[ المناقشات ] : الله يكتب لكم الاجر ابي فزعتكم

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مناقشات الفكر والثقافه الانجليزيه
1\ What is meant by “English” Thought & Culture?-
English Thought and Culture: focuses on different movements and factors that have influenced English thought and literature.
Also, it looks at important movements in English thought and literature, and refers to the historical background to English literature, thought and culture.
2\ What is the definition of “Thought”?-
Thought generally refers to any mental or intellectual activity involving an individual's subjective
consciousness. It can refer either to the act of thinking or the resulting ideas or arrangements of ideas.
3\ What is the definition of “Culture”?-
Culture is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any
other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society."
4\ What are some of the main factors influencing the English Thought & Culture?-
1. Invasions (Politics & Economy)
2. Roman & Greek teachings and philosophies
3. Religions (Judaism & Christianity)
4. Theories, Movements, & Revolutions
5. Media & Technology
6. Geography and location
7. Contributions of other nations and cultures (like the Islamic and Arabic contributions)
5\ what do you want to learn in this course? -
Foundations and factors influencing the English and Thought & Culture Iwant to learn about English customs and culture in the European countries





6\ Discuss the following: This course highlights the contributions of Arabic and Islamic culture and civilization to the Western thought and culture .-
In Middle Ages was western live in darkness because Ignorance that Imposition Church but Freedom from that go to western to the translation of Islamic book .Then appear the enlightenment age . Islamic scientific was cause in prosperity western .
Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe were numerous, affecting such varied areas as art, architecture, medicine, agriculture, music, language, and technology. From the 11th to 13th centuries, Europe absorbed knowledge from the Islamic civilization. Of particular importance was the rediscovery of the ancient classic texts, most notably the work of the Greek natural philosopher Aristotle, through translations from Arabic.
7\ Discuss the impact of media on people’s thought.-
The media the had huge impact on people's of view and ideas and ways of thinking. it can make a bad thing look good and positive, it can also make something good look bad and people will become hateful towards it . and According to international statistics, media one of the most important influences in the lives of people .
8\ Mention some aspects of the Greek influence on the English thought & culture -
The term ancient Greece to the classical period of Greek history, in 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. Always seen as a culture, authentic and laid the foundation of Western civilization
She gave authenticity to the current renaissance during the Age of Enlightenment in the 16th century and 17 in Western Europe, and the restoration of activity again through many of the classic modern renaissance in the 18th century and 19th in Europe and the Americas .
9\ السؤال:- على البلاك بورد نفس السؤال حلوه نفسه اعادة للمناقشه 8
السؤال على الافتراضي :-
9\ Discuss briefly three main movements or revolutions that offected the English Thought &Culture . --
1- the American Revolution .2- The French Revolution . 3- industrial.
10\ Who was Plato?-
He was a philosopher in Classical Greece. He was also a mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his most-famous student, Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science. the greek had a massive influence on life today. they were the first to develop democracy




