1279 AD

· This traditional literature was used for instruction in Chinese schools until the 20th century

· Greek and Romancontain "nothing that could be considered a children's book At 50 BC to AD 500

· However, children would have enjoyed listening to stories such as the Odyssey and Aesop’s Fables

500-1400

· ThePanchatantra was translated from Sanskrit into Kannada in 1035 AD

· The first children's book in Urdu may be Pahelian by the Indian poet Amir Khusrow

· He wrote poems and riddles for children in the 1200s-1300s in Urdu Amir Khusrow

· .Buddhism spread in China during period 500 – 1400 , bringing with it tales later known asJourney to the West.

· The tales that Buddhism brought were enjoyed by Chinese children because they were aboutfantasy , the supernatural, demons and monsters,

· There aretwo schools of thought about children and European Medieval literature.

· Philippe ArièsThe first schools of thought about children and European

in the 1960sMedieval literature developed from the writings of

· In Europe during the Middle Ages instructional texts in Latin were written specifically for children, by Clerics

· Clerics wrote instructional texts in Latin were written specifically for children, like the Venerable Bede and ئlfric of Eynsham

· According to Daniel Kline, Medieval Literature for Children divides children's literature in Europe into five genres.

· During the period 500-1400, children enjoyed literature like Gesta Romanorumand the Welsh Mabinogion

1400s

· During the Byzantine Empire, the Bible and Christian hymns and stories were popular

· William Caxton published Aesop's Fables followed by Le Morte d'Arthur in 1485.

· Aesop's Fables and Le Morte d'Arthur were intended for Adults and children

· European printers released versions of Aesop's Fables in their nativelanguages

1500s

· ABC-Book, an alphabet book published by Ivan Fyodorov in 1571 inRussia

· Russia's earliest children's books, primers, appeared around 1500s

· A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a German

book for young women

· Giovanni Francesco Straparola released The Facetious Nights of Straparola in Italy

· storybookThe Facetious Nights of Straparola, Called the first European

· The Facetious Nights of Straparola contain 75 separate stories and written for an adult audience

· Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets that were often folded instead of being stitched, were published in Britain, eventually spreading to the United States

· Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets Illustrated by woodblock printing

1600s

· The first picture book published in Russia, Karion Istomin's The Illustrated Primer, appeared in 1694.

· Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them Because of this shift in thinking, books were now printed and distributed specifically for children

· the Pentamerone from Italy is the first major published collection of European folk tales

· Charles Perrault began recording fairy tales in France

· In 1658, Jan ءmos Comenius in Bohemia published the informative illustrated Orbis Pictus, for children under six learning to read

· Orbis Pictus considered as the first picture book

The Puritans,mainly in England and North America, also played a

major role in developing writing for children by publishing books

intended to teach children to read and to instruct them in

· religious teachings

· one book from this movement that is still widely read today is The Pilgrim's Progress

· The first children's book published, in what would become the United States, was a catechism for children written in verse by the Puritan John Cotton

· John Cotton‟s book, nown as Spiritual Milk for Babes was published in 1646, appearing in England and Boston

· The New England Primer, was in print by 1691 and used in schools

for 100 years.

The Primer begins, "In Adam's fall We sinned all

and continues through the alphabet.

The Primer contained religious maxims, acronyms, spelling help and other educational items, all decorated by woodcuts.

1700s

· China still had no separate stories for children. Dream of the Red

Chamber, written in this period and published in 1791, told a story

of romance and friendship that children enjoyed.

· In Russia, Peter the Great's interest in modernizing his country

through Westernization helped Western children's literature

dominate the field through the 1700s.

· Nikolai Novikov started the first juvenile magazine in Russia

during Catherine the Great reign

· 1718saw the publication of Robinson Crusoe by Danial Defoe, an

English Puritan.

· A Little Pretty Pocket-Bookpublished by John Newbery

· A Little PrettyPocket-Bookreflected Jean-Jacques

Rousseau's new theories that children should be allowed to

develop naturallyand joyously.

