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E7 English Literature Students level seven Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
2017- 10- 31 | #11 | |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
áæ ÓãÍÊ ÇÈí ÇáãáÎÕÇÊ Çááå íÌÒÇß ÎíÑ |
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ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ãäÕæÑ ÇáÚÈÏÇááå ; 2017- 11- 1 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 05:51 PM |
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2017- 11- 16 | #12 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ãÇÏÉ ãÚáæãÇÊåÇ ßËííííÑÉ æÕáÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ æÞÝáÊ ãÇÚÇÏ ÇÓÊæÚÈ
Çáãåã æÇäÇ ÇÍæÓ æÇÏæÑ Ýí ÇáãäÊÏì Ôí íÓÇÚÏ Ýí ÇÓÊíÚÇÈ ÇáãÇÏÉ áíÞíÊ ÔÑÍ ááÇÎÊ Dody cool ÑÇÍ ÇÍØÉ ÚÔÇä äÓÊÝíÏ ßáäÇ æãä äÕÇÆÍ ÇáÓÇÈÞíä ÇÍÝÙææææÇ æÑßÒæææÇ æÇÝåãææææÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÚæÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ |
2017- 11- 16 | #13 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÔÑÍ ááÇÎÊ Dody cool Çááå íÌÒÇåÇ ÎíÑ
ÈÓã Çááå æäÈÏà ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì European and Western literature and cultures were produced as a recreation, a revival of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome. ÇáÃÏÈ ÇáÃæÑæÈí æ ÇáÛÑÈí æËÞÇÝÊåãÇ áã Êßä Óæì ÅÚÇÏÉ ÈäÇÁ æ ÅÍíÇÁ ááËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÞÏíãñÉ ááÑæã æ ÇáíæñäÇä were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome). ÌãíÚ ÇáÇÚãÇá ßÇäÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÞáíÏ ááÑæã æÇáÇÛÑíÞ(ÇáíæäÇäíä) West’s relationship with antiquity is not simple. It is full of contradictions and ambivalence. ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÛÑÈ ãÚ ÇáÑæã æÇáÇÛÑíÞ (ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏíãÉ) ßÇäÊ ãáíÆÉ ÈÇáÊäÇÞÖ æÇáÇÒÏæÇÌíÉ ÇáÑæã íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÊÑÇËíÉ(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE) ÇáíæäÇä íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE) äÊßáã ÇáÍíä Úä Rome ÇáÑæã 1-ßÇä ÏÇÆãÇ ÊÞáÏ ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáíæäÇäí 2-æÑÛã ãä ßËÑ ãÍÇæáÇÊåã ÝÝÔáæÇ Ýí ÇáæÕæá Çáì ãÇ æÕá áå ÇáíæäÇäíæä æÐáß áÃä(ÇáÊÞáíÏ áÇ íÔÈå ÇáÇÕá) The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them. The reason is simple. Imitation cannot produce originality 3-ßÇä ÇáÑæã ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÑíÝíä ÈÓØÇÁ...æÈáÏ Þæí..æáßäåã ßÇäæÇ ÏÇÆãÇ íÔÚÑæä ÈÃäåã ÃÞá ÔÃäÇ ãä ÇáíæäÇäííä ÈÇáÑÛã ãä Çäåã ÞÑì ÕÛíÑÉ The Romans were a simple rural-successful warriors,- still felt that they were inferior culturally to their small province Greece. --------------------------------------------------- ãä ÇÈÒ ÇáÔÇÚÑííä Çááí ÙåÑ Ýí ÇáÑæã Roman poet writes Horace-1- ÞÏ äÕÍ ÞÑÇÁå ÈÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇä áÇäå ãÇÑÍ íßæä Ýí ÇÈÏÇÚ ÇáíæäÇäíä advised his readers to simply imitate the Greeks and never try to invent anything themselves because their inventions will be weak and unattractive æßÊÈ “Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive” 2- Seneca, æßÊÈ #“No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.” #“[A] man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.” ---ãåãíä ÌÏÇ--- |
