[ محتوى مقرر ] : ✿⊹⊱ ....... النحو والصرف .....⊰⊹✿

[كلـــ امل ـــي]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ندوووشا

إِيش الفرق بين الكلمة البسيطه والcomplex
على اي أساس كلمه silver بسيطه
و
Colder معقده

البسيطه هي الي مكون من مورفيم واحد مثل silver هذي كلمة وحده مانقدر نجزاءها معناها فضه er الي فيها جزء منها

لكن المعقده فيها اكثر من مورفيم مثل Colder نقدر نقول Cold لحاله لان له معني وذا الكلمة عباره عن جزئين
Cold + er

[&*القناص*&]

Q) Typically sentences are made up of an
a) NP + VP
b) NP + PP
c) AP + PP
d) non of above

[Aisha92]

من حل هالاسئله ومتأكد من الحل


1: Some of the sentences below are ungrammatical. Can you figure out what makes them
ungrammatical ?
(1)
a. The instructor told the students to study.
b. * The instructor suggested the student to study.
c. The customer asked for a hot chocolate.
d. * the customer requested for a hot chocolate.

(2)
a. The pilot landed the plane.
b. The plane landed A journalist.
c. A journalist wrote the article.
d. * The article wrote.
e. Jerome is tired of her job.
f. * Jerome is satisfied of her job.

EXERCISE 2: Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences:
a. The glass broke.
b. These tall trees are blocking the road.
c. The peaches never appear quite ripe.
d. I will see you when I finish.
e. I don’t like that.
f. Some students always complain.
EXERCISE 3: Each of the following phrases consists of a Spec and a Head. Build a tree for each one complying with the X’-schema.
a. The zoo
b. This house
c. so witty
d. Quite cheap
e. always try
f. never surrender
g. Less bleak
h. very competent
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following phrases consists of a Head and a Complement. Build a tree structure for each one of them following the X’-schema.
a. Into the zoo
b. Full of mistakes
c. Fixed the telephone
d. study this material
e. Arguments about the elections
f. Success of the program


FIGURE 5: The structure of a simple sentence:.
EXERCISE 5
Instructions: Use at least two tests to show the constituent status of the following bracketed strings:
1. We ate our lunch [near the river bank]
2. The [computer was very ] expensive
3. John loves [ peanut butter and bacon sandwiches ]
EXERCISE 6
Instructions: Provide a syntactic representation for the following NPs. Justify the Complement or Modifier status of each of the NP- internal. Justify the Complement or Modifier status of each of the NP- internal.
1. A specialist in fibre optics from Paris
2. The girl on stage in jeans
3. The failure of the program in recent years

