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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
2014- 12- 18 | #201 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
ÎÐæåÇ ãä ãÈÏÇ
ßá Ôí ÚßÓ Ýí åÐå ÇáÌÇãÚÉ Çí ãÇÏÉ ÊÍÓ Çäß ÇÈÏÚÊ ÊÌí ÏÑÌÇÊß ãÔ æáÇ ÈÏ Çí ãÇÏÉ ÊÞæá ÈÊÕíÑ ãä ÇáÚÇíáÉ ÇáÊÑã ÇáÞÇÏã ÊáÞì ÇáÏÑÌÉ ÝææææÞ æÚáã ÇáãÚÇäí Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå íäØÈÞ ÚáíåÇ åÇáãÈÏÇ |
2014- 12- 18 | #202 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
Componential analysis for pregnant man is :
ÇÈí ÇáÌæÇÈ ÇáÕÍííííííííÍ áåÇáÌãáå áÇäí áÞíÊ ÇÌæÈå ãÎÊáÝå!!!!!!! |
2014- 12- 18 | #203 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
Which of the following is true about hyponymy?
a.The upper term is called the hyponym. b.The lower term is called the superordinate. c.A hyponym can never be a superordinate of another term. d.There is not always a superordinate term for hyponyms in a language. ÇÈÛì Íá áåÐÇ ÇáÓÄÇá |
2014- 12- 18 | #204 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
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2014- 12- 18 | #205 | |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
d ÇáÍá |
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ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ÃãíÑå ÚãÑ ; 2014- 12- 18 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 04:47 PM |
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2014- 12- 18 | #206 |
ãõãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì 8 E
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
ÃäÇ ÔÇßå Ýí same /deferent
áÃä ÈÅãßÇääÇ äÖíÝ very ÈÍËÊ áÞíÊåã ÍÇØíä Identical or different ÇÎÊáÇÝ æÊØÇÈÞ ãä ÇáÃãËáÉ Ú Çá binary æÝÚáÇ ÇáÊØÇÈÞ ÃÞæì ÊÚÈíÑ ãä ÇáÊÔÇÈå Ôæ ÑÃíßã æåá ÇáÏßÊæÑ ÐßÑåÇ ÇäÇ ãÇÓãÚÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ Çááí ÚäÏå ÎÈÑ íäæÑäÇ |
ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ÒæÑÞ* ; 2014- 12- 18 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 04:51 PM |
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2014- 12- 18 | #207 | |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
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2014- 12- 18 | #208 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
Èæ ÎÇáÏ ÇäÇ Úä äÝÓí ãÇÈí ÇáÝá ãÇÑß ÈÎáíåÇ áÏæÇÝíÑ ÇÈí ÇØáÚ ãä åÇáãÇÏå ÈÓáÇãå <<< ãÊæÇÖÚå æÞäæÚå
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2014- 12- 18 | #209 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