2017- 11- 16 | #14 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ
, ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ Renaissance Çááí ÓæÇåÇ ÇáÇæÑæÈíä..Europeans áÇäåã ÇÚÇÏæ ÇßÊÔÇÝ ÇáßÊÈ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ æÇáÑæãÇäíÉ rediscovered the books of the Greeks and Romans æáíÔ Óãí ÈÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ¿¿ áÇäåÇ ßÇäÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ((Úãáíå ÇÍíÇÁ-ÇÓÊäåÇÖ)) The period is called the Renaissance¿¿ because across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient learning of Rome and Greece æÇáÓÈÈ áÙåæÑåÇ¿¿ÏæÇÝÚ æÇåÏÇÝ ÓíÇÓíÉ ÞæíÉ So the emergence of what we call today “literature” in Renaissance Europe had a strong political motivation and purpose. -------------------------------------------------------- Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ áÇÊæÌÏ áÛÉ áááßÊÇÈÉ There were no written languages in Europe ÇááÛÉ ÇáæÍíÏÉ Çááí ßÇäÊ ãÊæÇÌÏÉ åí ÇááÇÊíäíÉ..æßÇä ÞÑÇÆåÇ Þáíáæä ÌÏÇ The only written language was Latin and people who could read Greek, were very rare ÇáÞÕÇÆÏ æÇáãÓÑÍíÇÊ æÇáÞÕÕ ßÇäÊ Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ ÊÚÊÈÑ ÈÃäåÇ ãÚÇáã æØäíÉ Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments. æßÇä ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÏÈ æÌæÏåã ÖÑæÑí ááÞæÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power ÇáÚÕÑ 20th ßÇä íÓãì _____“imitation of the classics. ÊÞáíÏ ÇáßáÇÓíßíÇÊ áßä ÇáÑæã ßÇä ÊÞáíÏåã ááíæäÇäíä ßÇä ÏÇÆãÇ íÍÈØåã¿¿¿áÇä ÇáÊÞáíÏ áÇíÔÈå ÇáÇÕÇáå æáÇäåÇ ßÇä ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ËÞÇÝÉ ãÓÑæÞÉ In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture ÇáÇÚãÇá ÇáÇæÑÈíÉ ßÇäÊ ÊÞæá ÈÇäåÇ ÇÝßÇÑ ÇÑÓØæ...æáßäåÇ ÈÇáÍÞíÞÉ ßÇäæ íÚÑÝæä Úä ÇÑÓØæÇ ÇáÞáíá ÌÏÇ always claimed to be based on the ideas of Aristotle, but research shows that they knew very little of Aristotle’s work ÇáÇæÑæÈíæä ÚÑÝæ (Greece) Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáÜÜrome---Latin authors. (ÇáÑæã-ÇáãÄáÝííä ÇááÇÊíäíä) |
2017- 11- 16 | #15 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ...
ÊÊßáã ÇßËÑåÇ Úä ÇÝáÇØæä..plato >>> ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏà *ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí ãÈäí Úáì ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáíæäÇäí *ÇáÇÝßÇÑ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇËÑÊ Úáì ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí æÇáÇæÑæÈí * Çåã ãÝßÑÇä íæäÇäíÇä åãÇ :Ç ÇÝáÇØæä æÇÑÓØæ ............................ Plato ãä Çåã ÇÚãÇáÉ..ÇáÌãåæÑíå (the Republic) æÑÍ äÊßáã Úä ßÊÇÈíä...Book X -10 æßÊÇÈ Book III -3 .................... ÓÄÇá ÞÏ ÌÇ ÈÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÞÈá... ãä Çááí ÇæÌÏ ÇáÝÑæÞ Èíä ÇáÊÞáíÏ æÇáÓÑÏ¿¿¿ åæÇ ÇÝáÇØæä Plato makes the very important distinction between Mimesis and Diagesis (Mimesis) Çááí åæÇ ÇáÊÞáíÏ æíÓãì (imitation æ showing ) (Diagesis) Çááí åæÇ ÇáÓÑÏ æíÓãì (narration ætelling:) ((ÈÕÑÇÍå áÊáÒÞ ÈÑÇÓí ÞÑÈÊåÇ ááßáãÉ Çááí ÊÚäí ÇáÍæÇÑ((Dialogue )) ------------------ ÇáÏÑÇãÇ åí ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÞáíÏ æÚÑÖ ((ÝßÑæÇ ÝíåÇ Çäå ÊÞãÕ ÔÎÕíÇÊ æÚÑÖ))((drama-mimesis)) ÇáãÊÍÏË ÈÕÝ 1st Çááí åæÇ ÇäÇ æÇäÇ æÝÚáÊ..