· Rousseau's ideas had great influence in Germany

· According to Hans-Heino Ewers in The International Companion

Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "It can be argued that from

this time, the history of European children's literature was largely

written in Germany

[كارزما]

المحاضرةالثالثة

1800s

· Children's literature boomedduring the1800s

· Paper and printingbecame widely available and affordable, and more people were learning how to read

· The population boom across the West meant there was a greater children's literature market

· European colonization spread books, including those for children, around the globe

· In India magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared

· Raja Shivprasadwrote several well-known books in Hindustani

· Rabindranath Tagore wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including only one illustrated work by painter Nandalal Bose. Tagore was a Nobel prize winner.

· into English, with Bose's picturesTagore's work was later translated

· In Russia, juvenile literature reached children through a number of

magazines, which introduced Russian folk tales to readers and

spread around the large country

· Children's literature in Western Europe and the United States began to change in the 1800s

· The didacticism of the previous age began to make way for more humorous, child-oriented books

· A number of English language books also appeared during the1800s

· William Roscoe's story poem The Butterfly's Ball in 1802 is considered a "landmark publication" in fantasy literature

· Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes, which appeared in 1857

is considered the founding book in the school story tradition.

· Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland appeared

in 1865 in England

· Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is considered as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the " First Golden Age." of children's literature in Great Britain and Europe that continued until the early1900s

· Carlo Collodi wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio, which was translated many times

. Mark Twain released Tom Sawyer in 1876

1900s

· In India, many writers of stature in the Hindustani began writing books for children

· In India, he Khar Khar Mahadev book by Narain Dixit in 1957

· Benagli children's literature flourished in the later part of the twentieth century

· . Children's magazines, available in manylanguages, were widespread throughout India during this century

· The Chinese Revolution of 1911 and World War II brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China

· The first pieces of literature intended solely for Chinese children were translations of Aesop's fables, Western fairy tales, and The Arabian Nights

· Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century

· Literature in RussiaPeople often label the 1920s as the Golden Age of Children's

· The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with World War I in Great Britain and Europe

· the periodbefore World War II was much slower in children's publishing

Children's

· fantasy literature remained strong in Great Britain through the 1900s

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· L. Frank Baum's fantasy novelThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz was the most famous books in in American children's literature in 1900s

· the Newbery Medal, the first children's book award in the world, in 1922

· J. K. Rowlingpublished the first book in the The HarryPotter Series in England

· the children'sbook market in Britain suffered at the end of the century due to a difficult economy and competition from television and video games.

2000s

Scholarship

· Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature

· Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in literary studies , library and information, science, Education

· Literary criticism may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern genre, period, or literary device

· Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings

· Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to:

a. The use of children's literature in classroom settings

b. The study of topics such as home use, children's out-of school reading, or parents' use of children's books.-

· Scholarly associations and centers include.

a. The Children's Literature Association

Literatureb. The International Research Society for Children's

[كارزما]

المحاضره الرابعه

المحاضره تحتوي على اربع قصائد وراح نشرحهم وحده وحده بس قبلها فيه مقدمه عن شعر الاطفال

The first poems written exclusively for children were mostly religious in nature, providing moral instruction

كان الشعر المكتوب للاطفال في طبيعته دينيا عشان يوفر لهم التعليم الاخلاقي

Poetry is the first literature presented to a child

أول نوع من الادب قدم للطفل كان الشعر

Poetry, when presented to children, has the form of

a. Nursery rhymes

b. Lullabies

وقدم على هيئة اغاني اطفال nursery rhymes – على هيئة تهويده lullabies

Offering lyrical appeal and short direct themes

-وكان الشعر يقدم اغاني جميله ومواضيعه قصيره ومباشر الهدف منها تنمية العقل

Offering lyrical appeal and short, direct themes, these kinds of poetic verse are viewed by some as Transitional works which prepare developing minds for longer forms of literature

هذي الاعمال الشعريه ينظر لها على انها اعمال انتقالية من شأنها تنمية العقول

The first poems written exclusively for children were mostly

religious in nature, providing moral instruction, such as

John Bunyan's A Book for Boys and Girls

or, Country Rhymes for Children (1686).