11\ Language affects thought and culture. Discuss this statement
-Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language . and many different aspects of language could in principle influence many different aspects of thought.
12\ In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. What is the main consequence of this invasion?-
the greek had a massive influence on life today. they were the first to develop democracy.The Norman Conquest changed the face of England forever. William ruled as unquestioned conqueror and the Saxons became merely an unpaid workforce for their new lords. The Norman Conquest also changed the history of Europe – adding the wealth of England to the military might of Normandy made the joint-kingdom a European super power . In warfare it was the start of the age of the knight on horseback.
13\ What are the major varieties of English-
The two main groups are Britain and America. For each there are standard forms of English which are used as yardsticks for comparing other varieties of the respective areas.
1-In Britain the standard is called Received Pronunciation. The term stems from Daniel Jones at the beginning of the present century and refers to the pronunciation of English which is accepted - that is, received - in English society. BBC English, Oxford English, Queen’s English (formerly King’s English) are alternative terms which are not favoured by linguists as they are imprecise or simply incorrect.
2-In America there is a standard which is referred to by any of a number of titles, General American and Network American English being the two most common. There is a geographical area where this English is spoken and it is defined negatively as the rest of the United States outside of New England (the north east) and the South. General American is spoken by the majority of Americans, including many in the North-East and South and thus contrasts strongly with Received Pronunciation which is a prestige sociolect spoken by only a few percent of all the British. The southern United States occupy a unique position as the English characteristic of this area is found typically among the African American sections of the community. These are the descendents of the slaves originally imported into the Caribbean area, chiefly by the English from the 16th century onwards. Their English is quite different from that of the rest of the United States and has far more in common with that of the various Anglophone Caribbean islands.
ترجمة السؤال13\ ما هي أصناف الرئيسية في اللغة الإنجليزية؟ ترجمة قوقل ^!^-
المجموعات الرئيسية هما بريطانيا وأمريكا. لكل هناك أشكال مستوى اللغة الإنجليزية التي تستخدم كمقاييس لمقارنة أصناف أخرى من المجالات ذات الصلة .
1- في بريطانيا يسمى معيار النطق وردت. ينبع هذا المصطلح من دانيال جونز في بداية القرن الحالي ، ويشير إلى نطق الإنجليزية التي قبلت - وهذا هو، تلقى - في المجتمع الإنجليزي . بي بي سي الإنجليزية، أوكسفورد الإنكليزية ، اللغة الإنجليزية الملكة (سابقا الملك انجليزي) مصطلحات بديلة هي التي لا يفضلها اللغويين لأنها غير دقيقة أو غير صحيحة ببساطة .
2- في أمريكا هناك المعيار الذي يشار إليه من قبل أي عدد من الألقاب، الأمريكية العامة و شبكة أمريكا الانكليزي وهما الأكثر شيوعا. هناك منطقة الجغرافية التي يتحدث الإنجليزية و هذا يتم تعريفه سلبا مثل بقية الولايات المتحدة خارج نيو انغلاند ( شمال شرق ) والجنوب. يتحدث الاميركي العام من قبل غالبية من الأميركيين ، بما في ذلك العديد في الشمال الشرقي والجنوب، و بالتالي يتناقض بشدة مع تلقى النطق وهو sociolect الهيبة التي يتحدث بها عدد قليل في المئة فقط من جميع البريطانيين. جنوب الولايات المتحدة تحتل مكانة فريدة باعتبارها سمة اللغة الإنجليزية من هذا المجال و التي توجد عادة بين أقسام الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في المجتمع . هذه هي أحفاد العبيد المستوردة أصلا في منطقة البحر الكاريبي ، وعلى رأسها من قبل الإنجليز من القرن 16 وما بعده. لغتهم الإنجليزية هي مختلفة تماما عن بقية الولايات المتحدة ولها أكثر بكثير من القواسم المشتركة مع أن من مختلف جزر البحر الكاريبي الناطقة باللغة الإنجليزية....
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14\ The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors. What are they?-
The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
ترجمه 14\ والفرق الرئيسي بين اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة والمتأخرة اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة هي المفردات. في وقت متأخر اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة لديها العديد من الكلمات، الناشئة عن اثنين من العوامل الرئيسية. ما هي؟
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والفرق الرئيسي بين اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة المبكرة والمتأخرة اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة هي المفردات. في وقت متأخر اللغة الإنجليزية الحديثة لديها الكثير من الكلمات، والتي تنشأ من عاملين رئيسيين: أولا، خلق الثورة الصناعية والتكنولوجيا حاجة لكلمات جديدة؛ ثانيا، والإمبراطورية البريطانية في أوجها غطت ربع سطح الأرض، واعتمدت اللغة الإنجليزية الكلمات الأجنبية من العديد من البلدان.

---------------الترجمه قوقل طبعا --
------------------------------------------------الحمد لله الذي تتم به الصالحات ---اختكم روى نجد –دعواتي للجميع بالتوفيق ---

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