ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã

ÇáÚæÏÉ   ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã > .: ÓÜÇÍÜÉ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ (ÇáÇäÊÓÇÈ):. > ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá > ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ > ÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ > E7
ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ  

E7 English Literature Students level seven Forum

ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ
 
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ
ÞÏíã 2017- 10- 31   #11
ÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 272569
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Wed Oct 2016
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 359
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 1726
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 37
ÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant futureÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ has a brilliant future
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÌñÃöãðÚñÉ Ãóáõãðáõڳñ ÝñíðÕõáó k.f.u
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ÏÝÁ ÇáÛÑæÈ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ ÇáÃÕáíÉ ßÊÈÊ ÈæÇÓØÉ ÎÇáí ãä ÇáßÍæá ãÔÇåÏÉ ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ
íÓÚÏ ãÓÇÆßã ÌãíÚÇð

ßÇáÚÇÏÉ ÏßÊæÑ ÝæÒÒí ãæÇÏå ÏÓãÉ æ 3 ÓÇÚÇÊ áßä ÇáãÇÏÉ ÍáæÉ ãÇÝíåÇ ÕÚæÈÉ ÊáÇÍÙ Çä ÇáãáÒãÉ ßËíÑÉ æßáÇã ßËíÑ æáæ ÊÑßÒ ÈÎáÇÕÉ ÇáÞæá ÊáÇÍÙ ÇäåÇ ãÇåí ÕÚÈÉ æÊÓÊäÌ ÇáÔí Çáãåã Èßá ÓåæáÉ æÝí ãáÝÇÊ ÍáæÉ ÇäÕÍßã ÈÇáÇØáÇÚ ÚáíåÇ ãäåÇ äæÊ åÇíÏí æÊáÎíÕ æÔÑÍ

ÊÍíÇÊí æÇÍÊÑÇãí

áæ ÓãÍÊ ÇÈí ÇáãáÎÕÇÊ Çááå íÌÒÇß ÎíÑ

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ãäÕæÑ ÇáÚÈÏÇááå ; 2017- 11- 1 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 05:51 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #12
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ãÇÏÉ ãÚáæãÇÊåÇ ßËííííÑÉ æÕáÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ æÞÝáÊ ãÇÚÇÏ ÇÓÊæÚÈ
Çáãåã æÇäÇ ÇÍæÓ æÇÏæÑ Ýí ÇáãäÊÏì Ôí íÓÇÚÏ Ýí ÇÓÊíÚÇÈ ÇáãÇÏÉ áíÞíÊ ÔÑÍ ááÇÎÊ Dody cool
ÑÇÍ ÇÍØÉ ÚÔÇä äÓÊÝíÏ ßáäÇ
æãä äÕÇÆÍ ÇáÓÇÈÞíä ÇÍÝÙææææÇ æÑßÒæææÇ æÇÝåãææææÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÚæÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #13
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÔÑÍ ááÇÎÊ Dody cool Çááå íÌÒÇåÇ ÎíÑ
ÈÓã Çááå æäÈÏÃ




ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì

European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome.
ÇáÃÏÈ ÇáÃæÑæÈí æ ÇáÛÑÈí æËÞÇÝÊåãÇ áã Êßä Óæì ÅÚÇÏÉ ÈäÇÁ æ ÅÍíÇÁ ááËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÞÏíãñÉ ááÑæã æ
ÇáíæñäÇä


were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome).
ÌãíÚ ÇáÇÚãÇá ßÇäÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÞáíÏ ááÑæã æÇáÇÛÑíÞ(ÇáíæäÇäíä)

West’s relationship with antiquity is not simple. It is full of contradictions and ambivalence.
ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÛÑÈ ãÚ ÇáÑæã æÇáÇÛÑíÞ (ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏíãÉ) ßÇäÊ ãáíÆÉ ÈÇáÊäÇÞÖ æÇáÇÒÏæÇÌíÉ


ÇáÑæã íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÊÑÇËíÉ(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
ÇáíæäÇä íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)



äÊßáã ÇáÍíä Úä Rome ÇáÑæã
1-ßÇä ÏÇÆãÇ ÊÞáÏ ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáíæäÇäí

2-æÑÛã ãä ßËÑ ãÍÇæáÇÊåã ÝÝÔáæÇ Ýí ÇáæÕæá Çáì ãÇ æÕá áå ÇáíæäÇäíæä æÐáß áÃä(ÇáÊÞáíÏ áÇ íÔÈå ÇáÇÕá)
The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality

3-ßÇä ÇáÑæã ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÑíÝíä ÈÓØÇÁ...æÈáÏ Þæí..æáßäåã ßÇäæÇ ÏÇÆãÇ íÔÚÑæä ÈÃäåã ÃÞá ÔÃäÇ ãä ÇáíæäÇäííä ÈÇáÑÛã ãä Çäåã ÞÑì ÕÛíÑÉ
The Romans were a simple rural-successful warriors,-
still felt that they were inferior culturally to their small province Greece.