åÐí ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ãÊÑÌãå ÇØáÚæÇ ÚáíåÇ ááÝÇÆÏå æÚÐÑÇ ãÇÞÏÑÊ ÇÔÇÑß ãÚßã ÈÏÑí ãÚ ÇáÊÚÈ .. Çááå íæÝÞäÇ æíÇßã æíÓåáåÇ íÇÑÈ æíÞÖíäÇ Úáì ÎíÑ Çä ÔÇÁ Çááå ÝÇáäÇ æÝÇáßã ÇáÝá ãÇÑß .. ÈÇáÊæÝíÞ íÇÑÈ v Semantics † Is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí åæãÕØáÍ Ýäí íÓÊÎÏã ááÅÔÇÑÉÅáì ÏÑÇÓÉÇáãÚäì v Meaning † Covers a variety of aspects of language, and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning. "ãÚäì" íÔãá ãÌãæÚÉãÊäæÚÉãä ÌæÇäÈ ÇááÛÉ¡æáíÓ åäÇß ÇÊÝÇÞ ÚÇã Íæá ØÈíÚÉ ÇáãÚäì. Utterance Meaning (Speaker Meaning) is what a speaker means (i.e. intends to convey)when he uses a piece of language. It includes the secondary aspects of meaning, especially those related to context. ÇáßáÇã ÈãÚäì )ãÚäì ÇáãÊßáã( ãÇíÚäíåÇáãÊßáã )Ãí íäæí Ãä íäÞá( ÚäÏãÇíÓÊÎÏãÞØÚÉãä ÇááÛÉ. Ãäå íÔãá ÇáÌæÇäÈ ÇáËÇäæíÉãä ãÚäì¡æÎÇÕÉÊáß ÇáãÊÚáÞÉÈÇáÓíÇÞ. ► Sentence Meaning (or Word Meaning) is what a sentence (or word) means, i.e. what it counts as the equivalent of in the language concerned. ãÚä ìÇáÌãáÉ )ÃæãÚäì ßáãÉ( åæ ãÇÊÚäí ÇáÌãáÉ )ÃæÇáßáãÉ(¡Ãí ãÇíÚÇÏá ÍÓÇÈåÇÝí ÇááÛÉÇáãÚäíÉ. v Pragmatics † Is the study of meaning that a sentence has in a particular context in which it is uttered. ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíÉ ) ÇáÊÏÇæáíÉ( åí ÏÑÇÓÉãÚäì íÍÊæí ÌãáÉÝí ÓíÇÞ ãÚíä ÇáÊí ÊáÝÙÈåÇ. v Sense † deals with the relationships inside the language. ÇáãÚäì : íÊäÇæá ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÏÇÎá ÇááÛÉ † of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. ÇáãÚä ìæ)ÇáãÑÌÚ ÇáÇÔÇÑÉ( : ØÑíÞÊÇä ãÊãíÒÊÇäÌÏ ÇãäÇáÍÏíË ÚäãÚäì ÇáßáãÇÊ æÇáÊÚÈíÑÇÊ ÇáÃÎÑì v Reference † deals with the relationship between the language and the world. ÇáÅÔÇÑÉ: íÊäÇæá ÇáÚáÇÞÉÈíä ÇááÛÉæÇáÚÇáã. † is a relationship between parts of a language (words and phrases) and things outside the language (in the world). † The relation between a referring expression and a referent ÇáÅÔÇÑÉÇáãÑÌÚåí ÇáÚáÇÞÉÈíä ÃÌÒÇÁãäáÛÉ )ÇáßáãÇÊ æÇáÚÈÇÑÇÊ( æÃÔíÇÁÎÇÑÌ ÇááÛÉ )Ýí ÇáÚÇáã(. – v Referent † is the person or thing in the world speakers refer to by using a referring expression. • ÇáãÔÇÑÇáíå åæÇáÔÎÕ ÃæÇáÔíÁÝí ÇáÚÇáã íÔíÑÅáì ÇáãÊÍÏËí äÈæÇÓØÉÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÊÚÈíÑÇáÇÔÇÑÉ.. v referring expression † is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone. • ÇáÊÚÈíÑÈÇáÅÔÇÑÉ ) ÇáÊÚÈíÑÇáãÍÏÏÈÇáÅÔÇÑÉ ( åæÇáÊÚÈíÑÇáãÓÊÎÏã Ýí ÇáßáÇã ááÅÔÇÑÉÅáì ÔíÁãÇÃæÔÎÕ ãÇ. v Paradigmatic relations † are those into