ÇáÎ ÇáÞÕÕ åí ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÓÑÏ æÊÍÇæÑ((ÚÔÇä ßÐÇ ÞáÊ ÚäåÇ ÝíåÇ ÍæÇÑ))((stories-diagesis)) ÇáãÊÍÏË ÈÇáÕíÛÉ ÇáËÇáËå 3rd åæ æåí æÐáß..ÇáÎ -------------------- ãåãããã(narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two) ÊÚæÏ åÇáÌãáÉ áÇÝáÇØæä..ÌÇÊ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇíÞÉ Çäå ÇáÓÑÏ ããßä íßæä ÓÑÏ ÈÓíØ Çæ ÊÞáíÏ Çæ ßáíåãÇ...æåÇáÝßÑå ÇäÊÌåÇ ÇÝáÇØæä ------------------- Plato’s n Book X of the Republic to ban poets and poetry from the city ÞÇã ÇÝáÇØæä ÈÍÙÑ ÇáÔÚÑ ãä ÇáÈáÇÏ áíÔ poetry cripple the mind.. ÈÍÌÉ Çä ÇáÔÚÑ íÔá ÇáÚÞá(((ááãÚáæãíÉ ÇÝáÇØæä ßÇä ÞÕÏå ÚÇáÔÚÑ ÇáÔÝæí )oral socity Òí ÇæÑæÈÇ )) ______________________ ÇáíæäÇäíä(Greece)) ÚäÏåã ÔíÆíä íãíÒåã æåæÇ 1- (ars) -Çááí åæÇ ãÚÑæÝ È (art) áÇíÚäí ÝÞØ “Fine Arts ãËá ãÇåæ ÈÇáÛÑÈ ÇáÝä ÚäÏåã íÔãá ÌãíÚ ÇáäÔÇØÇÊ ãä ÈíäåÇ ÇáÍÑÝ æÇáÚáæã includes nhuman activities [painting, architecture, sculpture, music and poetry] and separates them from the crafts and the science 2- In the ancient world, they had poetry, tragedy and comedy, but they were all known as “poetry.” Çäå ßá ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ æÇáÔÚÑ æÇáßæíÏíÇ ÚäÏå ÊäÏÑÌ ÊÍÊ åÐÇ ÇáãÕØáÍpoetry ((áÐáß ßÇä ÇÝáÇØæä áÇ íÞæá (ÇáÇÏÈ-Çæ -ÇáÔÚÑ) Èá ßÇä íÓÊÎÏ åÐå ÇáßáãÉ poetry -------------------------- The poet that Plato describes in the Republic, , is a poet, a performer and an educator. æÕÝ ÇÝáÇØæ ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÈÇäå ãËÞÝ æããËá ----------------------- Plato analyses two aspects of poetry to prove his point: style and content æÌÏ Çä ááÔÚÑ ÌÇäÈíä æåãÇ...ÇáÇÓáæÈ æÇáãÍÊæì.. æÐßÑ ÞÈá Çä ÇáÔÚÑ íäÝÚ Ýí ÕäÇÚå ÇáÇÛÇäí (song-making) ------------------------------- |
2017- 11- 16 | #16 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÑÇÈÚÉ
.......... ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÊÊßáã Úä ÇÑÓØææ...Aristotle ÑßÒæææÇÇ Ú åÐå ãÝÊÇÍ áÇßËÑ ÇáÍáæá ÇÑÓØæÇ ÑßÒÒÒÒ Úáì ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ Aristotle on Tragedy .......íÚäí ßá Ôí åäÊßáã Úäå íÎÕ ÇÑÓØæ æÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ............ ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÇ áãÇÐÇ ÈÏà ÇÑÓØæ Ýí ÇáßÊÇÈå¿¿¿ áÇäå ÇÍÈ ÇáÇÚãÇá ÇáÝáÓÝíÉ philosophical systems --------------------------- Óãí Ýí ÇáÇÏÈ ÇáÛÑÈí ÈÜÜÜÞíÕÑ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÇÏÈí Western cultures as ‘czar of literary criticism,’ --------------------------- Aristotle, ---ßÊÈ----Poetics,--- æÔÑÍ Ýíå---Tragedy,(ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ) ---æÚÑÝåÇ--an imitation of an action that is serious-ÇäåÇ ÚÈÇÑå Úä ÊÞáíÏ ÌÇÏ--- æÇä åÐå ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ ÊÏÈ ÇáÑÚÈ æÇáÎæÝ æÇáÔÝÞå ááãÔÇåÏíä arousing pity and fear, ÇáÔßá ÊíÚåÇ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÇÝÚÇá æÍÑßÇÊ æáíÓ ÈÓÑÏthat tragedy is an imitation of