...(صفحة المساعدات)..

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

chapter eight:
eighteenth-century prose
-----------------------------
the new century threw aside the strange plots and ideas of heroic tragedy and turned to reasonable thing.
1:(justify)18th century called the Age of Reason?
Because turned to reasonable things.
-------------------------------
DANIEL DEFOE described the Great plague of london in his JOURNAL OF THE PLAGUE YEAR.
HIS ROBINSON CRUSOE is a better and more famous book. This story is based on a real event.
his book is almost a novel,and one of the first in english.
`````````````````````````````````````````````
RICHARD STEELE and JOSEPH ADDISON worked together in producing THE TATLER ,a paper of essays on various subjects. A more famous paper, THE SPECTATOR, followed.
what is tatler and spectator?
a peper of essays on various subjects. A more famous paper.
````````````````````````````````````
these essays(Tatler& Spectator) so important<<justify>>
1:these essays, written in pure english prose without too much ornament, helped towards the production of the novel;
2:for they described the actions of imaginary characters,
--------------------------------
4.:(discuss) these essays helped towards the production of the novel?
they described the actions of imaginary characters, such as SIR ROGER DE COVERLEY, who became a great favourite among the readers.
----------------------------
JONATHAN SWIFT was a bitter satirist.
``````````````````````````````````````````
write short note about Gulliver travels?
swift's most famous satire, GULLIVER'S TRAVELS's, is in four books. As a story it is popular with the young, who usually read the first two books: Gulliver's voyages to LILLIPUT (where the people are six inches high) and BROBDINGNAG (where they are immense.)
the Lilliputians fight wars (as the English do) which seem foolish.
the king of Bobdingnag, after hearing about Gulliver's country, thinks that the people there must be the most hateful race of creatures on earth.
``````````````````````````````````````````
DR SAMUEL JOHNSON was always poor and therefore had to do all kinds of literary work, even if he did not like it.
His famous Dictionary went into five editions in his own life.
He was a kind of literary ruler, giving judgments on books and authors like a god. late in life he wrote his LIVES OF THE POETS with decision and clear expression.
His own writings are less important than what he said.
`````````````````````````````````````````
EDWARD GIBBON decided to write (the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire )while he was making a tour of Italy.
This is recognised as the greatest historical work in English literature.
In splendid prose it covers the events of thirteen centuries, and relates the ancient to the modern world.
it is clear and complete, and usually correct. it deals with various religions, Roman law, persian politics, the attacks of uncivilised tribes, and many other affairs.
``````````````````````````````````````````
EDMUND BURKE wrote fine prose too, but it was oratorical prose.
why his wrote like oratorical?
Because he was a lawyer and a member of parliament.
```````````````````````````````
some of his wise and splendid speeches may be found in his 1):speech on American Taxation,
2):speech on Conciliation with America,.
7>:which did work make him famous in Europe?
later in his life his (Reflections on the french Revolution )made him famous in all parts of Europe. He supported the old ways of government against the new.
``````````````````````````````````````````
some of the best english letters were written during the eighteenth century.
the post at that time was slow and uncertain, and when anyone wrote a letter it was an important event.
----------------------------
LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU wrote some of the best-known.
she was a witty, learned and beautiful woman.
Her letters from Turkey, where her husband represented the king of England, describe events in that country, and there she discovered a way of preventing smallpox.
later she wrote letters from italy, and all show her wisdom and good sense.
``````````````````````````````````````````
the fourth EARL OF CHESTERFIELD is chiefly famous now for his letters to his son. they are in fine prose, contain wise advice, but are not always morally perfect.
```````````````````````````````````````
the letters of the poets GARY and COWPER are also important.
8>:what is the different between gray and Cowper's letters?
1):Gray's are those of a learned man;
2) Cowper's show us something of his simple and gentle character.
`````````````````````````````````````````
