مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟

[meedia]

مشكورة حبيبتي وصلت المعلومة

[meedia]

The physical adaptation source

Instead of looking at types of sounds as the source of human speech, we can look at the types of physical features humans possess, especially those that are distinct from other creatures, which may have been able to support speech production. We can start with the observation that, at some early stage, our ancestors made a very significant transition to an upright posture, with bi-pedal (on two feet) locomotion, and a revised role for the front limbs.
Some effects of this type of change can be seen in physical differences between The skull of a gorilla and that of a Neanderthal /niːˈændərtɑːl/ man from around 60,000 years ago.



المصدر البدني للغة:
بدلا من النظر إلى الأصوات كمصدر للغة, يمكننا النظر إلى الخصائص البدنية لدى الإنسان كمصدر لهذه اللغة, خاصة تلك التي تختلف عن الموجودة لدى بقية الكائنات, والتي ربما كانت سبب القدرة على إنتاج اللغة. (الكلام التالي اللي تحته خط أقرب إلى نظرية دارون "أصل الأنواع" منه الى النظريات الدينية السماوية) يمكننا ملاحظ أنه, في مراحل مبكرة, قام أسلافنا بتحول مهم في الوقوف بشكل مستوٍ, والمشي على قدمين, واستخدام أفضل للأطراف الأمامية. بعض تأثيرات هذا النوع من التغير يمكن ملاحظته في الاختلاف بين جمجمة الغوريلا وجمجمة الإنسان البدائي قبل حوالي 60,000 سنة.

[meedia]

Teeth, lips, mouth, larynx and pharynx

Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes, and they are roughly even in height. They are also very helpful in making sounds such as f or v.
Human lips are much more flexible than those of other primates. This helps in making sounds like p or b.
The human mouth is relatively small compared to other primates, can be opened and closed rapidly, and contains a smaller, thicker and more muscular tongue which can be used to shape a wide variety of sounds inside the oral cavity.


الأسنان, الشفاه, الحنجرة والبلعوم
أسنان الإنسان مستقيمة (عمودية) وليست مائلة للخارج مثل القرود, وهي تقريبا متساوية في الطول. وهي كذلك مفيدة في نطق بعض الأصوات مثل f و v.
شفاه الإنسان مرنة أكثر من الموجودة لدى الفصائل الأخرى. وذلك يساعد على نطق بعض الأصوات مثل p و b.
فم الإنسان صغير نسبيا بالمقارنة مع الفصائل الأخرى, يمكن فتحه وإغلاقه بشكل متكرر وبسرعة, ويحتوي على لسان أصغر وأسمك وعضلي أكثر والذي يستخدم في تكوين مجموعة كبيرة من الأصوات داخل التجويف الفمي.

The human larynx or ‘voice box’ (containing the vocal cords) differs significantly in position from the larynx of other primates such as monkeys.
The pharynx, which is above the vocal cords, acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
There must have been a big advantage in getting this extra vocal power (i.e. a larger range of sound distinctions) to outweigh the potential disadvantage from an increased
risk of choking to death
حنجرة الإنسان "صندوق الصوت" (والتي تحتوي على الأحبال الصوتية) تختلف بشكل ملحوظ عنها في الكائنات الأخرى مثلالقرود.
البلعوم, الذي يقع فوق الأحبال الصوتية يعمل كمنتج للصدى لزيادة المدى والوضوح للأصوات التي تنتجها الحنجرة.
لا بد أن تكون هناك فائدة كبيرة من هذه الميزة في القدرة الصوتية العالية (على سبيل المثال: مدى أوسع من الأصوات المختلفة) لتغطي على سلبية الضعف التشريحي لهذه المنظومة الصوتية بما فيها الحنجرة مما يجعل الإنسان اسهل اختناقا من الكائنات الأخرى.