action, not a narration æíÌÈ Úáì Çí ÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ Çä ÊÊßæä ãä 6 ÇÌÒÇÁ áÌæÏÊåÇ--must have six parts, which parts determine its quality -------------------------------------- ÎÕÇÆÕ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏÇ ÚäÏ ÇÑÓØæ 1- Plot:ÇáÍÈßÉ plot as “the arrangement of the incidents åí ÊÑÊíÈ ááÇÍÏÇË ãåã(Plot-incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.) -------------------- ÊäÞÓã ÇáÜPlot ÇáÌíÏÉ Çáì The plot must be “a whole,” with a beginning, middle, and end. ÇäåÇ Êßæ ÔÇãáÉ-ÈÏÇíÉ-æÓØ-äåÇíÉ 1-beginning,incentive moment, ÇáÈÏÇíÉ(ÇááÍÙÉ ÇáãÄËÑÉ) 2-middle, or climax:earlier incidents ÇáæÓØ:ÍÏËÊ ÈÓÈÈ ÇáÇÍÏÇË ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ 3- end, or resolution:solve or resolve the problem created during the incentive moment. ÇáäåÇíÉ: åæ ÇíÌÇÏ ÇáÍá ááãÔßáÉ Çááí ÍÕá ãä Çæá áÍÙÉ ãÄËÑÉ(ÇáÈÏÇíÉ) ãåã(ÇáÎØæÉ ãäbeginning Çáì climax ÊÓãì ÈÜÜtying u) ãåã(ÇáÎØæÉ ãäclimax Çáì end ÊÓãì unraveling) _______________ Ýí äÙÑ ÇÑÓØæ Çä ÇÓæà ÍÈßÉ åí Çááí ÊÃÊí Úáì Ôßá ÍáÞÇÊ According to Aristotle, the worst kinds of plots are “‘episodic,’ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáËÇäí ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ 2-. Character: " ÇáÔÎÕíåñ " *ÊÏÚã ÇáÍÈßÉ Character should support the plot *ÇÑÓÊÞÑÇØí the hero should be an aristocrat *æÇÞÚí ÞÇÈá ááÊÕÏíÞ “true to life” - he/she should be realistic and believable. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáËÇáË ãä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ 3-Thought: ÇáÝößÑ themes of a play ãæÖæÚÇÊ ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ ------------------------------------------------------- 4-Diction " ÇáÃÓáæÈ Ýí ÇáÇáÞÇÁ “the expression of the meaning in words” ----------------------------------------------------- 5-Song, or melody ÇáÇÛäíÉ æÇááÍä the musical element ÇáÚäÕÑ ÇáãæÓíÞí ------------------------------------------------- The end of the tragedy is a katharsis-purgation Ýí äåÇíÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ,katharsis ÈãÚäì purgation æåí ÇáÊØåíÑ |
2017- 11- 16 | #17 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
áãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÎÇãÓÉ...
ãËá ãÇÐßÑäÇ ÞÈá.... ÇáÑæã íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÊÑÇËíÉ(ROME ----A MUSEUM CULTURE) ÇáíæäÇä íÓãì ÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ(GREECE ----A LIVING CULTURE) .................... æÑÍ äÊæÓÚ Ýí ÇáÑæãÇä æÇáÇÔÎÇÕ Çááí ÇÊÈÚæÇ ÇÑÓØæ æÇÝáÇØæä -------------------------------- 1-Horace:åæÑÇÓ(((((áå ÌãáÉ ãä ÞÈá ÇÊãäì ãÇÊßæäæÇ äÓíÊæåÇ))) ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 1 *ÔÇÚÑ ÑæãÇäí He was a poet *was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle áã íßä äÇÞÏ ÝíáÓæÝí ãËá ÇÑÓØæ æÇÝáÇØæä *In Ars Poetica:"ÅÓã ÞÕíÏñÊå " *ßÇä íÎÈÑ Çä ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ íÌÈ Çä ÊÊßæä ãä 5 ãÞÇØÚ áÇ ÇßËÑ æáÇ ÇÞá that a play should not be shorter or longer than five acts *ßÇä íÊãÊÚ ÈÇáÇÏÑÇß.sensibility”..