---------------------------------------------------

ãä ÇÈÒ ÇáÔÇÚÑííä Çááí ÙåÑ Ýí ÇáÑæã Roman poet writes
Horace-1-
ÞÏ äÕÍ ÞÑÇÁå ÈÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇä áÇäå ãÇÑÍ íßæä Ýí ÇÈÏÇÚ ÇáíæäÇäíä
advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive

æßÊÈ
“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”


2- Seneca,
æßÊÈ
#“No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.”

#“[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.”

---ãåãíä ÌÏÇ---
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #14
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ

,
ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ Renaissance
Çááí ÓæÇåÇ ÇáÇæÑæÈíä..Europeans
áÇäåã ÇÚÇÏæ ÇßÊÔÇÝ ÇáßÊÈ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ æÇáÑæãÇäíÉ rediscovered the books of the Greeks and Romans

æáíÔ Óãí ÈÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ¿¿ áÇäåÇ ßÇäÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ((Úãáíå ÇÍíÇÁ-ÇÓÊäåÇÖ))
The period is called the Renaissance¿¿
because across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient
learning of Rome and Greece

æÇáÓÈÈ áÙåæÑåÇ¿¿ÏæÇÝÚ æÇåÏÇÝ ÓíÇÓíÉ ÞæíÉ
So the emergence of what we call today “literature” in Renaissance Europe had a strong political motivation and purpose.

--------------------------------------------------------
Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ áÇÊæÌÏ áÛÉ áááßÊÇÈÉ
There were no written languages in Europe

ÇááÛÉ ÇáæÍíÏÉ Çááí ßÇäÊ ãÊæÇÌÏÉ åí ÇááÇÊíäíÉ..æßÇä ÞÑÇÆåÇ Þáíáæä ÌÏÇ
The only written language was Latin and people who could read Greek, were very rare

ÇáÞÕÇÆÏ æÇáãÓÑÍíÇÊ æÇáÞÕÕ ßÇäÊ Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ ÊÚÊÈÑ ÈÃäåÇ ãÚÇáã æØäíÉ
Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments.

æßÇä ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÏÈ æÌæÏåã ÖÑæÑí ááÞæÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ
poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power

ÇáÚÕÑ 20th ßÇä íÓãì _____“imitation of the classics. ÊÞáíÏ ÇáßáÇÓíßíÇÊ

áßä ÇáÑæã ßÇä ÊÞáíÏåã ááíæäÇäíä ßÇä ÏÇÆãÇ íÍÈØåã¿¿¿áÇä ÇáÊÞáíÏ áÇíÔÈå ÇáÇÕÇáå æáÇäåÇ ßÇä ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ËÞÇÝÉ ãÓÑæÞÉ
In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture

ÇáÇÚãÇá ÇáÇæÑÈíÉ ßÇäÊ ÊÞæá ÈÇäåÇ ÇÝßÇÑ ÇÑÓØæ...æáßäåÇ ÈÇáÍÞíÞÉ ßÇäæ íÚÑÝæä Úä ÇÑÓØæÇ ÇáÞáíá ÌÏÇ
always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle, but research shows that they knew very little of Aristotle’s work

ÇáÇæÑæÈíæä ÚÑÝæ (Greece) Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáÜÜrome---Latin authors. (ÇáÑæã-ÇáãÄáÝííä ÇááÇÊíäíä)
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #15
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ...

ÊÊßáã ÇßËÑåÇ Úä ÇÝáÇØæä..plato
>>>

ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÃ

*ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí ãÈäí Úáì ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáíæäÇäí

*ÇáÇÝßÇÑ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇËÑÊ Úáì ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí æÇáÇæÑæÈí

* Çåã ãÝßÑÇä íæäÇäíÇä åãÇ :Ç ÇÝáÇØæä æÇÑÓØæ

............................
Plato

ãä Çåã ÇÚãÇáÉ..ÇáÌãåæÑíå (the Republic)
æÑÍ äÊßáã Úä ßÊÇÈíä...Book X -10
æßÊÇÈ Book III -3

....................
ÓÄÇá ÞÏ ÌÇ ÈÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÞÈá...
ãä Çááí ÇæÌÏ ÇáÝÑæÞ Èíä ÇáÊÞáíÏ æÇáÓÑÏ¿¿¿ åæÇ ÇÝáÇØæä
Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis

(Mimesis) Çááí åæÇ ÇáÊÞáíÏ æíÓãì (imitation æ showing )

(Diagesis) Çááí åæÇ ÇáÓÑÏ æíÓãì (narration ætelling:)
((ÈÕÑÇÍå áÊáÒÞ ÈÑÇÓí ÞÑÈÊåÇ ááßáãÉ Çááí ÊÚäí ÇáÍæÇÑ((Dialogue ))

------------------
ÇáÏÑÇãÇ åí ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÞáíÏ æÚÑÖ ((ÝßÑæÇ ÝíåÇ Çäå ÊÞãÕ ÔÎÕíÇÊ æÚÑÖ))((drama-mimesis))
ÇáãÊÍÏË ÈÕÝ 1st Çááí åæÇ ÇäÇ æÇäÇ æÝÚáÊ..ÇáÎ