the english novel proper was born about the middle of the eighteenth century. the study of character had begun some time before in Earle's (MICROCOSMOGRAPHIE) and other books of this kind.
ADDISON and STEELE had drawn the character of Sir Roger de Coverley, and had studied the behaviour of women, (in the spectator).
Dryden and chesterfield had built up a fine prose style which was ready for use.
Defoe in (Robinson Crusoe), and other writers such as Swift, had written stories of adventure. it is not, therefore, surprising that in1740 a real novel appeared.
it was( PAMELA) by SAMUEL RICHARDSON.
9>:what is the frist English novel?
the frist English novel is(pamela) by samueL Richardson.
``````````````````````````````````````````
(pamela)is a novel written in the form of letters, and these appeared one after the other.
this book is different from mere stories of adventure; for it examines the human heart and shows the effects of human character.
````````````````````````````````````````
Richardson's next novel, (Clarissa Harlowe), is his best.
Clarissa is the beautiful daughter of a severe father who wants her to marry against her will. she is driven to a state of despair, and dies an early death.
``````````````````````````````````````
HENRY FIELDING, a man of gay character, began a novel, (JOSEPH ANDERWS), as a kind of satire on (pamela).
Joseph is supposed to be her brother.
fielding soon became interested in his own novel, and let Joseph fall into the background.
the later part of the novel is chiefly about parson Adams, a simple, funny, and good-hearted priest. fielding wrote the novel directly, as a straight story, without the trick of letters.
10>:whst is the different between(pamela)&(Joseph)?
-PAMELA>>is a novel written in the form of letters.
-JOSEPH>>is a novel written in directly,as a straight story, without the trick of letters.
``````````````````````````````````````````
fielding's greatest novel, (Tom Jones), appeared in eighteen books, each of which had an essay before it.
````````````````````````````````````````
Another of fielding's books, (The History of Jonathan Wild the Great), is a satire. it deals with a real criminal, wild,
`````````````````````````````````
what is different between Roderick Random and Humphrey Clinker?
Anew kind of picture of real life was drawn by TOBIAS SMOLLETT in his picaresque novel,(Roderick Random).
the novel is powerful and unpleasant.
A later novel by Smollett, (Humphrey Clinker), is in the form of letters, and is less violent and in better taste than the other two.
``````````````````````````````````````````
A fourth novel-writer of importance at this time was LAURENCE STERNE.
His astonishing books are as confusing as life itself. He seems to dislike order and common sense, but perhaps life dose not contain much of either. His (Tristram Shandy) made him famous.
1): We have to read about half the book before the hero, Tristram, is born.
2):Sterne leaves the story whenever he likes, to give opinions and write essays on any subject in the world.
12>:what does he do also?
He adds a few blank pages and rows of stars here and there to confuse his readers as much as possible. in spite of this, he can draw clear characters.
````````````````````````````````````````
Another important novel of the time was (THE VICAR OF Wakefield) by OLIVER GOLDSMITH.
the novel contains some famous short poems, including the Elegy on (the Death of a Mad Dog), which show something of Goldsmith's humour. A Good man is bitten by a mad dog;
``````````````````````````````````````````
HORACE WAIPOLE, wrote (the castle of otranto), a novel about the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
it contains de************************ion of impossible events, such as the destruction of a building by an immense ghost inside it. this "novel of terroe" was followed by others.(Vathek )is a novel by WILLIAM BECKFORD.
`````````````````````````````````````````
MRS ANN RADCLIFFE developed the novel of terror with work of better quality. she had a real feeling for nature. she causes interest by describing unusual scenes and sights, such as moving walls and secret passages, and strange events which she explains later. her greatest novel, the (Mysteries of Udolpho).
````````````````````````````````````````
MRS Radcliffe mixes this kind of witing with fine de************************ions of sunlight on the forests, mountains dark in the evening time, and the sweetness of wild flowers.
Her other novels were (Romance of the Forest and the Italian).
==========================
chapter eight finish.
هذا بعد التعدييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييي يييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييل

[white cat]

اش اش اش الحلى هذا كله ياوايت روز... انت عسل ..
الله يسعدك ويوفقك:praying:

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

أنت الحلى كله يابلاك كااااااااااااات
مشكوووووووووووووووووره.يارب توفق الجميع:praying:

[ورود حالمه]

مشكوررررررررررررين يا صبايا الحلوين يعطيييييييكم الف عافيه وايت روز وبلاك كات والكل,,,
اذا تقدرون تنزلون اول محاضره للشعر سنه ثانيه الاستاذه كانت سريعه ماشاءالله عليها واحنا ما لحقنا معها اذا اي احد كمل الناقص تنزله ولاعليييييييييييكم امر الطيبيييييييييييين,,,,
وشكراا ,,, والله يوفق الجميييييييع :g8:

[بنت الشيخ]

ماشاالله الله يجزاك خير اختي صح والله احنا لازم نتعاون مو بس على بلاك كات الله يجزاها خير
وانا راح انزل الفصل التاسع ان شاالله
الله يعطيك العافيه مجهود رائع

[بنت الشيخ]

Chapter Nine
Early nineteenth century Poets
……………………………………………………………
The main stream of poetry in the eighteenth century had been orderly and polished without much feeling for nature heroic cuplets were used for this verse but various writers had broken away from the form and the thought in spite of this the publication of the first edition of the (lyrical ballads ) came as a shock the critics considered the language too simple and the change too violent this important book the signal of the beginning of the romantic age was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Goleridge often known with Southey as the Lake Poets because they liked the lake district in the north west of England and lived in it
WORDSWORTH was a poet of nature and had the special ability to throw a charm over ordinary things Coleridge on the other hand could make mysterious events acceptable to a reader s mind Neither of them used the old language of poetry much
Wordsworth was so filled with the love of nature that in later editions of the Lyrical Ballads he said that the language of poetry ought to be the same as the language of a simple farmworker yet he could not keep to this idea himself his imagination led him far beyond the life and thoughts of a countryman
Coleridge s poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner appead in the first edition of the LYRICAL Ballads an old sailor describes some strange misfortunes that happened to his ship it was in the ice of the south pole when he shot a great bird for this crime a curse fell on the ship
The mysterious surroundings of the silent ship are described in Coleridge s magic words at last the mariner seeing God s creatures in the moonlight blesses them this breaks the curse and he is able to return home
Two other important poems by Coleridge (not in the Lyrical Ballads) are Christabel and Kubla Khan Neither was finished but there is again magic in each
Once when Coleridge was staying in Devon he fell asleep while reading in Purchas his Pilgrims about Kubla Khan s great building in Xanadu on waking he knew that he had dreamed several hundred poetic lines on the subject and he began at once to write them down unluckily he was interrupted and was never again able to remember the rest
The buildings were set among gardens rivers and forests and caves of ice all this is described in words which produce a strange and magic picture
Wordsworth s part in the Lyrical Ballads was more difficult to perform successfully than Coleridge s for he had to make ordinary things seem wonderful he wrote more than half the book and his love of nature is immediately clear
Among his best sonnets are Westminster Bridge an emotional view of London asleep and London the latter is a cry for help in the troubles of the world
Well known among other short poems are The Daffodils The Solitary Reaper and Lucy

The Prelude a record in fourteen books of verse of Wordsworth s own progress in poetry and thought was written during the years in it he remembers his schooldays his time at Cambridge his visits to London and France and his life in France during the Revolution

George Gordon Lord Byron was a romantic figure but his poetry was much influenced by the classical form of Pope Byron dressed splendidly went to fight for the freedom of Greece satirized many sides of English life and hated all false and insincere talk he died of fever

Byron s poetry though powerful lacks the finest poetic imagination his words mean only what they say and have no further magic
His verse possesses neither Wordsworth s power of suggestion nor Coleridge s mystery but except when he wrote carelessly it is often strong and beautiful

Childe Harold written in the Spenserian stanza tells the story of a man who goes off to travel far and wide because he is disgusted with life s foolish pleasures (The man is in fact Lord Byron)
The different places that he visits give the poet an opportunity to describe what once happened in them

Don Juan a long poem of astonishing adventure is also a satire which attacks some of Byron s enemies

Byron wrote a number of short poems which are popular
His plays are not very good but his poetry was popular because he attacked false ideas and because the eastern scene was unusual in his time

Percy Bysshe ****************ley was a greater poet of good family restless and rich he struggled against the causes of human misery and against accepted religions he saw goodness in the whole of nature and he wanted all men to be free his first important poem Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude

Adonais one of his best poems is an elegy on the death of Keats
His lyrics are among the best in the language and include The Cloud The Indian Serenade

****************ley loved the wild wind but John Keats Loved beauty and rest awoke his poetic powers he studied the poets and he studied nature
His early poem Endymion in four books is based on old ideas
It was violently criticized but he did not lose faith in himself he published Lamia (in which a snake is changed into a beautiful girl )

He wrote more than twenty sonnets one of the best is On First Looking into Chapman s Homer
Keats wrote poetry of rich detail and accused ****************ley of using language which was too thin Keats also wrote a good ballad La Belle Dame Sans Merci in which a knight dreams of his lady but wakes alone on a cold hillside where no birds sing La Belle Dame is supposed by some to be tuberculosis
A disease which killed Keats at the early age of twenty six ****************ley too died young he was drowned near Lerici Italy at the age of twenty nine Byron also died (of fever ) before he was forty
Robert Southey his poems often told a story
His prose Life of Nelson is well known
Thomas Campbell produced some battle poems which are full of spirit such as The Battle of the Baltic

…………………………………………………………………………
Chapter nine finished



ان شاالله يفيدكم

لا تنسونا من صالح الدعوات

[بنت الشيخ]