áßí íÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÐæÞ ÇáÑÇÞí æÇáÐæÞ ÇáãÈÊÐá allows him to separate what he calls “sophisticated” tastes from the “vulgar *ßÇä íÑíÏ ãä ÇáÑæãÇä æäÕÍåã ÈÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇäíä wants Roman poets to imitate are the Greeks. *æäÕÍ ÈÇä Êßæä ÞÕÕåã ÞÇÈáÉ ááÊÕÏíÞ tales believable * ßÊÈ “Letter to Augustus æÇáÐí íÙåÑ ÝíåÇ ßÑÇåíÊå ááËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíå hatred of the popular culture *æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÇÛÑíÞíÉ ÈÇáÇäíÞÉ Greek culture (books) with “elegance” ææÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíÉ íÇáÓã popular culture of his own time with “venom.” -------------------------------------- 2-ßæíäÊíáäÊÇäQuintilian *íÚÊÈÑ ÇáãÚáã ÇáÑÇÆÏ Ýí ÇáÎØÇÈÉ ÚäÏ ÇáÑæã the leading teacher of rhetoric in Rome *ÍÐÑ ãä ÇáÊÞáíÏ ææÕÝåÇ ÈÇáÎØíÑÉ But imitation is also dangerous: *Çä åÐÇ ÇáÊÞáíÏ ÚáÇãÉ ááßÓá ÇáÚÞáí “It is the sign of a lazy mentality ------------------------------------------------------- 3-Seneca ÓíäíßÇ ((((áå ÌãáÊíä ãä ÞÈá ÇÊãäì ãÇÊßæäæÇ äÓíÊæåÇ))) ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 1 bees produce honey ------------------------------------------------------ Latin authors ((ÞÈá ãÇäÏÎá Ýí ÔÑÍåã!!!ÊÊÐßÑæåã Çä ÊßáãäÇ Úäåã ÞÈá.¿¿ ÇáãÄáÝíä ÇááÇÊäíä ÇáÑæã ÇááÐíä Úä ØÑíÞåã ÚÑÝÊ ÇæÑæÈÇ ÈÇáÇÛÑíÞ .................. äÑÌÚ Latin authors ÇáãÄáÝíä ÇááÇÊäíä ÇÓÊÎÏãæÇ ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÏÈ ÚÔÇä ÔíÆíä: used poetry and literature for two things only 1- áÊÍÓíä ÇáÈáÇÛÉ----To improve eloquence 2-áÛäÇÁ ÇáÇãÌÇÏ ÇáæØäíÉ áÑæãÇ -------To sing the national glories of Rome |
2017- 11- 16 | #18 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÏÓÉ
ãáíÇÇÇÇäå ÏÔ ßáÇã æãÏÑí ÇÍÓå ãÎÑÈØ...ÝÇáÇÝÖá äÐÇßÑå ãä ÇáÇãÊÍÇäÇÊ ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ vtuj ÑÝÚÊ ÇáÑÇíÉ ÇáÈíÖÇ åäÇ Çáãåã åÐßÑ Çááí áÞØå æÇÚÊÈÑå ãåã...ÈÓ ÇáÓãæÍå ÈßÊÈåã ÈÇáÚÑÈí åí ÚãæãÇ ÈÊÊßáã Úä ÇááÛÉ æÙåæÑåÇ *dante ÏÇäÊí ÞÇá ÈÇä ÇááÛÉ æÖÚÊ ÈÔßá ÇáÇåí *1440 Ýí ÇíØÇáíÇ ÞÇã Lorenzo valla ÈÇä ÇááÛÉ ÇäÔÃÊ ãä ÞÈá ÇáÈÔÑíÉ æÊÍÏíÏÇ ÇáÑÌÇá *ÞÇãÊ ÇáÇäÓÇäíÉ ÇáäÞÏíÉ ÈÍãÇíÉ ÇááÛÉ ÇááÇÊäíÉ ãä ÇáÇÍÊßÇÑ ÈæÖÚ ßÊÈ ÞæÇÚÏ grammar book *Petrah ÈÊÑÇå ßÇä ÈØá ÇáÊÞáíÏ ÇááÇÊíäí champion of Latin imitation |
2017- 11- 17 | #19 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ
ÑßÒææææÇ ÌÏÇ ÝíåÇ áÇäåÇ ãåãå æÌÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ßËíÑÉ ãäåÇ ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏà ÇáÊÔßíá ÇáÑæÓíRussian Formalism ÊÚÑíÝå ÇäåÇ ãäÍ ÏÑÇÓíÉ ÇÏÈíÉ æÌÏÊ Ýí ÑæÓíÇ Ýí ÇáÞÑä 20th A school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in Russia in the second decade of the 20th ÇÎÊÕæÇ ÝÞØ Ýí ÇáÔÚÑ Formalist located literary meaning in the pome (poetry) the Russian formalist want to-->develop the literary ãåããã Modern Russian Poetry áÜÜRoman Jakobson ----------------------------------------------------- äÊÇÆÌ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ A Product of the Russian Revolution *ßÇäæ íäÙÑæÇ ááÇÏÈ ÇáÑæãÇäÓí ãä ãäÙæÑ Ïíäí Russia romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective. *ÔÌÚæÇ ÏÑÇÓÉ ÇáÇÏÈ ãä äÇÍíÉ ÇáÚáã æÇáãæÖæÚíÉ---(ãåã ÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ) The formalist perspective encouraged the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens ---------------------------------------------------- Ãåã äÞÇÏ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ: (ÐßÑ ÇÓÇãí ÈÓ Ú ÇÚÊÞÇÏí ãæ ááÍÝÙ æäßÊÝí ÈÇááí åÐßÑåã ÈÚÏ Ôæí)) åÇáäÞÇÏ ÌÚáæ ÎÕæÕíÉ æÇÓÊÞáÇáíÉ ááÛÉ ÇáÔÚÑíÉ æÇáÃÏÈ These names revolutionized literary criticism between 1914 and the 1930s by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature. ------------------------------------------------- áã ÊåÊã ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÈÜÜ: Formalists are not interested in: -äÝÓíÉæÓíÑÉ ÍíÇÉ ÇáßÇÊÈ The psychology and biography of the author. -ÇáßÇÊÈ æÇáÞÇÑÆ áíÓæã ãåãíä people (i.e., author, reader) are not important -ÑÝÖæ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ÇáÊÞáíÏíÉ ááÇÏÈ the Formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature. ------------------------------------------------- äÑÌÚ æäÊßáã Úä Roman Jakobson Çááí ÞáäÇ Úäå Çäå ÕÇÍÈ Modern Russian Poetry ...ÇÕÍæÇÇÇ åÇáÔÎÕ ÌÇ æÞÇá: Çäå ÇáãäÍ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ áÇ ÊÞÊÕÑ ÝÞØ ÚÇáÇÏÈ...æÇäãÇ åí ÞØÚå ÇÏÈíÉ æãä åäÇ ÌÇ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÞØÚå ÇáÇÏÈíÉ(literariness'), The subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but= literariness'), æÞÇá Çäå æÙÇÆÝ ÇáÊæÇÕá áÇÒã Çä ÊÞáá Çáì ÇáÇÏäì ---ãåããããããããã-----communicative function should e reduce to minimum ____________________________________________ ÇááÛÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÔÚÑ....ãåã æÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ) Poetic vs. Ordinary Language ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ ÝÑÞÊ Èíä ÇááÛÉ æÇáÔÚÑ æÞÇáæÇ Çä ÇáÇÏÈ äãæÐÌ ÎÇÕ ãä ÇááÛÉ Russian Formalists argued that Literature was a specialized mode of language ------------------------------------------------------- ÇááÛÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáãÍÊæì.ãåã æÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ) Form vs. Content ÇíÖÇ ÑÝÖæÇ ÇáÊÞÇáíÏ Ýí ÇáÊÞÓíã Èíä ÇáÔßá æÇáãÍÊæì rejected the traditional dichotomy of form vs. content ÌÇ Ýí ÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ æÈÇáäÓÈÉ áåã Çä ÇÔÚÑ áíÓ ãÌÑÏ ÞÇÝíÉ æÌäÇÓ æÇäãÇ åæ äæÚ ãä ÇáÎØÇÈ ÇáãÊßÇãá ÇáãÎÊáÝ Úä ÇáäËÑ æÇáãÊÓáÓá åÑãíÇ is an integrated type of discourse, qualitatively different from prose, with a hierarchy of elements and internal laws of its own ------------------------------------- ÇáÞÕÉ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÍÈßÉ Plot vs. Story ÇáÇÍÏÇË ÊÚÈÑ Úä ÇáÞÕÉ æÇáÊÓáÓá íÚÈÑ Úä ÇáÍÈßÉ The events the work relates (the story) from the sequence in which those events are presented in the work (the plot). ------------------------------------ Literariness ÇáÞØÚå ÇáÇÏÈíÉ ((Çááí åæÇ ãËá ãÇÐßÑäÇ ØáÚåÇ ....