ÇáÞÕÕ åí ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÓÑÏ æÊÍÇæÑ((ÚÔÇä ßÐÇ ÞáÊ ÚäåÇ ÝíåÇ ÍæÇÑ))((stories-diagesis))
ÇáãÊÍÏË ÈÇáÕíÛÉ ÇáËÇáËå 3rd åæ æåí æÐáß..ÇáÎ

--------------------
ãåãããã(narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two)
ÊÚæÏ åÇáÌãáÉ áÇÝáÇØæä..ÌÇÊ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇíÞÉ
Çäå ÇáÓÑÏ ããßä íßæä ÓÑÏ ÈÓíØ Çæ ÊÞáíÏ Çæ ßáíåãÇ...æåÇáÝßÑå ÇäÊÌåÇ ÇÝáÇØæä
-------------------

Plato’s n Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city
ÞÇã ÇÝáÇØæä ÈÍÙÑ ÇáÔÚÑ ãä ÇáÈáÇÏ
áíÔ
poetry cripple the mind..
ÈÍÌÉ Çä ÇáÔÚÑ íÔá ÇáÚÞá(((ááãÚáæãíÉ ÇÝáÇØæä ßÇä ÞÕÏå ÚÇáÔÚÑ ÇáÔÝæí )oral socity Òí ÇæÑæÈÇ ))

______________________
ÇáíæäÇäíä(Greece)) ÚäÏåã ÔíÆíä íãíÒåã æåæÇ

1- (ars) -Çááí åæÇ ãÚÑæÝ È (art) áÇíÚäí ÝÞØ “Fine Arts ãËá ãÇåæ ÈÇáÛÑÈ
ÇáÝä ÚäÏåã íÔãá ÌãíÚ ÇáäÔÇØÇÊ ãä ÈíäåÇ ÇáÍÑÝ æÇáÚáæã
includes
nhuman activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the science

2- In the ancient world, they had poetry, tragedy
and comedy, but they were all known as “poetry.”
Çäå ßá ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ æÇáÔÚÑ æÇáßæíÏíÇ ÚäÏå ÊäÏÑÌ ÊÍÊ åÐÇ ÇáãÕØáÍpoetry

((áÐáß ßÇä ÇÝáÇØæä áÇ íÞæá (ÇáÇÏÈ-Çæ -ÇáÔÚÑ) Èá ßÇä íÓÊÎÏ åÐå ÇáßáãÉ
poetry

--------------------------
The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, , is a poet, a performer and an educator.
æÕÝ ÇÝáÇØæ ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÈÇäå ãËÞÝ æããËá

-----------------------
Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content
æÌÏ Çä ááÔÚÑ ÌÇäÈíä æåãÇ...ÇáÇÓáæÈ æÇáãÍÊæì..
æÐßÑ ÞÈá Çä ÇáÔÚÑ íäÝÚ Ýí ÕäÇÚå ÇáÇÛÇäí (song-making)
-------------------------------
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #16
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ


..........

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÊÊßáã Úä ÇÑÓØææ...Aristotle
ÑßÒæææÇÇ Ú åÐå ãÝÊÇÍ áÇßËÑ ÇáÍáæá
ÇÑÓØæÇ ÑßÒÒÒÒ Úáì ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ
Aristotle on Tragedy
.......íÚäí ßá Ôí åäÊßáã Úäå íÎÕ ÇÑÓØæ æÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ............


ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÇ


áãÇÐÇ ÈÏà ÇÑÓØæ Ýí ÇáßÊÇÈå¿¿¿
áÇäå ÇÍÈ ÇáÇÚãÇá ÇáÝáÓÝíÉ
philosophical systems

---------------------------

Óãí Ýí ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí ÈÜÜÜÞíÕÑ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÇÏÈí
Western cultures as ‘czar of literary criticism,’
---------------------------
Aristotle,
---ßÊÈ----Poetics,---
æÔÑÍ Ýíå---Tragedy,(ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ)
---æÚÑÝåÇ--an imitation of an action that is serious-ÇäåÇ ÚÈÇÑå Úä ÊÞáíÏ ÌÇÏ---
æÇä åÐå ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ ÊÏÈ ÇáÑÚÈ æÇáÎæÝ æÇáÔÝÞå ááãÔÇåÏíä arousing pity and fear,
ÇáÔßá ÊíÚåÇ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÇÝÚÇá æÍÑßÇÊ æáíÓ ÈÓÑÏthat tragedy is an imitation of action, not a narration
æíÌÈ Úáì Çí ÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ Çä ÊÊßæä ãä 6 ÇÌÒÇÁ áÌæÏÊåÇ--must have six parts, which parts determine its quality
--------------------------------------

ÎÕÇÆÕ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ ÚäÏ ÇÑÓØæ

1- Plot:ÇáÍÈßÉ
plot as “the arrangement of the incidents
åí ÊÑÊíÈ ááÇÍÏÇË
ãåã(Plot-incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.)
--------------------
ÊäÞÓã ÇáÜPlot ÇáÌíÏÉ Çáì
The plot must be “a whole,” with a beginning, middle, and end.
ÇäåÇ Êßæ ÔÇãáÉ-ÈÏÇíÉ-æÓØ-äåÇíÉ

