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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum

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åÇÐí ÇáÌÒÆíÉ ÐÇßÑÊåÇ ÈäÝÓí ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÇæáì
ÎÕæÕÇ ÇÓãÇÁ ÇáßÊÇÈ æÇáÑæÇíÇÊ
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Genre: Fiction and Narrative
Style: Prose
Length: Extended
Purpose: Mimesis or Verisimilitude
ÇáäæÚ : ÎíÇáí ÞÕÕí
ÇáÃÓáæÈ : ÇáäËÑ
ÇáØæá : ããÊÏ Ãæ æÇÓÚ
ÇáÛÑÖ : ÇáÊäßÑ Ãæ ÔíÁ ãÍÊãá ÕÏÞå
“The Novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of the time in which it is written. The Romance, in lofty and elevated language, describes what never happened nor is likely to happen.” Clara Reeve, The Progress of Romance, 1785

" ÇáÑæÇíÉ ÕæÑÉ ãä ÇáÍíÇå æÇáÇÓÇáíÈ ÇáæÇÞÚíå ¡ æÇáæÞÊ ÇáÐí ßÊÈÊ Ýíå . æÇáÑæãÇäÓíå Ýí ÇááÛå ÇáäÈíáå æÇáÑÝíÚå æíÕÝ ãÇáã íÍÏË ÃÈÏÇ æáÇíãßä Çä íÍÏË . ßáÇÑÇ ÑíÝ . ÊÞÏã ÇáÑæãÇäÓíå 1785

.. Verisimilitude ÔíÁ ãÍÊãá ÊÕÏíÞå
Refers to the illusion that the novel is a representation of real life. Verisimilitude results from :
- a correspondence between the world presented in the novel and the real world of the reader.
Recognizable settings and characters in real time. -
-what Hazlitt calls, “ the close imitation of men and manners… the very texture of society as it really exists.”
- The novel emerged when authors fused adventure and romance with verisimilitude and heroes that were not supermen but ordinary people, often, insignificant nobodies

íÔíÑ Åáì Çáæåã ¡ Ðáß ÈÃä ÇáÑæÇíÉ ÊãËá Çæ ÊÚÑÖ ãä æÇÞÚ ÇáÍíÇå .. äÊÇÆÌ ÔíÁ ãÍÊãá :
- ÇáÊæÇÝÞ Èíä ÇáÚÇáã ÇáãÚÑæÖ Ýí ÇáÑæÇíÉ æÇáÚÇáã ÇáÍÞíÞí ááÞÇÑÆ .
- ÇáÅÚÏÇÏÇÊ æÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ÇáããíÒå ÇáãÊÚÑÝ ÚáíåÇ Ýí ÇáæÞÊ ÇáÍÞíÞí .
- ãÇíÏÚì Hazlitt : ãõÍÇßÇÉ ÞÑíÈå ãä ÇáÑÌÇá æÇáÂÏÇÈ .. æÇáãáãæÓ ÌÏÇ ãä ÇáãÌÊãÚ ßãÇ åæ ãæÌæÏ ÍÞÇ
- ÙåÑÊ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ÚäÏãÇ ÏãÌ ÇáãÄáÝíä ÇáãÛÇãÑå æÇáÑæãÇäÓíå æÇáÃÔíÇÁ ÇáãÍÊãáå æÇáÃÈØÇá ÇáÐí áã íßæäæÇ ÓæÈÑãÇä æáßä ßÇäæ ÃäÇÓ ÚÇÏííä ¡ æÛÇáÈÇ ÇáäßÑÇÊ ÇáÊÇÝåå .

Precursors to the Novel ÑæÇÏ ÇáÑæÇíÉ ...