Chapter Nine
Early nineteenth century Poets
……………………………………………………………
The main stream of poetry in the eighteenth century had been orderly and polished without much feeling for nature heroic cuplets were used for this verse but various writers had broken away from the form and the thought in spite of this the publication of the first edition of the (lyrical ballads ) came as a shock the critics considered the language too simple and the change too violent this important book the signal of the beginning of the romantic age was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Goleridge often known with Southey as the Lake Poets because they liked the lake district in the north west of England and lived in it
WORDSWORTH was a poet of nature and had the special ability to throw a charm over ordinary things Coleridge on the other hand could make mysterious events acceptable to a reader s mind Neither of them used the old language of poetry much
Wordsworth was so filled with the love of nature that in later editions of the Lyrical Ballads he said that the language of poetry ought to be the same as the language of a simple farmworker yet he could not keep to this idea himself his imagination led him far beyond the life and thoughts of a countryman
Coleridge s poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner appead in the first edition of the LYRICAL Ballads an old sailor describes some strange misfortunes that happened to his ship it was in the ice of the south pole when he shot a great bird for this crime a curse fell on the ship
The mysterious surroundings of the silent ship are described in Coleridge s magic words at last the mariner seeing God s creatures in the moonlight blesses them this breaks the curse and he is able to return home
Two other important poems by Coleridge (not in the Lyrical Ballads) are Christabel and Kubla Khan Neither was finished but there is again magic in each
Once when Coleridge was staying in Devon he fell asleep while reading in Purchas his Pilgrims about Kubla Khan s great building in Xanadu on waking he knew that he had dreamed several hundred poetic lines on the subject and he began at once to write them down unluckily he was interrupted and was never again able to remember the rest
The buildings were set among gardens rivers and forests and caves of ice all this is described in words which produce a strange and magic picture
Wordsworth s part in the Lyrical Ballads was more difficult to perform successfully than Coleridge s for he had to make ordinary things seem wonderful he wrote more than half the book and his love of nature is immediately clear
Among his best sonnets are Westminster Bridge an emotional view of London asleep and London the latter is a cry for help in the troubles of the world
Well known among other short poems are The Daffodils The Solitary Reaper and Lucy

The Prelude a record in fourteen books of verse of Wordsworth s own progress in poetry and thought was written during the years in it he remembers his schooldays his time at Cambridge his visits to London and France and his life in France during the Revolution

George Gordon Lord Byron was a romantic figure but his poetry was much influenced by the classical form of Pope Byron dressed splendidly went to fight for the freedom of Greece satirized many sides of English life and hated all false and insincere talk he died of fever

Byron s poetry though powerful lacks the finest poetic imagination his words mean only what they say and have no further magic
His verse possesses neither Wordsworth s power of suggestion nor Coleridge s mystery but except when he wrote carelessly it is often strong and beautiful

Childe Harold written in the Spenserian stanza tells the story of a man who goes off to travel far and wide because he is disgusted with life s foolish pleasures (The man is in fact Lord Byron)
The different places that he visits give the poet an opportunity to describe what once happened in them

Don Juan a long poem of astonishing adventure is also a satire which attacks some of Byron s enemies

Byron wrote a number of short poems which are popular
His plays are not very good but his poetry was popular because he attacked false ideas and because the eastern scene was unusual in his time

Percy Bysshe ****************ley was a greater poet of good family restless and rich he struggled against the causes of human misery and against accepted religions he saw goodness in the whole of nature and he wanted all men to be free his first important poem Alastor or The Spirit of Solitude

Adonais one of his best poems is an elegy on the death of Keats
His lyrics are among the best in the language and include The Cloud The Indian Serenade

****************ley loved the wild wind but John Keats Loved beauty and rest awoke his poetic powers he studied the poets and he studied nature
His early poem Endymion in four books is based on old ideas
It was violently criticized but he did not lose faith in himself he published Lamia (in which a snake is changed into a beautiful girl )

He wrote more than twenty sonnets one of the best is On First Looking into Chapman s Homer
Keats wrote poetry of rich detail and accused ****************ley of using language which was too thin Keats also wrote a good ballad La Belle Dame Sans Merci in which a knight dreams of his lady but wakes alone on a cold hillside where no birds sing La Belle Dame is supposed by some to be tuberculosis
A disease which killed Keats at the early age of twenty six ****************ley too died young he was drowned near Lerici Italy at the age of twenty nine Byron also died (of fever ) before he was forty
Robert Southey his poems often told a story
His prose Life of Nelson is well known
Thomas Campbell produced some battle poems which are full of spirit such as The Battle of the Baltic

…………………………………………………………………………
Chapter nine finished



بالتوفيق ان شاالله

لا تنسونا من صالح الدعوات

[دندوون]

مرااحب بنات يعطيكم العافية على الي تسوونه لنا بنت الشيخ و والوردة البيضاء:g8:

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

هلاااااااااااااااااااااا أختي دندووون.:222g:
لاشكر على واجب حنا خوات ولازم نتعاون ونكون يد وحده.
بالتوفييييييييييييق.

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

يابنات أنا ان شاءالله بأنزل المسرحيه والشعر في هذا الاسبوع.