1-beginning,incentive moment,
ÇáÈÏÇíÉ(ÇááÍÙÉ ÇáãÄËÑÉ)

2-middle, or climax:earlier incidents
ÇáæÓØ:ÍÏËÊ ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÇÍÏÇË ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ

3- end, or resolution:solve or resolve the problem created during the incentive moment.
ÇáäåÇíÉ: åæ ÇíÌÇÏ ÇáÍá ááãÔßáÉ Çááí ÍÕá ãä Çæá áÍÙÉ ãÄËÑÉ(ÇáÈÏÇíÉ)


ãåã(ÇáÎØæÉ ãäbeginning Çáì climax ÊÓãì ÈÜÜtying u)
ãåã(ÇáÎØæÉ ãäclimax Çáì end ÊÓãì unraveling)

_______________
Ýí äÙÑ ÇÑÓØæ Çä ÇÓæà ÍÈßÉ åí Çááí ÊÃÊí Úáì Ôßá ÍáÞÇÊ
According to Aristotle, the worst kinds of plots are “‘episodic,’
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáËÇäí ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ

2-. Character: " ÇáÔÎÕíåñ "
*ÊÏÚã ÇáÍÈßÉ
Character should support the plot

*ÇÑÓÊÞÑÇØí
the hero should be an aristocrat

*æÇÞÚí ÞÇÈá ááÊÕÏíÞ
“true to life” - he/she should be realistic and believable.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáËÇáË ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ

3-Thought: ÇáÝößÑ
themes of a play ãæÖæÚÇÊ ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ

-------------------------------------------------------
4-Diction " ÇáÃÓáæÈ Ýí ÇáÇáÞÇÁ
“the expression of the meaning in words”
-----------------------------------------------------
5-Song, or melody ÇáÇÛäíÉ æÇááÍä
the musical element ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáãæÓíÞí
-------------------------------------------------


The end of the tragedy is a katharsis-purgation
Ýí äåÇíÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ,katharsis ÈãÚäì purgation æåí ÇáÊØåíÑ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #17
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

áãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ...

ãËá ãÇÐßÑäÇ ÞÈá....
ÇáÑæã íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÊÑÇËíÉ(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE)
ÇáíæäÇä íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE)

....................
æÑÍ äÊæÓÚ Ýí ÇáÑæãÇä æÇáÇÔÎÇÕ Çááí ÇÊÈÚæÇ ÇÑÓØæ æÇÝáÇØæä

--------------------------------

1-Horace:åæÑÇÓ(((((áå ÌãáÉ ãä ÞÈá ÇÊãäì ãÇÊßæäæÇ äÓíÊæåÇ))) ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 1
*ÔÇÚÑ ÑæãÇäí He was a poet

*was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle
áã íßä äÇÞÏ ÝíáÓæÝí ãËá ÇÑÓØæ æÇÝáÇØæä

*In Ars Poetica:"ÅÓã ÞÕíÏñÊå "

*ßÇä íÎÈÑ Çä ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ íÌÈ Çä ÊÊßæä ãä 5 ãÞÇØÚ áÇ ÇßËÑ æáÇ ÇÞá
that a play should not be shorter or longer than five acts

*ßÇä íÊãÊÚ ÈÇáÇÏÑÇß.sensibility”..áßí íÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÐæÞ ÇáÑÇÞí æÇáÐæÞ ÇáãÈÊÐá
allows him to separate what he calls “sophisticated” tastes from the “vulgar

*ßÇä íÑíÏ ãä ÇáÑæãÇä æäÕÍåã ÈÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇäíä
wants Roman poets to imitate are the Greeks.

*æäÕÍ ÈÇä Êßæä ÞÕÕåã ÞÇÈáÉ ááÊÕÏíÞ
tales believable

* ßÊÈ “Letter to Augustus æÇáÐí íÙåÑ ÝíåÇ ßÑÇåíÊå ááËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíå
hatred of the popular culture

*æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÇÛÑíÞíÉ ÈÇáÇäíÞÉ
Greek culture (books) with “elegance”
ææÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíÉ íÇáÓã
popular culture of his own time with “venom.”