which a linguistic unit enters through being contrasted or substitutable, in a particular environment, with other similar units. (vertical relation) ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÇáÊÈÇÏáíÉ :åí Êáß ÇáÊí Ýí æÍÏÉáÛæíÉÊÏÎá ãäÎáÇá ßæäåÇÊÊäÇÞÖ ÃæááÇÓÊÈÏÇá¡Ýí ÈíÆÉãÚíäÉ¡ãÚ æÍÏÇÊ Ã ÎÑì ããÇËáÉ. )ÚáÇÞÉÚãæÏíÉ( v Syntagmatic relations † are those into which a linguistic unit enters by its co-occurrence with other units. (horizontal relation) ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÇáÊÊÇÈÚíÉ : åí Êáß ÇáÊí Ýí æÍÏÉáÛæíÉÊÏÎá ãä ÊæÇÌÏãÔÊÑß ãÚ æÍÏÇÊà ÎÑì. )ÚáÇÞÉÃÝÞíÉ( v semantic field † contains a group of words which are related in their meaning. ÇáÍÞá ÇáÏáÇáí : íÍÊæí Úáì ãÌãæÚÉãä ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊí ÊÑÊÈØ Ýí ÏáÇáÊå v Collocation † can be seen as part of the meaning of a word • ÇáÊÒÇãä ÇááÝÙí : íãßä Ãä íäÙÑÅáíå ÈÇÚÊÈÇÑå ÌÒÁÇ ãä ãÚäì ááßáãÉ. ãä ÎáÇá ÇáäÙÑÝí ÇáÓíÇÞ ÇááÛæí ááßáãÇÊ¡íãßääÇ Ãä äãíÒÈíä ãÚÇäí ãÎÊáÝÉ v † is a relationship between words that specifically or habitually go together. ÇáÊáÇÒã ÇááÝÙí : åæÇáÚáÇÞÉÈíäÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊí Úáì æÌå ÇáÊÍÏíÏÃæÈÕÝÉÇÚÊíÇÏíÉãÊáÇÒãÇä. v Synonymy † is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the same sense. åæÇáÚáÇÞÉÈíä æÍÏÇÊ ãÚÌãíÉÇËäíä )ÇáßáãÇÊ( ÇáÊí áåÇäÝÓ ÇáãÚäí. ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊí áåÇäÝÓÇ áãÚäí ÇáÐí Ê ÊÓãì ÇáãÑÇÏÝÇÊ v Antonymy † is the relationship between two lexical units (words) that have the opposite sense. ) ÇáÖÏÇáÚßÓ ( : åí ÇáÚáÇÞÉÈíä æÍÏÇÊ ãÚÌãíÉÇËäíä )ÇáßáãÇÊ( ÇáÊí áÏíåÇÇáãÚäì ÇáãÚÇßÓ. æÊÓãì ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊí Êßæä ÚßÓ ÊÓãì ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ. Great heart v Binary antonyms † are lexical units which come in pairs and between them exhaust all the relevant possibilities. ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ ÇáËäÇÆíÉåí æÍÏÇÊ ãÚÌãíÉæÇáÊí ÊÃÊí Ýí ÃÒæÇÌ æÈíäåãÇíÓÊäÝÏßáÇáÇÍÊãÇáÇÊ ÐÇÊ ÇáÕáÉ v Gradable antonyms † are two words at opposite ends of a continuous scale of values. ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ ÇáãÊÏÑÌÉ : åíßá ãÊíä Úáì äåÇíÊíä ÇáãÊÖÇÏÉãä ãÚíÇÑãÓÊãÑãä ÇáÞíã. v Hyponymy † is a sense relation between words in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of the other word. ßáãÉãäÏÑÌÉÇáÇÔÊãÇá: åí ÚáÇÞÉÇáãÚäì Èíä ÇáßáãÇÊÉÇáÊí íÊãÊÖãíäåÇÝí ãÚäì ßáãÉæÇÍÏÉÝí ãÚä ìßáãÉÃÎÑì. v Polysemy † is a sense relation in which the