ã åÞæá ÚÏÊåÇ ãÑÊíä áæ ãÑßÒíä ÈÊÚÑÝæä áÇäå ãåã Çáãåã ÐÇ ÇáÔÎÕ ÌÇ Jan Mukarovsky æÞÇá Çäå ÇáÞØÚÉ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ åí ßÍÏ ÇÞÕì ãä ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇÈÑÇÒ ÇáäÕ æÇáßáÇã Jan Mukarovsky, consists in “the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance, ---ãåã æÌÇ ÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ--- ________________________________ ÑßÒæÇ ÇßËÑ áÇäå åäÊßáã Úä ÔÎÕíÇÊ ãåãå.. ÕÍÕÍæÇ ---------------------------------------------- 1- Shklovsky's ÕÇÍÈDefamiliarization æÇáÊí ÊÚäí Making Strange ---------------------------------------------- 2-Vladimir Propp's ÕÇÍÈ Morphology of the Folktale Folktale ÊÚäí ÇáÞÕÕ ÇáÎÑÇÝíÉ fairytale ÊÊßæä ãä *31.Functions *broad character types,7 ãåã æÇÌÇ ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ- --------------------------------------------- ßá ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ãåãå Ýí åÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ æÌÊ Úáíåã ÇÓÆáÉ |
2017- 11- 17 | #20 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇãäÉ
Structuralism ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ ÙåÑÊ ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ Ýí ÇááÇÏÈ Ýí ÝÑäÓÇ 1960 Structuralism in literature appeared in France in the 1960s æÞÏ ßÇäÊ ÇáÊÔßíáíÉ ÇáÑæÓíÉ åí ÓÈÈ Ýí æÌæÏåÇ ...Ý ÇÊÈÚÊåÇ ÇáÍÑßÉ ÇáÈäÇÆíÉ æáßä ÇåÊã ÈÇáÔÚÑ ãä äÇÍíÊ ÊÑÇßíÈå æÈäíÊå It continues the work of Russian Formalism in the sense that it does not seek to interpret literature; it seeks rather to investigate its structures. - ãä åÐæáÇ ÇáÇÔÎÇÕ Çáãåãíä Roland Barthes, Tzvetan Todorov, Gerard Gennete, and A.j. Greimas. ((åÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ äÊßÈã ÈÇáÊÎÕíÕ Úä Gerard Gennete,..íÚäí ßá Ôí åäÇ ÊÞÑíÈÇ íÎÕå..æÇáÈÇÞí Ýí ÇáãÇÍÖÑÇÊ ÇáÞÇÏãÉ)) -------------------------------------------------------- Narrative Discourse "ÇáÓÑÏ ÇáÑæÇÆð " ÞÓãå ÌíäíÊ Gennete Çáì ËáÇËÉ ÇÞÓÇã: 1-time 2-Mood 3-Voice ----------------- äÈÏà äÝÕáåã:::: 1-time æÇæá äæÚ Ýíå åæ Narrative Order ÇáÓÑÏ ÇáÑæÇÆí áå äæÚíä 1-ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÎÇÕ ÈÇáÞÕÉ---ãÊì ÍÕáÊ 2-ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÎÇÕ ÈÇáÑÇæí-----ãÊì Íßì æÇÎÈÑ åÇáÞÕÉ The time of the story: The time in which the story happens The time of the narrative: The time in which the story is told/narrated ÇÐÇ ÇáÜNarrative Order åí ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÊÓáÓá ÇÍÏÇË ÇáÞÕÉ æÈíä ÊÑÊíÈåÇ ÚäÏ ÇáÑÇæíÉ is the relation between the sequencing of events in the story and their arrangement in the narrative -------------------------------------------- áÓå ÇÍäÇ ÈÇáæÞÊ...time Time Zero "æÞÊ ÇáÕÝÑ " åæ ÇáæÞÊ Çááí íÑæí ÇáÑÇæí ÞÕÊå ... Time Zeros: is the point in time in which the narrator is telling his/her story. Anachronies åæ ÇáÍÏË Çááí íÕíÑ áãÇ ÇáÑÇæí íÊæÞÝ ÈÇáÞÕÉ áÐßÑ ÍÏË ãä ÇáãÇÖí(Analepsis:) Çæ ÍÏË ááãÓÊÞÈá (Prolepsis:) Anachronies happen whenever a narrative stops the chronological order in order to bring events or information from the past (of the time zero) or from the future (of the time zero). äÝÕá åÇáÍÏËíä 1-Analepsis:(Çááí åæÇ íÎÕ ÇáãÇÖí-ÑÈØÊåÇ ÈÑÇÓí ãä Çæá ßã ÍÑÝ ÈÇáßÈãå(ÇäÇ) __ÇäÇ ßäÊ ÒãÇä) >>> ÈÍßí ÚäåÇ ÈÚÏ æÞæÚåÇ ---past ---recounts after the fact that took place earlier than the moment íÇÎÐäÇ Ýí áÍÙÇÊ ÍÏËÊ ÓÇÈÞÇ 2-Prolepsis:(Çááí åæÇ íÎÕ ÇáãÓÊÞÈá-ÑÈØÊåÇ ÈÑÇÓí ãä