أمثلة على المقدم للأطقال

- While the oral tradition has a long history of songs and folklore

passed down to younger generations, works of written poetry and

verse for juvenile audiences were first sparingly published in the

fifteenth century

قبل نبدأ بالقصايد ضروري نكون حافظين الخصائص وشلون نستخرجها اللي هي :


1- Alliteration: الجناس .. أي تكرار نفس الحرف في بداية كذا كلمه في نفس السطر ..
مثال : sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen , bigger and better , jumb for joy
2- Anaphora أي تكرار نفس الكلمه او العباره في بداية كل فقره .
3- Metaphorالاستعاره ..يعني تشبيه او مقارنه بين شيئين مختلفين تماما بدون استخدام كلمات التشبيه مثل : as , like, such as …etc
4- Meterالوزن ...
5- Paradox تناقض .. بمعنى ذكر شيئين في البدايه يكونان متضادين بالنسبه للقارئ لكن بعد التمعن يتبين انه حقيقه مثالtoday is yesterday's tomorrow
6- Personification التجسيد .. تصوير اشياء غير حيه كاشياء حيه ..
مثال sleeping city …..smiling moon
7- Rhyme القافيه ... الصوت الاخير ( ليس الحرف الاخير )
8- Simile أي التشبيه والمقارنه باستخدام كلمات التشبيه as,such as,like……..
9- Stanza أي المقطع الشعري ....
10- Theme هو الفكره التي تستنتجها بعد قراءة القصيده .

ضروري نعرف بعد كذا شغله عن القصيده بالاضافة للخصائص:
اسم الشاعر – تاريخ النشر-القافية-الاستانزا

[كارزما]

The Star

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are !

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky.

When the blazing sun is gone,

When he nothing shines upon,

Then you show your little light

winkle, twinkle, all the night.

Then the trav’ller in the dark,

Thanks you for your tiny spark,

He could not see which way to go,

If you did not twinkle so.

In the dark blue sky you keep,

And often thro’ my curtains peep,

For you never shut your eye,

Till the sun is in the sky.

‘Tis your bright and tiny spark,

Lights the trav’ller in the dark :

Tho’ I know not what you are,

Twinkle, twinkle, little star

اسم المؤلف ----Jone taylor

سنة النشر------1806

القافية----------- aabb

الاستانزا----------5

"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" is a popular English lullaby

The poem is in couplet form

' like a diamond in the sky'*

الجمله هذي قلنا عنها Simile لان جا عندي كلمة Like

teaches children how words can be used to paint a picture in the imagination

الغايه من التشبيه هنا هو تعليم الطفل ان يشكل صةرى في خياله

The words create a comparison between the twinkling of the star to a sparkling diamond thus providing a perfect illustration of clever imagery and excellent use of the English language

استخدام كلمات مثل twinkling of the star و a sparkling diamond خلق عندنا مقارنه ادت الى توضيح المعنى بصورة جمالية ذكية واستخدام ممتاز للغة الانجليزية

ملخص لقصة القصيده:

A little blonde girl gazes out of her window at a twinkling celestial object, greets it with the traditional childhood rhyme of the title and requests that she might have her wish that night.,

القصة تتكلم عن بنت شقراء تطالع لبريق النجوم مع نافذتها عشان تدعو ان تتحقق أمنيتهاوهذا تقليد متبع ايام الطفوله

Her wish comes true when the smiling star appears in her window and takes her on a magical ride through the sky.

