[ مذاكرة جماعية ] : 00|| تجمع مادة ::Children’s Literature ::أدب الأطفال ||00

[Ŋoŋee]

القصيدة الرابعة والاخيرة
اسمها Dreams
الكاتب Langston hughes
2 stanzas
rhyme: ABCB DEFE

[Ŋoŋee]

Watch "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star and Many More Videos | Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV" on YouTube - https://youtu.be/Rj2QkLaaj2E

[ѕυℓтαη]

الله يعطيكم العافية يآرب

[الجازي ..]

نوووني استمرررري ..

[ضــامية حــنين]

الف شكر لك

ماقصرتي

[Ŋoŋee]

ماهو الفرق بين fantasy_ fairy tales
Fairy
هي قصص قصيره وتكون فيها جنيات وسحر واقزام
مثل ساندريلا والجميله النائمه
Fantasy
اهي اطول من الفايري والاحداث اللي فيها خارجه غن الطبيعه.. والاهم انه الابطال يكونو في رحله او مهمه
وعندها ثلاث انواع
الاول
تبدا وتنتهي الاحداث في عالم الخيال
والثاني
تبدا بالواقع وتنتهي بالخيال
مثل اليس في بلاد العجايب وبيتر بان
والثالث
يكون في العالم الحقيقي بس تدخل فيه عناصر الخيال
مثل ماري بوبينس

[ندى العالم]

الله يعطيكم الصحة والعافية دنيا وآخره جعلها في موازين أعمالكم

[Ŋoŋee]

Folktales
Some such stories are:
#Why the Sky is So High
from Bengal, India
#Why the Sea is Salt
from Karelia
#The Miserly Old Woman
from India
#How the Old Woman Got Her Wish
from India
#The Two Sisters-in-Law
from India
هذي هي الحكايات الشعبية
Folktales are stories passed on from one person to another by word of mouth.
هذا تعريفها
هي التي تنقل من شخص لاخر بكلمه من فمه

[Another day]

سسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسسا الخييييييير ع الجميع
جايبه لكم المحاضرات الثلاث الاولى صراحه جننتني ما كنت ادري اشقاعده اقرا ولما درست باقي المحاضرات
حسيت اني نسيت هالمحاضرات الثلاث.......عاااااااااد اقووولكم قمت وحطيتها لكم على شكل نقاط وكل قرن لونته وتحته كل التطورات اللي صارت فيه لادب الأطفال ....اي وترا المحاضرتين 2-3 يكملون بعض يعني نقدر نقول محاضره وحده .....نبدأ على بركة الله

المحاضره الأولى

· Children's literature is called also juvenile literature

· Modern children's literature is classified in Two different ways

a- genre

b- the intended age of the reader.

· before publishing existed ,the early children's literature was an oral tradition

part of a wider

· Before printing the early children's literature, is difficult to trace.

· Many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults

and later adapted for a younger audience

· The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became

· known as the Golden Age of Children's Literature

· Anything that children read can be defined as widely definition of

children's literature

· Fiction , non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used

· by children and young people , this is specific definition of

children's literature

· Nancy Anderson defines children's literature as "all books written for

children, excluding works such as comic books, joke books,

cartoon books, and nonfiction works that are not intended to be

read from front to back, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, and

other reference materials

· The International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature

notes that "the boundaries of genre... are not fixed but blurred".

· J.K. Rowling's HarryPotter series was written and marketed for children, but it is also popular among adults

· children's literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing

genre

· A literary genre is a category of literary compositions.

Genres may be determined by…….

a. Technique

b. Tone

c. Content

· According to Anderson, there are Six categories of

: children's literature

1-Picture books (alphabet or counting)

2- Traditional literature(folktales)

3- Fiction( fantasy, realistic fiction, and historical fiction)

4- Non-fiction

5-Biography and autobiography

6-Poetry and verse.

· Folktales convey the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous

· According to Nancy Anderson, The genre can be further

broken into subgenres:

myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales

age category

Books for younger children tend to be written in simple language, use large print,

· and have many illustrations.

· Books for older children use increasingly complex language, normal print, and fewer illustrations

· Picture books, appropriate for pre-readers or children ages 0-5

· Early reader books, appropriate for children ages 5–7

· Chapter book, appropriate for children ages 7–12.

– Short chapter books, appropriate for children ages 7–9

– Longer chapter books, appropriate for children ages 9–12

Young-adult fiction, appropriate for children ages 12–18.

Illustration

· Pictures have always accompanied children's stories

· Modern children's books are illustrated in a way that is rarely seen in adult literature, except in graphic novels.

· the first illustrated children's book is considered to be Orbis Pictus which was published in 1658 by the Moravian author Comenius

.

· Orbis Pictus had a picture on every page, followed by the name of the object in Latin and German

· Early children's books, such as Orbis Pictus, were illustrated by woodcut

· Orbis Pictus considered to be The first illustrated children's book

· an illustrated book differs from abook with illustrations in that a good illustrated bookis one where the pictures enhance or add depth to the text

· While the early children‟s books were illustrated by woodcut, the newer processes in the 1830s were illustrated by Copper and Steel

· Newer children's books after Early children's books , were illustrated by Newer processes, including copper and steel engraving were first used in the 1830

· One of the first uses of Chromolithographyin a children's

book was demonstrated in Struwwelpeter

English illustrator Walter Crane refined its use in children's books in the late 1800s

· Another method of creating illustrations for children's books was etching, used by George Cruikshank

· By the 1860s, top artists in the West were illustrating for children, including Crane, Randolph Caldecott, KateGreenaway, and John Tenniel. Most pictures werestill black-and-white, and many color pictures were hand colored, often by children

· In IndiaNandalal Bose, whose paintings are considered artistic

treasures, illustrated books for children from the late 1800s into

the 1900s

[Another day]

المحاضرة الثانية

History

· All children's literature begins with spoken stories, songs, and poems

· In the beginning, the same tales that adults enjoy were created specifically to educate, instruct, and entertain children

· In the final stage, literature for children became established as a separate category from literature for adults and acquires its own genres, divisions, expectations, and canon

· The development of children's literature is influenced by the social, educational, political, and economic resources of the country or ethnic group

before 50 bc

· The earliest written folk-type tales included the Panchatantrafrom India

· some scholars believe Panchatantra was actually intended for adults.