Çæá ßã ÍÑÝ ÈÇáßÈãå(ÈÑæ) __ÈÑæÍ ÈßÑÇ ÇÎÊÈÑ) anticipates events that will occur after the point in time>>>future ÈíÍßí ÚäåÇ ÈÚÏ ÍÏË ãÚíä ÓíÕá áåÇ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- Narrative Mood: Mimesis vs. Diegesis ÇáÊÞáíÏ ãÞÇÈá ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ(((ÝÕáäÇ åÇáäæÚíä Ýí ãÍÇÖÑÇÊ ÓÇÈÞÉ) Genette says, all narrative is necessarily diegesis ÞÇá Çä ßá ÇáÑæÇíÇÊ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÇÎÈÇÑ ããßä Êßæä ÊÞáíÏ ÇÐÇ Êã ÊãËá ÇáÍßÇíÉ æÌÚáåÇ ÍíÉ æÍíæíÉ It can only achieve an illusion of mimesis (showing) by making the story real, alive and vivid. -------------------------------------- æÇäå ÇáÊÞáíÏ Çááí ããßä íÕíÑ åæ ÊÞáíÏ ÇáßáãÇÊ The only imitation (mimesis) possible in literature is the imitation of words __ãåãíä__ Mimesis: maximum of information and a minimum of the informer. ÇáÊÞáíÏ:íßæä ÇßËÑ ãÚáæãÇÊ Úä ÇáÞÕÉ..æÇÞá Úä ÇáÑÇæí (áÇäå åíãËá ÇáÍßÇíÉ Diegesis: a minimum of information and a maximum presence of the informer. ÇáÇÎÈÇÑ:ÇáÞáíá ãä ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ æÇáßËíÑ ãä ÇáÑÇæí((áÇä ÈÈÏà íÎÈÑ Úä ÇáÑÇæí æÍßÇíÊå íÚäí ÇÎÈÇÑå Èíßæä ßËíÑ) --------------------------------------- 3-voice “Who speaks?”) Who see?? >>>>>>>> äÈÏÇ äÝÕáåã Who see??Focalization: æÌåå ÇáäÙÑ ..ãÇáÐí íÑì 1. Zero focalization: The narrator knows more than the charactersÑÈØÊåÇ Çäå ÒíÑæ ãä ÇáÌåáÇáÑÇæí íÚÑÝ ÇáßËíÑ Úä ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ 2. Internal focalization: The narrator knows as much as the focal character ÑÈØÊåÇ Çäå íÚíÔ ÏÇÎá ÔÎÕíå æÍÏÉ ÏÇÎáí:íÚÑÝ Úä ÔÎÕíÉ æÇÍÏÉ æáÇ íÚáã Úä ÈÇÞí ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ 3. External focalization: The narrator knows less than the characters. ÎÇÑÌí áÇíÚÑÝ Çí ÔíÆ Úä ÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ÇáäæÚ ÇáÊÇäí Who Speaks? " ãä ÇáãÊÍÏË¿¿ ÈãÚäì Çááí íÓÑÏ : 4 ÇäæÇÚ---ÇáÍÑæÝ Çááí äÝÓ Çááæä áÇÇÚÑÝ ÇÞÑÈ ÇáÌãá ÈÇáÊÚÑíÝ 1-SUBSEQUENT: The classical (most frequent) position of the past ÇáÊÓáÓá:ÇáÇßËÑ ÊÏÇæáÇ íÊÍÏË Úä ÇáãÇÖí 2- PRIOR: Predictive narrative, generally in the future tense (dreams, ÇáÇÓÈÞíÉ:Úä ÇáãÓÊÞÈá 3- SIMULTANEOUS: Narrative in the present contemporaneous Ýí ÇáæÞÊ äÝÓå:Ýí ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÍÇÖÑ...Óåáå ãÇíÈíáåÇ ÑÈØ 4-INTERPOLATED: Between the moments of the action (this is the most complex) ÇáÊÔÇÈß:ãÇÈíä áÍÙÇÊ ÇáÍÏË æåæ ÇáÇßËÑ ÊÚÞíÏÇ... ---------------------------------------- Homodiegetic Narrator:present Heterodiegetic Narrator:absent Extradiegetic Narrative:superior, Intradiegetic Narrative ---------------------- |
ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
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[ ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÏÓ ] : ãáÎÕ äÙÑíÉ ÇáãÚÑÝÉ ãÎÊÕÑ+ÌÏæá ...ÇÚÏÇÏ ÌÇÈÑ ÇáãÑí | gaadi | ÇáãÓÊæíÇÊ 6+7+8 | 18 | 2016- 5- 10 08:27 AM |
[ ÇÓÆáÉ ãÑÇÌÚÉ ] : ãÑÇÌÚå ÔÇãáå áãÓÊæì ÓÇÏÓ (ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÝÕáí+ æÇÌÈÇÊ+ãÈÇÔÑ+ãÑÇÌÚÇÊ) ÇáÊÝÇÕíá ÈÇáÏÇÎá | ÍäÇä Âá ÍíÇä | ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÏÓ - ÅÏÇÑÉ ÇÚãÇá | 45 | 2014- 12- 6 08:46 PM |