[angle KFU 2011]

المحاضرة الثالثه
Question 1 of 21
The more abstract derived forms are

C)
ideograms

Question 2 of 21
"Many of the early printers were native Dutch speakers and could not make consistently accurate decisions about English pronunciations" this is one of the reasons of:

C)
a frequent mismatch between the forms of written English and the sound of spoken English

Question 3 of 21
large number of the languages in the world today are used

C)
only in the spoken form

Question 4 of 21
A way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object. A conventional relationship must exist between the symbol and its interpretation.

A)
Pictogram (pictographic writing)

Question 5 of 21
A unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel

B)
Syllable

Question 6 of 21
A way of writing in which each symbol represents a word

B)
Logograms

Question 7 of 21
We find a full use of a syllabic writing system in

D)
Phoenician

Question 8 of 21
Symbols that represent sounds

D)
Phonographic system

Question 9 of 21
clay tokens appear to have been an early attempt at

B)
bookkeeping

Question 10 of 21
Many Chinese written symbols, or characters, are used as representations of

A)
the meaning of words or parts of words

Question 11 of 21
A way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word of that object


C)
Rebus writing

Question 12 of 21
'nd2spk2u2nite' in an example of

C)
Rebus writing

Question 13 of 21
The ancient script that has a more obvious connection to writing systems in use today than the others is:

C)
inscriptions dated around 3,000 years ago

Question 14 of 21
Cave drawings and clay tokens are best described as ancient precursors of

D)
writing

Question 15 of 21
A way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft clay tablets

D)
Cuneiform

Question 16 of 21
A way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept/an idea

D)
Ideographic writing

Question 17 of 21
The earliest writing for which we have clear evidence, marked on clay tablets about 5,000 years ago

A)
Cunieform

Question 18 of 21
A way of writing in which one symbol represents on sound segment

C)
Alphabetic writing

Question 19 of 21
The Chinese language has more than 50,000 characters because it is based, to a certain extent, on the use of

A)
logograms


Question 20 of 21
The more 'picture like' forms are the

B)
pictograms

Question 21 of 21
The basic source of most other alphabets to be found in the world:

A)
Semitic

[angle KFU 2011]

المحاضرة الرابعه
Question 1 of 42
The vowel in [my] is represented in phonetics as


A)
[ai]

Question 2 of 42
Sounds that are produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth

B)
Glottals

Question 3 of 42
According to the place of articulation [g] and [ŋ] as in thing are

D)
Velars

Question 4 of 42
Sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The lower lip articulates against the upper teeth

C)
Labiodentals

Question 5 of 42
The study of how speech sounds are produced

C)
Articulatory phonetics

Question 6 of 42
The vowel in eat, key, see is represented in phonetics as


C)
[i]

Question 7 of 42
The study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves

A)
Acoustic phonetics

Question 8 of 42
sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. The lower lip articulates against the upper lip

C)
Bilabials

Question 9 of 42
Vocal cords take _______ basic positions

A)
two

Question 10 of 42
According to the place of articulation [h] as in hat is


C)
Glottal

Question 11 of 42
sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth. The tongue tip and/or blade articulates against the teeth ridge


D)
Alveolars

Question 12 of 42
according to the manner of articulation [l] and [r] are

A)
Liquids

Question 13 of 42
Vocal cords are inside the:

C)
larynx

Question 14 of 42
Sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum. The tongue back articulates against the soft palate

C)
Velars

Question 15 of 42
According to the place of articulation [ʃ] as in she and [tʃ] ] as in chat [ʒ] as in vision, are

C)
Palatals

Question 16 of 42
A type of consonant sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream

C)
Stops

Question 17 of 42
The study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear

D)
Auditory phonetics

Question 18 of 42
Sounds that are produced with the tongue in motion


C)
Glides

Question 19 of 42
A set of symbols, each one representing a distinct sound segment


B)
Phonetic alphabet

Question 20 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [f], [v], [θ], [d], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] are

D)
Fricatives

Question 21 of 42
Produced with a relatively free flow of air

D)
Vowels

Question 22 of 42
According to the place of articulation [θ] as in think, and [ð] as in that are