تحققت أمنيتها عندما ظهرت النجمة المبتسمة عند نافذتها وأخذتها معها في طريق ساحر عبر السماء

Taylor talks about how a star takes over for the sun at night. The mention of a traveler in the poem gives the impression that the writer could be talking about a specific star, the North Star

هنا لما يتكلم الشاعر ويصف الرحله يجي ببالنا انه يتكلم عن النجم الجنوبي الذي يستدلون فيه الرحالة المستكشف

اذا هنا ممكن انه يقصد بالنجم انه النجم الجنوبي

The description of the star seems like it could also be a description of God and the light or hope he brings.

ممكن يكون يقصد بالنجم الله والضوء بالأمل

stanza explains how God is present even when no one else isThe second

في الاستانزا الثانيه يشرح كيف ان الله حاضر في كل وقت حتى لو لم يكن يوجد أحد

When the blazing sun is gone,

When he nothing shines upon,

Then you show your little light

winkle, twinkle, all the night.

The third stanza shows how God gives home to the weary traveler.

في الاستانزا الثالثة يوضح كيف ان الله يهب المسكن للمسافر المنهك

Then the trav’ller in the dark,

Thanks you for your tiny spark,

He could not see which way to go,

If you did not twinkle so.

However, unbeknownst to most, this poem is actually a tragedy; a metaphor for the detriment of success.

القصيده تراجيديه وهي كناية عن اضرار النجاح

It is about how people who reach vast amounts of wealth and popularity – most notably celebrities – are hopelessly doomed to fail at life

يتكلم عن الناس الذين يحصلون على الثروة او الشهره محكوم عليهم بالتعاسه

making a miniscule and amateurish observation of a so called “Little star”, and contemplating how far away it is.

“Little star”

هنا يروي الراوي قصه غير مرئيه وليتل ستار تدل على ان المراقبة ضئيله وتصور مدى البعد

if you look closer into the stanzas, you’ll find that this makes no logical sense.

لوتمعنت في القصيده ستكتشف ستجد ان لا يوجد معنى منطقي..

-you’ll notice in the very title, the star is described as “little.” However, by no stretch of logic is any star small.

وصف النجم بالصغر ولايوجد نجم صغير

The word “star” has multiple synonyms. One of them, according to dictionary.com, is:

“a distinguished or glamorous celebrity, often from the entertainment world.”

ستار له مرادفات اخرى في القاموس منها مامعناه شهير او مشهر ساحر

وبكذا نستنتج ان Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star تعني الشخصية المميزة a distinguished figure

the first verse gives us insight into our unseen character‟s motives

البيت الاول يتيح لنا نظره ثاقبة داخل دوافع شخصيتنا الغير مرئية

Twinkle, twinkle, little star

Twinkle can also be known as

a- Shine on

b- continue succeeding

the first verse( Twinkle, twinkle, little star) implies that the character i-a celebrity of small stature- is successful and is admired by his populace, indirectly implying thathe/she is an egomaniac that holds itself above others

يتضح لنا من البيت الاول ان الشخصيه له مكانه صغيره ومشهور والجماهير معجبه فيه

The second verse, “How I wonder what you are”

هنا في هذا البيت تحول الراوي من معرفة الدوافع الداخليه الى مراقبة مايحدث خارجا متمنيا ان يفهم ما يحدث داخل الاعمال وماهي ثقافة المشهورين abruptly switches

narratives to an outsider that wishes to understand the inner-

workings of the celebrity culture.

ممكن يكون الراوي اللي يراقب اما واحد من المصورين – paparazzi-اوواحد نجم مشهور مثلهم - or even a rising star themselves

The third verse, “Up above a world so high” implies two things

البيت الثالث ينطوي على امرين:

1-the difference of social classes between the rich and the poor

اختلاف الطبقات الاجتماعيه بين الاغنياء والفقراء

2-that the titular character, the “Star”, is using recreational drugs

ان تسمية النجم مخدر ترفيهي

The fourth and final original verse of the poem “Like a diamond in the sky” immortalizes the titular character

البيت الرابع (مثل الماس في السماء)يخلد الطابع الاسمي –اللي هو النجم

The “diamond” beingreferenced in the part is actually a Diamond DA40 – a type of

Aircraft

الماس يعود في الواقع لالماس DA40 نوع من الطائرات

[كارزما]

The Cow

The friendly cow, all red and white,

I love with all my heart:

She gives me cream with all her might,

To eat with apple tart.