· Jatakas, about the birth of Buddha, date from the 2nd or 3rd

century BC.

· The source stories for The Arabian Nights, originally from India

· The tale of The Asurik Tree, which dates back at least 3,000 years in Persia

· The great ancient Greek poet Homer lived sometime between

1200 BC and 600 BC.

· the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey is Homer

· Homer's work contributed to the development of all Western literature including children's literature,

· Hesiod told stories that became a major source of Greek mythology

.

50 BC to AD 500

· In Imperial China, children attended public events with their parents, where they would listen to the complicated tales of professional storytellers

· In Imperial China Children watched the plays performed at festivals and fairs

· In Imperial China ,Storytelling may have reached its peak during the SongDynasty from 960-1279 AD

· This traditional literature was used for instruction in Chinese schools until the 20th century

· Greek and Romancontain "nothing that could be considered a children's book At 50 BC to AD 500

· However, children would have enjoyed listening to stories such as the Odyssey and Aesop’s Fables

500-1400

· ThePanchatantra was translated from Sanskrit into Kannada in 1035 AD

· The first children's book in Urdu may be Pahelian by the Indian poet Amir Khusrow

· He wrote poems and riddles for children in the 1200s-1300s in Urdu Amir Khusrow

· .Buddhism spread in China during period 500 – 1400 , bringing with it tales later known asJourney to the West.

· The tales that Buddhism brought were enjoyed by Chinese children because they were aboutfantasy , the supernatural, demons and monsters,

· There aretwo schools of thought about children and European Medieval literature.

· Philippe ArièsThe first schools of thought about children and European

in the 1960sMedieval literature developed from the writings of

· In Europe during the Middle Ages instructional texts in Latin were written specifically for children, by Clerics

· Clerics wrote instructional texts in Latin were written specifically for children, like the Venerable Bede and Ælfric of Eynsham

· According to Daniel Kline, Medieval Literature for Children divides children's literature in Europe into five genres.

· During the period 500-1400, children enjoyed literature like Gesta Romanorumand the Welsh Mabinogion

1400s

· During the Byzantine Empire, the Bible and Christian hymns and stories were popular

· William Caxton published Aesop's Fables followed by Le Morte d'Arthur in 1485.

· Aesop's Fables and Le Morte d'Arthur were intended for Adults and children

· European printers released versions of Aesop's Fables in their nativelanguages

1500s

· ABC-Book, an alphabet book published by Ivan Fyodorov in 1571 inRussia

· Russia's earliest children's books, primers, appeared around 1500s

· A Pretty and Splendid Maiden's Mirror, an adaptation of a German

book for young women

· Giovanni Francesco Straparola released The Facetious Nights of Straparola in Italy

· storybookThe Facetious Nights of Straparola, Called the first European

· The Facetious Nights of Straparola contain 75 separate stories and written for an adult audience

· Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets that were often folded instead of being stitched, were published in Britain, eventually spreading to the United States

· Chapbooks, pocket-sized pamphlets Illustrated by woodblock printing

1600s

· The first picture book published in Russia, Karion Istomin's The Illustrated Primer, appeared in 1694.

· Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them Because of this shift in thinking, books were now printed and distributed specifically for children

· the Pentamerone from Italy is the first major published collection of European folk tales

· Charles Perrault began recording fairy tales in France

· In 1658, Jan Ámos Comenius in Bohemia published the informative illustrated Orbis Pictus, for children under six learning to read

· Orbis Pictus considered as the first picture book

The Puritans,mainly in England and North America, also played a

major role in developing writing for children by publishing books

intended to teach children to read and to instruct them in

· religious teachings

· one book from this movement that is still widely read today is The Pilgrim's Progress

· The first children's book published, in what would become the United States, was a catechism for children written in verse by the Puritan John Cotton

· John Cotton‟s book, nown as Spiritual Milk for Babes was published in 1646, appearing in England and Boston

· The New England Primer, was in print by 1691 and used in schools

for 100 years.

The Primer begins, "In Adam's fall We sinned all

and continues through the alphabet.

The Primer contained religious maxims, acronyms, spelling help and other educational items, all decorated by woodcuts.

1700s

· China still had no separate stories for children. Dream of the Red

Chamber, written in this period and published in 1791, told a story

of romance and friendship that children enjoyed.

· In Russia, Peter the Great's interest in modernizing his country

through Westernization helped Western children's literature

dominate the field through the 1700s.

· Nikolai Novikov started the first juvenile magazine in Russia

during Catherine the Great reign

· 1718saw the publication of Robinson Crusoe by Danial Defoe, an

English Puritan.

· A Little Pretty Pocket-Bookpublished by John Newbery

· A Little PrettyPocket-Bookreflected Jean-Jacques

Rousseau's new theories that children should be allowed to

develop naturallyand joyously.

· Rousseau's ideas had great influence in Germany

· According to Hans-Heino Ewers in The International Companion

Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, "It can be argued that from

this time, the history of European children's literature was largely

written in Germany