--------------------------------------

2-ßæíäÊíáäÊÇäQuintilian

*íÚÊÈÑ ÇáãÚáã ÇáÑÇÆÏ Ýí ÇáÎØÇÈÉ ÚäÏ ÇáÑæã
the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome

*ÍÐÑ ãä ÇáÊÞáíÏ ææÕÝåÇ ÈÇáÎØíÑÉ
But imitation is also dangerous:

*Çä åÐÇ ÇáÊÞáíÏ ÚáÇãÉ ááßÓá ÇáÚÞáí
“It is the sign of a lazy mentality

-------------------------------------------------------

3-Seneca ÓíäíßÇ ((((áå ÌãáÊíä ãä ÞÈá ÇÊãäì ãÇÊßæäæÇ äÓíÊæåÇ))) ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 1
bees produce honey

------------------------------------------------------

Latin authors
((ÞÈá ãÇäÏÎá Ýí ÔÑÍåã!!!ÊÊÐßÑæåã Çä ÊßáãäÇ Úäåã ÞÈá.¿¿
ÇáãÄáÝíä ÇááÇÊäíä ÇáÑæã ÇááÐíä Úä ØÑíÞåã ÚÑÝÊ ÇæÑæÈÇ ÈÇáÇÛÑíÞ
..................
äÑÌÚ
Latin authors ÇáãÄáÝíä ÇááÇÊäíä
ÇÓÊÎÏãæÇ ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÏÈ ÚÔÇä ÔíÆíä:
used poetry and literature for two things only

1- áÊÍÓíä ÇáÈáÇÛÉ----To improve eloquence
2-áÛäÇÁ ÇáÇãÌÇÏ ÇáæØäíÉ áÑæãÇ -------To sing the national glories of Rome
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 16   #18
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ

ãáíÇÇÇÇäå ÏÔ ßáÇã æãÏÑí ÇÍÓå ãÎÑÈØ...ÝÇáÇÝÖá äÐÇßÑå ãä ÇáÇãÊÍÇäÇÊ ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ vtuj ÑÝÚÊ ÇáÑÇíÉ ÇáÈíÖÇ åäÇ

Çáãåã åÐßÑ Çááí áÞØå æÇÚÊÈÑå ãåã...ÈÓ ÇáÓãæÍå ÈßÊÈåã ÈÇáÚÑÈí

åí ÚãæãÇ ÈÊÊßáã Úä ÇááÛÉ æÙåæÑåÇ

*dante ÏÇäÊí
ÞÇá ÈÇä ÇááÛÉ æÖÚÊ ÈÔßá ÇáÇåí

*1440 Ýí ÇíØÇáíÇ ÞÇã Lorenzo valla ÈÇä ÇááÛÉ ÇäÔÃÊ ãä ÞÈá ÇáÈÔÑíÉ æÊÍÏíÏÇ ÇáÑÌÇá

*ÞÇãÊ ÇáÇäÓÇäíÉ ÇáäÞÏíÉ ÈÍãÇíÉ ÇááÛÉ ÇááÇÊäíÉ ãä ÇáÇÍÊßÇÑ ÈæÖÚ ßÊÈ ÞæÇÚÏ
grammar book

*Petrah ÈÊÑÇå
ßÇä ÈØá ÇáÊÞáíÏ ÇááÇÊíäí
champion of Latin imitation
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 17   #19
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ
ÑßÒææææÇ ÌÏÇ ÝíåÇ áÇäåÇ ãåãå æÌÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ßËíÑÉ ãäåÇ

ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÃ


ÇáÊÔßíá ÇáÑæÓíRussian Formalism
ÊÚÑíÝå
ÇäåÇ ãäÍ ÏÑÇÓíÉ ÇÏÈíÉ æÌÏÊ Ýí ÑæÓíÇ Ýí ÇáÞÑä 20th
A school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in Russia in the second decade of the 20th

ÇÎÊÕæÇ ÝÞØ Ýí ÇáÔÚÑ
Formalist located literary meaning in the pome (poetry)

the Russian formalist want to-->develop the literary

ãåããã
Modern Russian Poetry
áÜÜRoman Jakobson

-----------------------------------------------------
äÊÇÆÌ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ
A Product of the Russian Revolution

*ßÇäæ íäÙÑæÇ ááÇÏÈ ÇáÑæãÇäÓí ãä ãäÙæÑ Ïíäí
Russia romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective.

*ÔÌÚæÇ ÏÑÇÓÉ ÇáÇÏÈ ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáÚáã æÇáãæÖæÚíÉ---(ãåã ÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ)
The formalist perspective encouraged the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens

----------------------------------------------------
Ãåã äÞÇÏ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ:
(ÐßÑ ÇÓÇãí ÈÓ Ú ÇÚÊÞÇÏí ãæ ááÍÝÙ æäßÊÝí ÈÇááí åÐßÑåã ÈÚÏ Ôæí))

åÇáäÞÇÏ ÌÚáæ ÎÕæÕíÉ æÇÓÊÞáÇáíÉ ááÛÉ ÇáÔÚÑíÉ æÇáÃÏÈ
These names revolutionized literary criticism between 1914 and the 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature.

-------------------------------------------------
áã ÊåÊã ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÈÜÜ:
Formalists are not interested in:

-äÝÓíÉæÓíÑÉ ÍíÇÉ ÇáßÇÊÈ
The psychology and biography of the author.

-ÇáßÇÊÈ æÇáÞÇÑÆ áíÓæã ãåãíä
people (i.e., author, reader) are not important

-ÑÝÖæ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ÇáÊÞáíÏíÉ ááÇÏÈ
the Formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature.

