مرآجعة مدخل إلى اللغويات ( للاختبار النهائي) :: هنا ::

[ـألسآحر]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة زهرة الريحان

شكراً أخوي الساحر باعتمد على الله ثم أسئلتك وأسئلة الدكتور في مذاكرتي
الله يعطيك العافية
للأمام دائماً

الله يعافيك اختي زهرة ولكن بودي تقري المحتوى بعدها راجعي الاسئلة لان قدامك اختبار وما ودي تاخذي معلومة وتتركي معلومة ..

[sway]

lecture 2 ::
q Animals & Human language:
§ animals, birds, seals, ….etc) imitate what humans say.
§ other creatures communicate with other members of their own species.
§ some kinds of communication between humans and other creatures .

• Communicative Signals: When you want others to get what is in your mind intentionally through using language.
• Informative signals: When others get other information about you unintentionally and indirectly ( your color, age , health, sex ….etc )

The Properties of human language ::

• The primary function of human language is communication .
• Other creatures don’t use language as humans .

ü Reflexivity”:: The difference is that humans are able to reflect on language and its uses .
ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness:It is the distinguishing feature of human language
which means .
ü . Reflexivity or reflexiveness::Using the language to think and talk about the language itself.
( هنا 3 عبارات للتعريف لكن كلها بنفس المعنى ))
Displacement: Using language to refer to the past and future not present in the immediate environment.
§ Animals can communicate only for the exact moment .

Arbitrariness: The relationship between linguistic signs and objects or meaning .

§ The connection between linguistic form and its meaning is arbitrary.
§ less arbitrary connection:: some words in language with sounds that seem to “ echo” the sounds of objects or activities .
§ For animals signs ::there is connection between the conveyed message and the signal used to represent or indicate that message.Non- arbitrariness”
§ for humans _________arbitary
§ for animals --------------non arbitrariness .
Productivity/ creativity / open-ended:- Creating continually new expressions by manipulating linguistic resources to describe new objects and situations.


§ the novel utterances of any human language is INFINATE.
§ For animals it is impossible to produce new signals to communicate novel experiences or events.
§ honeybeeswhere they are able to communicate the location of a nectar source.with no words and can’t invent one
§ - Fixed Reference :: The limiting feature of animal communication where each signal
§ in their system is fixed in relating to a particular object or occasion. These signals
§ are fixed in terms of their reference and cannot be manipulated.
§ 5. Cultural Transmission:- The process where a language is passed on from generation to the next.
§ - Human language can be acquired and not inherited .
§ - Humans can inherit physical features from their parents but not their language.
§ - Humans acquire their first language as children in a culture.
§ Regarding animals :: the creatures are born with a set of specific signals that are produced instinctively.
§ 6. Duality/Double articulation:- the language is organized in two levels or layers simultaneously.
§ 1 - Physical level: The level at which we can produce individual sounds like ( n, r, g, b and I ….etc. These discrete or separated forms have no intrinsic meaning.
§ 2 - Combination level :- In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib.
§ duality is one of the most economical features of human language…..because::
At one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meaning.
§

[sway]

ياجماعه المحاضرات الاولى مختصره جدا ومركزه يعني ماراح تلقون فرق كبير بين المحتوى وبين تلخيصي ..

[البريئة2]

Duality/Double articulation:
Physical level: n k l
Combination level

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المحاضره الثالثه لم استطيع اختصار اي شيئ فيها لانها ملخصه بشكل جيد في المحتوى ..

[sway]

نفس الوضع ينطبق على باقي المحاضرات ..
لن يستطيع اي احد الاختصار اكثر فمالنا الا مذاكرة المحتوى وربنا يعين ..

[sway]

Reflexivity”:: The difference is that humans are able to reflect on language and its uses .
ü. Reflexivity or reflexiveness:It is the distinguishing feature of human language
which means .
ü. Reflexivity or reflexiveness::Using the language to think and talk about the language itself.


هنا لفت نظري انه يوجد 3 تعاريف وش احفظ منهم ..؟؟

[منتسب انجليزي]

[متعلم]

فيه ملخص كويس؟ انا توني ابدأ اذاكر لو سمحتو

[نغم الانجلش]

شكرا بريئه على الترجمة يعطيكي العافيه