D)
Dentals

Question 23 of 42
The study of the characteristics of speech sounds


A)
Phonetics

Question 24 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [m], [n], and [ŋ] are

D)
Nasals

Question 25 of 42
According to the manner of articulation [w] and [j] are

D)
Nasals

Question 26 of 42
When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded

C)
Voiceless sounds

Question 27 of 42
Sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth. The tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth


A)
Dentals

Question 28 of 42
The location inside the mouth at which the constriction takes place

B)
The place of articulation of the sound

Question 29 of 42
A combination of a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction


A)
Affricates

Question 30 of 42
According to the place of articulation [f] and [v] are

A)
Labiodentals


Question 31 of 42
The vowel in hit, myth are represented in phonetics as

A)
[ɪ]


Question 32 of 42
The vowel in [pet] is represented in phonetics as

C)
[ε]

Question 33 of 42
Types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion

A)
Diphthongs

Question 34 of 42
Sounds produced with the tongue and the palate. The tongue front articulates against the hard palate


A)
Palatals

Question 35 of 42
Almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced


D)
Fricatives

Question 36 of 42
The vowel in [great] is represented in phonetics as

D)
[e]

Question 37 of 42
according to the manner of articulation [tʃ] and [dʒ] are


A)
Affricates

Question 38 of 42
According to the place of articulation [p], [b], [m] and [w] are


C)
Bilabials


Question 39 of 42
When the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect


A)
Voiced sounds

Question 40 of 42
According to the place of articulation [t], [s], [d], [z], [n], [l] and [r] are

A)
Alveolars

Question 41 of 42
The velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose


B)
Nasal

Question 42 of 42
According to manner of articulation, [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are

B)
Stops

[kathy]

يعطيك العافيه فعلا محتاجن مراجعه لهالمواد لو كل يوم محاضره
ادب
لغويات
منظومه

[meedia]

The human brain

The human brain controls all the complex physical parts used for sound production.
The human brain is lateralized, that is, it has specialized functions in each of the two hemispheres.
Those functions that control motor movements involved in things like speaking and object manipulation (making or using tools) are largely confined to the left hemisphere of the brain for most humans.


In terms of language structure, the human may have first developed a naming ability by producing a specific and consistent noise (e.g. pEn) for a specific object. The crucial additional step was to bring another specific noise (e.g. BlEU) into combination with the first to build a complex message (pEn blEU). → Several thousand years of evolution later, humans were able to produce: “This pen is bleu”.



الدماغ البشري
دماغ الإنسان يتحكم في جميع الأجزاء المعقدة التي تنتج الصوت
الدماغ يعتبر "تجانبي" (المصطلح من عندي) أي أنه هناك وظائف محددة لكل من قسمي الدماغ.
تلك الوظائف التي تتحكم بالأجزاء المسؤولة عن إنتاج الصوت والتحكم بالأشياء المحسوسة هي مقتصرة على الفص الأيسر من الدماغ لدى معظم البشر.
من حيث التركيب اللغوي, ربما طور الإنسان أولا قدرة على التسمية بإنتاج صوت محدد ومتسق, مثلا (قلم) لمادة معينة. خطوة الإضافة الضرورية التالية هي في إصدار صوت آخر (مثلا أزرق). بعد آلاف السنوات من التطور أصبح الإنسان قادرا على إصدار الجملة "هذا القلم أزرق"

[meedia]

The genetic source

The physical changes of human beings can be compared to the physical changes of babies.
This almost automatic set of developments and the complexity of the young child’s language have led some scholars to look for something more powerful than small physical adaptations of the species over time as the source of language.
This seems to indicate that human descendants are born with a special capacity for language.