-------------------------------------------------
äÑÌÚ æäÊßáã Úä Roman Jakobson
Çááí ÞáäÇ Úäå Çäå ÕÇÍÈ Modern Russian Poetry ...ÇÕÍæÇÇÇ

åÇáÔÎÕ ÌÇ æÞÇá:
Çäå ÇáãäÍ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ áÇ ÊÞÊÕÑ ÝÞØ ÚÇáÇÏÈ...æÇäãÇ åí ÞØÚå ÇÏÈíÉ æãä åäÇ ÌÇ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÞØÚå ÇáÇÏÈíÉ(literariness'),
The subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but= literariness'),

æÞÇá Çäå æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÊæÇÕá áÇÒã Çä ÊÞáá Çáì ÇáÇÏäì
---ãåããããããããã-----communicative function should e reduce to minimum

____________________________________________
ÇááÛÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÔÚÑ....ãåã æÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ)
Poetic vs. Ordinary Language
ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÝÑÞÊ Èíä ÇááÛÉ æÇáÔÚÑ
æÞÇáæÇ Çä ÇáÇÏÈ äãæÐÌ ÎÇÕ ãä ÇááÛÉ
Russian Formalists argued that Literature was a specialized mode of language
-------------------------------------------------------
ÇááÛÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáãÍÊæì.ãåã æÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ)
Form vs. Content

ÇíÖÇ ÑÝÖæÇ ÇáÊÞÇáíÏ Ýí ÇáÊÞÓíã Èíä ÇáÔßá æÇáãÍÊæì
rejected the traditional dichotomy of form vs. content
ÌÇ Ýí ÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ

æÈÇáäÓÈÉ áåã Çä ÇÔÚÑ áíÓ ãÌÑÏ ÞÇÝíÉ æÌäÇÓ æÇäãÇ åæ äæÚ ãä ÇáÎØÇÈ ÇáãÊßÇãá ÇáãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáäËÑ æÇáãÊÓáÓá åÑãíÇ
is an integrated type of discourse, qualitatively different from prose, with a hierarchy of elements and internal laws of its own

-------------------------------------
ÇáÞÕÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÍÈßÉ
Plot vs. Story
ÇáÇÍÏÇË ÊÚÈÑ Úä ÇáÞÕÉ
æÇáÊÓáÓá íÚÈÑ Úä ÇáÍÈßÉ
The events the work relates (the story) from
the sequence in which those events are presented in the work (the plot).
------------------------------------
Literariness ÇáÞØÚå ÇáÇÏÈíÉ
((Çááí åæÇ ãËá ãÇÐßÑäÇ ØáÚåÇ ....ã åÞæá ÚÏÊåÇ ãÑÊíä áæ ãÑßÒíä ÈÊÚÑÝæä áÇäå ãåã

Çáãåã ÐÇ ÇáÔÎÕ ÌÇ Jan Mukarovsky æÞÇá Çäå ÇáÞØÚÉ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ åí ßÍÏ ÇÞÕì ãä ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇÈÑÇÒ ÇáäÕ æÇáßáÇã
Jan Mukarovsky, consists in “the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance,
---ãåã æÌÇ ÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ---

________________________________
ÑßÒæÇ ÇßËÑ áÇäå åäÊßáã Úä ÔÎÕíÇÊ ãåãå.. ÕÍÕÍæÇ
----------------------------------------------

1- Shklovsky's ÕÇÍÈDefamiliarization æÇáÊí ÊÚäí Making Strange
----------------------------------------------
2-Vladimir Propp's ÕÇÍÈ Morphology of the Folktale
Folktale ÊÚäí ÇáÞÕÕ ÇáÎÑÇÝíÉ fairytale
ÊÊßæä ãä
*31.Functions
*broad character types,7
ãåã æÇÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ-
---------------------------------------------
ßá ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ãåãå Ýí åÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ æÌÊ Úáíåã ÇÓÆáÉ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 17   #20
%ÍææÑ%
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ %ÍææÑ%
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 222714
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Feb 2015
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 683
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 101112
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 147
%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute%ÍææÑ% has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇáÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
%ÍææÑ% ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇãäÉ

Structuralism
ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ

ÙåÑÊ ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ Ýí ÇááÇÏÈ Ýí ÝÑäÓÇ 1960
Structuralism in literature appeared in France in the 1960s

æÞÏ ßÇäÊ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ åí ÓÈÈ Ýí æÌæÏåÇ ...Ý ÇÊÈÚÊåÇ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ æáßä ÇåÊã ÈÇáÔÚÑ ãä äÇÍíÊ ÊÑÇßíÈå æÈäíÊå
It continues the work of Russian Formalism in the sense that it does not seek to interpret literature; it seeks rather to investigate its structures.
-

ãä åÐæáÇ ÇáÇÔÎÇÕ Çáãåãíä
Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Gerard Gennete, and A.j. Greimas.

((åÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ äÊßÈã ÈÇáÊÎÕíÕ Úä Gerard Gennete,..íÚäí ßá Ôí åäÇ ÊÞÑíÈÇ íÎÕå..æÇáÈÇÞí Ýí ÇáãÇÍÖÑÇÊ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ))

--------------------------------------------------------
Narrative Discourse "ÇáÓÑÏ ÇáÑæÇÆð "
ÞÓãå ÌíäíÊ Gennete Çáì ËáÇËÉ ÇÞÓÇã:
1-time
2-Mood
3-Voice
-----------------
äÈÏà äÝÕáåã::::
1-time
æÇæá äæÚ Ýíå åæ Narrative Order ÇáÓÑÏ ÇáÑæÇÆí

áå äæÚíä
1-ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÎÇÕ ÈÇáÞÕÉ---ãÊì ÍÕáÊ
2-ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÎÇÕ ÈÇáÑÇæí-----ãÊì Íßì æÇÎÈÑ åÇáÞÕÉ

The time of the story: The time in which the story happens

The time of the narrative: The time in which the story is told/narrated


ÇÐÇ ÇáÜNarrative Order åí ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÊÓáÓá ÇÍÏÇË ÇáÞÕÉ æÈíä ÊÑÊíÈåÇ ÚäÏ ÇáÑÇæíÉ
is the relation between the sequencing of events in the story and their arrangement in the narrative

--------------------------------------------
áÓå ÇÍäÇ ÈÇáæÞÊ...time
Time Zero "æÞÊ ÇáÕÝÑ "
åæ ÇáæÞÊ Çááí íÑæí ÇáÑÇæí ÞÕÊå ...
Time Zeros: is the point in time in which the narrator is telling his/her story.

Anachronies
åæ ÇáÍÏË Çááí íÕíÑ áãÇ ÇáÑÇæí íÊæÞÝ ÈÇáÞÕÉ áÐßÑ ÍÏË ãä ÇáãÇÖí(Analepsis:) Çæ ÍÏË ááãÓÊÞÈá (Prolepsis:)
Anachronies happen whenever a narrative stops the chronological order in order to bring events or information from the past (of the time zero) or from the future (of the time zero).

äÝÕá åÇáÍÏËíä
1-Analepsis:(Çááí åæÇ íÎÕ ÇáãÇÖí-ÑÈØÊåÇ ÈÑÇÓí ãä Çæá ßã ÍÑÝ ÈÇáßÈãå(ÇäÇ) __ÇäÇ ßäÊ ÒãÇä)
>>> ÈÍßí ÚäåÇ ÈÚÏ æÞæÚåÇ ---past ---recounts after the fact
that took place earlier than the moment íÇÎÐäÇ Ýí áÍÙÇÊ ÍÏËÊ ÓÇÈÞÇ

2-Prolepsis:(Çááí åæÇ íÎÕ ÇáãÓÊÞÈá-ÑÈØÊåÇ ÈÑÇÓí ãä Çæá ßã ÍÑÝ ÈÇáßÈãå(ÈÑæ) __ÈÑæÍ ÈßÑÇ ÇÎÊÈÑ)
anticipates events that will occur after the point in time>>>future
ÈíÍßí ÚäåÇ ÈÚÏ ÍÏË ãÚíä ÓíÕá áåÇ
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- Narrative Mood:
Mimesis vs. Diegesis
ÇáÊÞáíÏ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ(((ÝÕáäÇ åÇáäæÚíä Ýí ãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ)

Genette says, all narrative is necessarily diegesis
ÞÇá Çä ßá ÇáÑæÇíÇÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÇÎÈÇÑ

ããßä Êßæä ÊÞáíÏ ÇÐÇ Êã ÊãËá ÇáÍßÇíÉ æÌÚáåÇ ÍíÉ æÍíæíÉ
It can only achieve an illusion of mimesis (showing) by making the story real, alive and vivid.

--------------------------------------
æÇäå ÇáÊÞáíÏ Çááí ããßä íÕíÑ åæ ÊÞáíÏ ÇáßáãÇÊ
The only imitation (mimesis) possible in literature is the imitation of words

__ãåãíä__
Mimesis: maximum of information and a minimum of the informer.
ÇáÊÞáíÏ:íßæä ÇßËÑ ãÚáæãÇÊ Úä ÇáÞÕÉ..æÇÞá Úä ÇáÑÇæí (áÇäå åíãËá ÇáÍßÇíÉ

Diegesis: a minimum of information and a maximum presence of the informer.
ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ:ÇáÞáíá ãä ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ æÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáÑÇæí((áÇä ÈÈÏà íÎÈÑ Úä ÇáÑÇæí æÍßÇíÊå íÚäí ÇÎÈÇÑå Èíßæä ßËíÑ)

---------------------------------------
3-voice
“Who speaks?”)
Who see??
>>>>>>>>
äÈÏÇ äÝÕáåã
Who see??Focalization:
æÌåå ÇáäÙÑ ..ãÇáÐí íÑì
1. Zero focalization: The narrator knows more than the charactersÑÈØÊåÇ Çäå ÒíÑæ ãä ÇáÌåáÇáÑÇæí íÚÑÝ ÇáßËíÑ Úä ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ

2. Internal focalization: The narrator knows as much as the focal character ÑÈØÊåÇ Çäå íÚíÔ ÏÇÎá ÔÎÕíå æÍÏÉ
ÏÇÎáí:íÚÑÝ Úä ÔÎÕíÉ æÇÍÏÉ æáÇ íÚáã Úä ÈÇÞí ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ

3. External focalization: The narrator knows less than the characters.
ÎÇÑÌí
áÇíÚÑÝ Çí ÔíÆ Úä ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ÇáäæÚ ÇáÊÇäí
Who Speaks? "
ãä ÇáãÊÍÏË¿¿
ÈãÚäì Çááí íÓÑÏ :
4 ÇäæÇÚ---ÇáÍÑæÝ Çááí äÝÓ Çááæä áÇÇÚÑÝ ÇÞÑÈ ÇáÌãá ÈÇáÊÚÑíÝ

1-SUBSEQUENT: The classical (most frequent) position of the past
ÇáÊÓáÓá:ÇáÇßËÑ ÊÏÇæáÇ íÊÍÏË Úä ÇáãÇÖí

2- PRIOR: Predictive narrative, generally in the future tense (dreams,
ÇáÇÓÈÞíÉ:Úä ÇáãÓÊÞÈá

3- SIMULTANEOUS: Narrative in the present contemporaneous
Ýí ÇáæÞÊ äÝÓå:Ýí ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÍÇÖÑ...Óåáå ãÇíÈíáåÇ ÑÈØ

4-INTERPOLATED: Between the moments of the action (this is the most complex)
ÇáÊÔÇÈß:ãÇÈíä áÍÙÇÊ ÇáÍÏË æåæ ÇáÇßËÑ ÊÚÞíÏÇ...

----------------------------------------
Homodiegetic Narrator:present

Heterodiegetic Narrator:absent

Extradiegetic Narrative:superior,

Intradiegetic Narrative
----------------------
 
ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ

ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ)

« ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÓÇÈÞ | ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÊÇáí »

ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1)
 

ÊÚáíãÇÊ ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÅÖÇÝÉ ãæÇÖíÚ ÌÏíÏÉ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÇáÑÏ Úáì ÇáãæÇÖíÚ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÅÑÝÇÞ ãáÝÇÊ
áÇ ÊÓÊØíÚ ÊÚÏíá ãÔÇÑßÇÊß

BB code is ãÊÇÍÉ
ßæÏ [IMG] ãÊÇÍÉ
ßæÏ HTML ãÚØáÉ

ÇáÇäÊÞÇá ÇáÓÑíÚ

ÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÇáãÊÔÇÈåå
ÇáãæÖæÚ ßÇÊÈ ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáãäÊÏì ãÔÇÑßÇÊ ÂÎÑ ãÔÇÑßÉ
[ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ ] : ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí æáíÇã íÇã E7 2 2017- 8- 16 10:35 AM
[ ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ ] : ÇáãåÇã ÇáÝÕáíå áãÞÑÑ ÇáÅÚÌÇÒ Ýí ÇáÞÑÂä æ ÇáÓõäøÉ ÞãÑ ÇáåíáÇ ÇáÏÑÇÓÇÊ ÇáÅÓáÇãíÉ 20 2016- 10- 31 12:12 AM
[ ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÏÓ ] : ãáÎÕ äÙÑíÉ ÇáãÚÑÝÉ ãÎÊÕÑ+ÌÏæá ...ÇÚÏÇÏ ÌÇÈÑ ÇáãÑí gaadi ÇáãÓÊæíÇÊ 6+7+8 18 2016- 5- 10 08:27 AM
[ ÇÓÆáÉ ãÑÇÌÚÉ ] : ãÑÇÌÚå ÔÇãáå áãÓÊæì ÓÇÏÓ (ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÝÕáí+ æÇÌÈÇÊ+ãÈÇÔÑ+ãÑÇÌÚÇÊ) ÇáÊÝÇÕíá ÈÇáÏÇÎá ÍäÇä Âá ÍíÇä ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÏÓ - ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇÚãÇá 45 2014- 12- 6 08:46 PM


All times are GMT +3. ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÂä ÍÓÈ ÊæÞíÊ ÇáÓÚæÏíÉ: 12:19 AM.


Powered by vBulletin® Version 3.8.7, Copyright ©2000 - 2024, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd. ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÇáÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã
ÇáãæÇÖíÚ æÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ Ýí ÇáãáÊÞì ÊãËá ÇÕÍÇÈåÇ.
íæÌÏ Ýí ÇáãáÊÞì ÊØæíÑ æÈÑãÌíÇÊ ÎÇÕÉ ÍÞæÞåÇ ÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáãáÊÞì
ãáÊÒãæä ÈÍÐÝ Çí ãÇÏÉ ÝíåÇ ÇäÊåÇß ááÍÞæÞ ÇáÝßÑíÉ ÈÔÑØ ãÑÇÓáÊäÇ ãä ãÇáß ÇáãÇÏÉ Çæ æßíá Úäå