She wanders lowing here and there,

And yet she cannot stray,

All in the pleasant open air,

The pleasant light of day;

And blown by all the winds that pass

And wet with all the showers,

She walks among the meadow grass

And eats the meadow flowers.

اسم المؤلف--------Robert Louis Stevenson
عدد الاستانزا------------3
القافيه-------abab

سنة النشر------1885

How many stanzas are there in the poem?

3

What adjectives did Stevenson use in the first stanza to help thereader visualize thecow?

The friendly cow, all red and white,

What words rhyme in the poem?

White-might)-(heart-tart))

What does the word "lowing" mean?

معناه الخوار صوت البقره بس اتوقع يقصد انها تغني لانها تتجول

What did Stevenson mean when he said the cow could not stray?

Maybe he means that it knows the place

What is wet from the showers and blown by the wind?

The cow

What does the cow eat?
meadow flowers

What time of day does the poem take place? How do you know?
the time is morning- The pleasant light of day
طبعا الاجابات من اجتهادي احتمال يكون فيها غلط اللي يلقا غلط ياليت يصححه

[كارزما]

Bed in Summer

In Winter I get up at night

And dress by yellow candle light.

In Summer, quite the other way,

I have to go to bed by day.

I have to go to bed and see

The birds still hopping on the tree,

Or hear the grown-up people’s feet

Still going past me in the street.

And does it not seem hard to you,

When all the sky is clear and blue,

And I should like so much to play,

To have to go to bed by day?

اسم المؤلف--------- Robert Louis Stevenson
عدد الاستنزا---------3
القافيه--------aabb
سنة النشر----------

The poem is from the perspective of a child who is not very happy about having to go to sleep during summer due to the extension of daylight that occurs during the summer

القصيده تدور حول طفل مايبي ينام في الصيف لان في الصيف يكون النهار اطول من الليل

The first stanza compares how waking up in winter is like waking up at night while going to bed in summer is like going to bed during the day.

في الاستنزا الاولى يقارن النهوض من الفراش في الشتاءكانك تصحى ليلا والذهاب الى النوم في الصيف كانك تذهب للفراش خلال النهار

The second and third stanza basically describe why it is so hard for children to go to bed during the summer.

الاستنزا الثانيه والثالثه وصف لماذا من الصعب ان يذهب الاطفال الى النوم في الصيف

طبعا لو قراناه نلقى الولد يقول ان العصافير على الشجر وانه يسمع مشي الناس والسماء صافيه وزرقاء ويفضل اللعب عن انه يذهب للفراش

[كارزما]

Dreams

Hold fast to dreams

For if dreams die

Life is a broken-winged bird

That cannot fly.

Hold fast to dreams

For when dreams go

Life is a barren field

Frozen with snow

اسم المؤلف----------Langston Hughes
الاستنانزا-----2
القافية-----abcb

استخدم الشاعر هنا similes, metaphors and personifications,حتى يوصل فكرته عن التمسك بالحلم

In the first stanza

The personification “Hold fast to dreams” gives us a

meaning that Langston Hughes is saying that you should never

give up on your hopes and dreams.

The speaker uses a a human characteristic(holding) to a non-living thing (dreams) which is a personification. So the message is to hold on tight to your dreams and never let go

هنا وصف شي جامد (الحلم) بصفه من صفات الحي وهي انه يمسك والرساله هنا تدعوو للتمسك بحلمك وعدم التخلي عنه

the first stanza have metaphor: “ Life is a broken-winged bird/that cannot fly

Langston Hughes uses similes“Life is a barren field/ Frozen with snow

هنا صراحة مو مقتنعه ان الجملهSimile لان ما عندنا as اوLike يعني metaphor