المصدر الجيني
التغييرات الجسدية التي حدثت للإنسان يمكن مقارنتها بالتغييرات الجسدية التي تحصل للأطفال الصغار.
هذه التغييرات الذاتية تقريبا والمعقدة في لغة الأطفال قادت الباحثين للبحث عن شيء أقوى من تكيف جسمي بسيط عبر الزمن كمصدر للغة.
It is innate, no other creature seems to have it this innateness hypothesis would seem to point to something in human genetics
The investigation of the origins of language then turns into a search for the special ‘language gene’ that only humans possess.

يبدو أن ذلك يشير إلى أن أجداد البشر ولدوا بقدرات خاصة مؤهلة للغة. إنه شيء فطري لدى الإنسان, لا يبدو أن الكائنات الأخرى تمتلكها. فرضية هذه القدرة الفطرية تشير إلى شيء في جينات البشرية.
هذا التحقيق في أصل اللغة تحول إلى بحث عن "جين اللغة" الخاص الذي يمتلكه البشر فقط.

أنتهت المحاضرة الأولى اي سؤال انا حاضرة طبعا صحيح نسخت الترجمة نسخ بس الحمد لله فاهمتا منيح

[شيهانة]

السلام عليكم فكرة مميزة وممتازة وياليت لو نقدر نجمع نماذج لاسألة الطلبة للترم الماضي مع اجاباتها الصحيحة بالاضافة الى اسألة الاخ رضوان مع اجاباتها الصحيحة واسألة الواجب واسألة المناقشة

علشان نكون على اطلاع ووعي بكل شئ

بالاضافة الى اننا نمسكة جزيئئة جزيئة وياليت الاخ رضوان يساهم معانا وكل من لدية خبرة

ونبي بعد يتثبت الموضوع ونخليه كلة مراجعه ونكتفي بوضع ال like للتعبير عن الاعجاب بالموضوع والفكرة

[angle KFU 2011]

المحاضرة الخامسة
Question 1 of 23
Two or more consonants in sequence.

B)
Consonant cluster

Question 2 of 23
A physically produced speech sound, representing one version of a phoneme

D)
Phones

Question 3 of 23
In the word "cat" /æt/ or 'at' is

A)
Rime

Question 4 of 23
In the word 'heart' /rt/ is

C)
Coda

Question 5 of 23
The words (man, fan, van, ban, pan) are an example of


A)
Minimal set

Question 6 of 23
constraints (restrictions) on the permissible combination of sounds in a language

A)
Phonotactics

Question 7 of 23
In the word "twelfths" /lfθs/ or 'lfths' is

D)
Consonant cluster

Question 8 of 23
The part of a syllable after the vowel


C)
Coda

Question 9 of 23
In the word "fat" the vowel 'a' or 'æ' is

D)
Nucleus

Question 10 of 23
Avoiding the regular patterns of assimilation and elision used in a language would result in

A)
extremely artificial-sounding talk

Question 11 of 23
When we don't pronounce the [d] in "hand me the pen", this is called

B)
Elision

Question 12 of 23
The smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds of a language.

C)
Phonemes

Question 13 of 23
The two words 'hat' and 'bat' are both an example of

C)
Minimal pair

Question 14 of 23
The part of the syllable before the vowel.

C)
Onset

Question 15 of 23
The part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following consonant(s)

A)
Rhyme

Question 16 of 23
In the word "university" 'si' is


D)
Syllable

Question 17 of 23
A unit of sound consisting of a vowel (V) and optional consonant(s) (C) before or after the vowel.

D)
Syllable

Question 18 of 23
In the word "black" /bl/ is


C)
Onset

Question 19 of 23
The vowel in a syllable.

B)
Nucleus

Question 20 of 23
The sound [p] in 'put' is pronounced with a stronger puff of air than the [p] in 'up', and both of them are called:

B)
Allophones

Question 21 of 23
The study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languages

A)
Phonology

Question 22 of 23
The process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound

B)
Co-articulation

Question 23 of 23
In the word "handbag" we pronounce 'n' as 'm' to be "hambag". this is called

B)
Assimilation