same word has several very closely related meanings (senses). ãÊÚÏÏÇáãÚÇäí ÊÚÏÏÇáãÚäì ááßáãÉ : åí ÚáÇÞÉÈÇáãÚäì Ýí äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉÇáÊí áÏíåÇÇáÚÏíÏãä ÇáãÚÇäí ÇáãÑÊÈØÉÈÔßá æËí ÞÌÏÇ )ÇáãÚÇäí( v Homonymy † is a sense relation in which several words have the same shape, but different meanings that are far apart from each other. ÇáÝÙÇáãÊÌÇäÓÇáãÔÊÑßÇááÝÙí :å íÚáÇÞÉÈÇáãÚäì ÇáÐí ÚÏÉßáãÇÊ áåÇäÝÓ ÇáÔßá¡æáßä ãÚÇäíåÇãÎÊáÝÉÇáÊí åí ãÊÈÇÚÏÉãä ÈÚÖåÇÇáÈÚÖ v componential analysis † the total meaning of a word is being analyzed into a number of distinct components of meaning ( semantic features ). ÝíÊÍáíáÇáãßæäÇÊ : ÇáãÚäìÇáÅÌãÇáíãäßáãÉíÊãÊÍáíáåÇÝíÚÏÏãäãßæäÇÊãÊãíÒÉãäãÚäì )ÇáÓãÇÊÇáÏáÇáíÉ(. v Utterance † is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of that person. ÇáÚÈÇÑÉÇáßáÇãíÉåíÈÃíÍÇá ãä ÇáÍÏíË¡ãä ÎáÇá ÔÎÕ æÇÍÏ¡ÞÈá æÈÚÏÇáÐí íßæä ÕãÊ ãä ÌÇäÈ åÐÇÇáÔÎÕ † is the use of a piece of language ( one or more word / phrase / sentence ) by a particular speaker on a particular occasion. æÇáßáÇã åæÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÌÒÁãä ÇááÛÉ )æÇÍÏÃæÃßËÑãä ßáãÉ / ÚÈÇÑÉ / ÇáÌãáÉ( ãä ÞÈá ãÊÍÏË ãÚíä Ýí ãäÇÓÈÉãÚíäÉ v Sentence † is neither a physical event nor a physical object. It is an abstract string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. ÇáÌãáÉáíÓÊ ÍÏË ãÇÏí æáÇßÇÆä ãÇÏí. ÇäåÇÚÈÇÑÉÚä ÓáÓáÉãä ÇáßáãÇÊÇ áãÌÑÏÉæÖÚÊ ãÚÇÈæÇÓØÉÇáÞæÇÚÏÇáäÍæíÉááÛÉ. † exists abstractly in the mind of language speakers before they say it or write it. ÇáÌãáÉ¡ÅÐä¡ãæÌæÏÉÝíÇáÚÞáÇáãÌÑÏááÛÉÇáãÊßáãíäÞÈáÃäíÞæáæÇÇæíßÊÈæÇ † can be thought of as the ideal string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions. ÇáÌãáÉíãßä ãä ÍíË ÇáÝßÑÇáãËÇáí ÓáÓáÉãäÇ áßáãÇÊ ÎáÝ ÇáÅäÌÇÒÇÊ Ýí ãÎÊáÝ ÇáÃáÝÇÙ æÇáäÞæÔ. v constatives utterance † is an utterance with which the speaker describes something which may be true or false. ÇáãäØæÞ ÇáÊÞÑíÑíÇáÚÈÇÑÉÇáÎÈÑíÉåæÇáßáÇã ÇáÐí ÇáãÊßáã íÕÝå áÔíÁÇáÐí ÞÏíßæä ÕÍíÍÇÃæÎØà v Performatives utterance † is an utterance that does not report or "constate" anything and is not "true or false". ÇáãäØæÞ ÇáÃÏÇÆí ÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ) ÇáÝÚáíÉÇáÇäÌÇÒíÉ( : åæÇáßáÇã ÇáÐí áÇíÞÏã )ÊÞÑíÑÇÎÈÑ( Ãæ "ÇßíÏãËÈÊ" Ãí ÔíÁáÇÊæÕÝ ÈÃäåÇ "ÕÍíÍÉÃæ– - ÎÇØÆÉ". v Performative verb † is one which, when used in a positive simple present tense sentence with a 1st person singular subject, can make the utterance of that sentence performative. ÇáÝÚá ÇáÃÏÇÆí ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáÍÑßíÉ : ÇáÐí åæ æÇÍÏ¡ÚäÏãÇÊÓÊÎÏã ÈØÑíÞÉÅíÌÇÈíÉÇáãÖÇÑÚ ÇáÈÓíØ ãÚäì ÇáÌãáÉãÚ ÇáÝÇÚá ÇáãÝÑÏ¡íãßä Ãä ÊÌÚá ÇáßáÇã– ãä åÐå ÇáÌãáÉÇÏÇÆí v explicit performative ÇáÇÏÇÆí ÇáÕÑíÍ † contanins a performative verb naming the act. E.g. I order you to go. íÍÊæí Úáì ÇáÝÚá ÇáÇÏÇÆí áÊÓãíÉ ÇáÝÇÚá v implicit performative ÇáÇÏÇÆí ÇáÖãäí † does not contain a performative verb naming the act. E.g. Go áÇíÍÊæí Úáì ÇáÝÚá ÇáÇÏÇÆí áÊÓãíÉ ÇáÝÇÚá v direct illocutionary † of an utterance is the illocution most directly indicated by a literal reading of the grammatical form and vocabulary of the sentence uttered. ÇáãÛÒìÇáÝÚáíÇáãÈÇÔÑ )ÇáÍÏËÇáãÛÒìÇáãÈÇÔÑ( ãä ÇáßáÇã åæÇáÍÏË ÇáãÛÒì ÈÔßá ãÈÇÔÑ íÊÈíä ãä ÞÑÇÁÉÍÑÝíÉááäãæÐÌ ÇáäÍæíÉæÇáãÝÑÏÇÊ Ýí ÇáÌãáÉÇáãäØæÞÉ. v indirect illocutionary † of an utterance is any further illocution the utterance may have other than what it expresses literally ÇáãÛÒì ÇáÝÚáí ÇáÛíÑãÈÇÔÑ )ÍÏË ãÛÒì ÛíÑãÈÇÔÑ( ãä ÇáßáÇã åæ ÇÈÚÏãä Ðáß ÍÏË ãÛÒì ÇáßáÇã ÞÏíßæä ÂÎÑÛíÑãÇíÚÈÑÍÑÝíÇ. v Illocutionary acts † can be classified into different categories, depending on the type of interaction between the speaker and the hearer that they perform. ÇáãÛÒì ÇáÝÚáí íãßä ÊÕäíÝå Åáì ÝÆÇÊ ãÎÊáÝÉ¡ÊÈÚ ÇáäæÚ ãä ÇáÊÝÇÚá Èíä ÇáãÊßáã æÇáÓÇãÚ Úáì ÃÏÇÁ. v directive act † is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker trying to get the hearer to behave in some required way. ÝÚá ÇáÊæÌíå Ãí ÇáãÛÒì ÇáÝÚáí ÇáÐí íäØæí ÃÓÇÓÇÇáãÊÍÏË ãÍÇæáÉáÍÕæá ÇáÓÇãÚ Úáì ÇáÊÕÑÝ Ýí ÈÚÖ ÇáØÑíÞ ÇáãØáæÈ. v commissive act † is any illocutionary act which essentially involves the speaker committing himself to behave in some required way. ÇáÝÚá ÇáÊÒÇãí åæÃí ãÛÒì ÝÚáí ÇáÐí íäØæí ÃÓÇÓ ÇÇáãÊÍÏË ÇáÇáÊÒÇã äÝÓå Úáì ÇáÊÕÑÝ ÈØÑíÞÉØáÈ |
ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ÌæáíÇäÇ ÇáÞÕíã ; 2014- 12- 18 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 05:19 PM |
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2014- 12- 18 | #210 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí
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ÑÏ: ₪ ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÐÇßÑÉ ááÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáäåÇÆí áãÞÑÑ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ₪
same & different
ÐßÑåÇ ÇáÏßÊæÑ Úáì ÇÓÇÓ ÇäåÇ binary Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑ ÇáÊÇÓÚÉ.... |
ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
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