MORPHOLOGY EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1: Say whether the following words are related by inflection (I) or Derivation (D)
a. go, goes going, gone. I - D
b. Lovely, lovelier, loveliest I - D
c. Discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability I - D
d. Inventor, inventor's, inventors, inventors' I - D
EXERCISE 2: For each word below, indicate whether the word is morphologically simple (S) or Complex (C), includes an inflectional affix (IA), or includes a derivational affix (DA).
a. Reader S C IA DA
b. Redder S C IA DA
c. lavish S C IA DA
d. Readiness S C IA DA
e. Aviation S C IA DA
EXERCISE 3: Isolate the root and the affixes in the following words.
For example: unpredictable : un+predict+able.
a. independently ______________________________________
b. recoverability ______________________________________
c. embellishment ______________________________________
d. unsustainability ______________________________________
e. implementability ______________________________________
EXECISE 4: Some words in (4) contain prefixes. Identify the prefixes by circling them.
a. unable ______________________________________
b. discourage ______________________________________
c. establish ______________________________________
d. receive ______________________________________
e. strawberry ______________________________________
ريم العمادي Page 48
EXERCISE 5: Circle the correct answer in the following multiple choice questions:
(1) The study of word structure is done in
a. Phonology
b. Syntax
c. Phonetics
d. Morphology
(1) The association between the sound of a word and its meanings is purely ……….....
a. Controversial
b. Conditional
c. Central
d. Conventional
(3) Suppletion occurs when a lexeme is represented by two or more ……………… roots.
a. Different
b. Similar
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
(4) When we derive one word from another, we ………………
a. Change its class, for example, from being a Verb into a Noun
b. Change its tense, for example , from being Past into Present
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above
(5) Roots are …………..
a. NOT always free
b. Always free
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above
(6) ……… is a morpheme that makes the most significant contribution to a word's meaning.
a. The phoneme
b. The derivational morpheme
c. The inflectional morpheme
d. The root
ريم العمادي Page 49
Lecture 14
Practice
EXERCISE 1: Instructions: The sentences below are instances of structural ambiguity.
a) Give a paraphrase of two possible readings for each of them
b) Draw a tree structure for each reading.
1. The police shot the terrorists with rifles
 Reading 1: … The police shot the terrorists HOLDING RIFLES
On this reading the PP with rifles is a modifier of the NP ‘the terrorists’
 Tree Structure: ……………………………………………………………………
 Reading 2 : The police USED RIFLES to shoot the terrorists
On Reading 2, the PP with rifles is an in Adjunct, an instrumental Adverbial
 Tree Structure …………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 2: Instructions:
a) What is the status of the underlined clauses in the examples below ?Are they complements or Modifiers ?
b) Justify your answer.
c) Draw the tree structure of the COMPLEMENT structure of the verb BELIEVE.
A. I cannot believe the rumour [ that John has died ]
B. I cannot believe the rumour [ that is circulating in our neighbourhood ]
 Constituent status: that John has died is a : Complement Clause (CP)
 Justification
Arg. 1: As a complement, it completes the meaning of the head noun RUMOUR semantically. Thus, it cannot be omitted ( deleted):
I cannot believe the rumour. ( the rumour about what ? As it stands this sentence is incomplete )
Arg. 2:If indeed this constituent is a complement clause, then we expect THAT to be a Complementiser, and NOT a relative pronoun. Replacing THAT with WHICH should result in ungrammatical sentence, which is indeed the case:
* I cannot believe the rumour WHICH John has died.
EXERCISE 3:Constituent status: that is circulating in our neighbourhood is a Modifier/Relative/Adjective Clause (CP) Justification
Arg. 1: THAT is a Relative Pronoun, NOT a complementiser. It introduces a relative clause modifying the Noun RUMOUR, the antecedent of the RP THAT. The latter originates in the subject position of the clause :
I cannot believe the rumour, the rumour is circulating
(THAT)
Arg. 2:If our hypothesis is correct, then the assumed RP pronoun CAN be replaced by another RP, namely WHICH as shown by the following :
I cannot believe the rumour WHICH is circulating in our neighbourhood.
ريم العمادي Page 50
EXERCISE 4. Instructions: Provide a syntactic analysis of the following sentence by:
a) assigning it a D-structure representation
b) Applying the needed transformations to generate its S-structure
c) Drawing a tree structure to represent it.
What has John claimed that he can do ?
 D-structure: [+wh] [+Q] John has claimed [ that [he can do WHAT ] ]
 Transformations:
Transformation 1: YES?NO Question or I-to-C
[+wh] has John e claimed [ that [he can do WHAT ] ]
Transformation 2: Wh- Question [WHAT ] has John e claimed [ e [ that [he can do e ] ]
↑_________________________׀_________________׀
Tree Representation CP
/ \
[+ WH ] C’___
WHATx / \
↑ [+Q] IP
׀ has y / \
׀ ↑ NP I’
׀ ׀ John / \
׀ ׀ ______ e y VP
׀ V’
׀ / \
׀ V CP
׀ claim / \
׀ ___________________ ex C’
׀ C IP
׀ that / I’
׀ he / \
׀ can VP
׀ V’
׀ V NP
׀ ___________ do __ e x
ريم العمادي Page 51
EXERCISE 5: Choose the correct answer.
2. …………….. Tries to explain the unconscious knowledge that native speakers have of their own language.
a. Generative grammar
b. Traditional grammar
c. Functional grammar
d. Systemic grammar
2. The sentences 'Smith ate a sandwich' and 'a sandwich was eaten by Smith' are
a. Identical in the deep structure
b. Different in the deep structure
c. Identical in the surface structure
d. Identical in deep and surface structure
3. The sentence 'she drank the juice in the kitchen' has
a. Two distinct deep structures
b. Two identical deep structures
c. Two surface structures
d. One deep and one surface structure
4. Arabic is an example of …….. languages.
a. VSO
b. SVO
c. SOV
d. OVS
5. The syntactic head of a clause (IP) is :
a. V
b. I
c. V+I
d. C+I
6. …………… refers to the speakers' actual use of language in concrete situations
a. Performance
b. Competence
c. Linguistics
d. Syntax

[KBJ911]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة &*القناص*&

Q) Typically sentences are made up of an
a) NP + VP
b) NP + PP
c) AP + PP
d) non of above

a) NP + VP

[KBJ911]

Syntactically, Spec mark the boundary of a phrase. In English, they occupy the leftmost position in a phrase.
Semantically, Spec make the meaning of the head more precise

مهمه للتفرقه نحويا ومعنويا
.

[كلـــ امل ـــي]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة kbj911

a) np + vp

ممكن تشرح لي كيف اخترت الاجابه هذي

[&*القناص*&]

من يشرح لنا
The movement test
The coordination test
The substitution test

ويوضحها لنا بالأمثلة وله وافر الشكر و الإمتنان

[&*القناص*&]

باقي فيه سؤال في الصفحة السابقة ما احد جاوبه

[KBJ911]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة كلـــ امل ـــي

ممكن تشرح لي كيف اخترت الاجابه هذي

لان بالسؤال مكتوب typically
الجمله بالعااااااده تتكون من اسم وفعل

لكن ممكن تكون اسميه وممكن تكون فعليه

[كلـــ امل ـــي]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة KBJ911

لان بالسؤال مكتوب typically
الجمله بالعااااااده تتكون من اسم وفعل

لكن ممكن تكون اسميه وممكن تكون فعليه

الله يوفقك