Heroic Epics ÇáãáÇÍã ÇáÈØæáíå :
Gilgamesh ÌáÌãÇÔ , Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyÅáíÇÐÉ åæãíÑÓ æÇáÇæÏíÓå, Virgil’s AeneidÅíäííÏ ÝíÑÌá, BeowulfÈííæáæÝ , The Song of RolandäÔíÏ ÑæáÇäÏ
Ancient Greek and Roman Romances and Novels ÇááÛå ÇáíæäÇäíå æÇáÑæãÇäÓíÇÊ ÇáÑæãÇäíå æÇáÑæÇíÇÊ
An Ephesian Tale and Chaereas and Callirhoe, Petronius’ÈæÊÑíäæÓ Satyricon ÓÇÊíÑßæä, Apuleius’sÇÈæáæíÓ The Golden Ass ÇáÍãÇÑ ÇáÐåÈí
Oriental Tales ÇáÍßÇíÇÊ ÇáÔÑÞíå
A Thousand and One Nights ÃáÝ áíáå æáíáå
Medieval European Romances:ÇáÑæãÇäÓíÇÊ ÇáÇæÑÈíå ãä ÇáÞÑæä ÇáæÓØì
Arthurian tales culminating in Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur
ÍßÇíÇÊ Çáãáß ÂÑËÑ æÈáÛÊ ÐÑæÊåÇ Ýí ÊæãÇáÓ ãÇáæÑÓ á ãæÑÊí ÏÇÑËæÑ
Elizabethan Prose Fiction: ÇáäËÑ ÇáÎíÇáí ÇáÅáíÒÇÈíËí
Gascoigne’s The Adventure of Master F. JÛÇÓæßíä Ýí ãÛÇãÑÉ ãÇÓÊÑ , Robert Greene’s Pandosto: The Triumph of TimeÑæÈÑÊ ÛÑíä ÇäÊÕÇÑ ÇáæÞÊ, Thomas Nashe’s The Unfortunate TravellerÊæãÇÓ äÇÔ : ÇáãÓÇÝÑ ÇáÓíÆ, Deloney’s Jack of Newbury Ïíáæäí ÌÇß ãä äíæÑÈí
Travel Adventures:ãÛÇãÑÇÊ ÓÝÑ
Marco PoloãÇÑæßæ ÈÇæáæ , Ibn BatutaÇÈä ÈØæØå, More’s UtopiahÇáãÒíÏ ãä íæÊÈíÇ, Swift’s Gulliver’s TravelsÓæíÝÊ ÌÇáíÝÑ íÓÇÝÑ , Voltaire’s Candide ßÇäÏíÏ ÝæáÊííÑ
Novelle:
Boccaccio’s DecameronÈæßÇÊÔíæ ÏíßÇãÑæíä, Margurerite de Navarre’s Heptameron
Moral Tales: ÇáÍßÇíÇÊ ÇáÇÎáÇÞíå
Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progess, Johnson’s Rasselas

The First Novels ÃáÑæÇíÇÊ ÇáÃæáì
Don Quixote (Spain, 1605-15) by Miguel de Cervantes Ïæä ßíÔæÊ – ãíÛíá Ïí ÓíÑÝÇäÊÓ
The Princess of Cleves (France, 1678) by Madame de Lafayette ÃãíÑÉ ßáíÝ ÇáÐí ßÊÈåÇ ãÏÇã Ïí áÇÝííÇÊ
Robinson Crusoe (England, 1719)ÑæÈäÓæä ßÑæÒ , Moll Flanders (1722)ãæá ÝáÇäÏÑÒ and A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel DeFoe ãÌáÉ ÓäÉ ÇáØÇÚæä ãä ÞÈá ÏÇäííÇá ÏíÝæ
Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (England, 1740-1742) by Samuel Richardson ÈÇãíáÇ Çæ ÌÒÇÁ ÇáÝÖíáå ãä ÞÈá ÕÇãæÆíá ÑíÊÔÑÏÇÓæä
Joseph Andrews (England, 1742) and Tom Jones (1746) by Henry Fielding
ÌæÒíÝ ÇäÏÑæÓ æÊæã ÌæäÒ ãä ÞÈá åäÑí ÝíáÏíäÛ

Types of Novels
Picaresque ÊÔÑÏí
Regional ÅÞáíãí
Epistolary ÑÓÇÆáí
Social ÅÌÊãÇÚí
Sentimental ÚÇØÝí
Mystery ÛÇãÖ
Gothic ÇáÞæØí
Science Fiction ÃáÎíÇá ÇáÚáãí
Historical Magical Realism æÇÞÚíå ÓÍÑíå ÊÇÑíÎíå
Psychological äÝÓí
Realistic/Naturalistic æÇÞÚí ØÈíÚí
 
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