رد: ENDLISH STUDENT LEVEL 5 >> 3rd year first semester
Lecture 1[LEFT
]
What is Translation?
The Meaning of Translation as a noun or a verb:
1. The origin of the word „translation‟ is the Latin word „translatus‟ which means „transferred‟.
2. The dictionary meaning of the English verb „to translate‟ is „to express or be capable of being expressed in another language or dialect.
3. In French , it means „traduction‟ as a noun and „a traduire‟ as a verb
4. In Arabic, it means: انتشجمة مه نغة إني أخشى
Simple Definitions of Translation:
1. Catford (1965): defines translation as “the replacement of textual material in one language SL by equivalent textual material in another language TL”.
2. Newmark (1982): defines it as “a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language”.
3. Bell (1991) mentions two views:
one looks at it as an „art‟ especially when the scholars of last century were preoccupied with the translation of literary text as a pastime;
And another looks at it as a „profession‟ where the majority of translators are professionals engaged in making a living rather than a pastime. This is mainly clear in the translation of technical, medical, legal and administrative texts.
4. In the present sense of the word, translation is a „generic term used to refer to the process of rendering a text in one language into an equivalent text in another.‟
Advanced Definitions of Translation:
Having taken into account all the developments in Translation Studies during last century, Bell (1991) seems suggest a more comprehensive definition of translation which stress the dimension of semantic and stylistic equivalence in translation:
1. “Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.”
Another advanced definition of translation is the one introduced by Etchnia Arjona
(Gerver 1977) as follows:
- 3 -
ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعه الملك فيصل – اللغة الإنجليزية - المستوى الخامس
Translation theory By DewDrop
2. “Translation is a generic term for the interlingual, sociolinguistic and cultural transfer for any message from one community to another through various modes of written, oral, or mechanical means or combinations thereof.”
How can we achieve Equivalence in Translation?
When we are faced by a text- written or oral in a language we know, we are able to work out its equivalence by looking in to the following:
o The semantic sense of each word and sentence.
o Its communicative value.
o Its place in time and space.
o The information about the participants involved in its production and reception.
Using the Six Wh-Questions in looking for Equivalence in translating a text:
1. What? Is the message contained in the text, the content of the signal, the propositional content of the speech acts.
2. Why? Orients us towards the intentions of the sender, the purpose for which the text was issued.
3. When? Is concerned with the time of communication realised in the text and setting it in its historical context; contemporary or set in recent or remote past or future.
4. How? Is ambiguous as it can refer to:
o a) Manner of delivery: the tenor of the discourse; is it serious or ironic?
o b) Medium of communication; the mode of the discourse: is it oral or written?
5. Where? Is concerned with the place of the communication; the physical location of speech event realised in the text.
6. Who? Refers to the participants involved in the communication; the sender and receiver(s). Both spoken and written reveal the characteristics of the speaker or writer as an individual.
What is a Good Translation?
According to Bell, a good translation is “that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work.”
- 4 -
ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعه الملك فيصل – اللغة الإنجليزية - المستوى الخامس
Translation theory By DewDrop
Three Laws of Good Translation:
As a result of the above good definition of translation, the following three laws emerge from it:
1. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
2. That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.
3. That the Translation should have all the ease of the original composition.
Translation as process and product
A more advanced definition of translation can be seen when we look
at it as process and product. In other words: “It is the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translation and the product of that process”.
o Translating: is the process i.e. (to translate; it is the activity rather than the tangible object).
o A Translation: is the product of the process of translating (i.e. the translated text).
- 5 -
ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعه الملك فيصل – اللغة الإنجليزية - المستوى الخامس
Translation theory By DewDrop
Lecture 2
What is Translation?
Communication Versus Translation:
o All communicators are translators, because they receive signals in speech and in writing containing messages encoded in a communication system which is not identical with their own.
o All communicators tend to face the same problems as those of translators, because they need to read the text, make sense of a text. They need to deconstruct it and then reconstruct it.
o Therefore, we can say that any model of communication is a model of translation.
What is the difference between a normal communicator and a Translator?
When taking a turn as a sender, the monolingual is obliged to: The Translator's acts contrast on that:
a) Encode into the language used by the sender.
a) The encoding consists of re-encoding into a different language.
b) Encode messages which are different from those received.
b) Concerns the same message as was Received.
c) And transmit them to the previous sender.
c) It is aimed at a group receivers who are not the same as the original sender.
It is the re-encoding process which marks the bilingual translator off from the monolingual communicator.
How important are memory, meaning and language to the Translator?
Like other communicators, translators need excellent memory to enable them use the semantic knowledge, syntactic knowledge and rhetorical knowledge of two different languages and two different cultures:
o Memory: contains „records‟ of past experiences has plans for action on the basis of what we know and what we have done.
o Language: much of our experience of the external world of the senses and the inner world of the mind is mediated by language.
Translators must be good at storing experiences in memory, and at retrieving those experiences whenever needed to solve complex translation problems.
- 6 -
ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعه الملك فيصل – اللغة الإنجليزية - المستوى الخامس
Translation theory By DewDrop
How does a translator move from one language to another in the course of translation?
When translating a written communication, the translator go through the following nine steps:
1. Translator receives signal 1 containing message
2. Recognises code 1
3. Decodes signal 1
4. Retrieves message
5. Comprehend message
6. Translator selects code 2
7. Encodes message by means of code 2
8. Select channel
9. Transmits signal 2 containing message.
What does the translator‟s knowledge-base contain?
A professional translator has access to five distinct kinds of knowledge:
Target Language knowledge (TL)
Text-Type knowledge
Source Language knowledge (SL)
Subject-area knowledge
And contrastive knowledge
What does the translator‟s communicative competence consist of?
The translator communicative competences consists of the following components:
Grammatical competence: knowledge of the rules of the code, including vocabulary and word formation, pronunciation/spelling and sentence structure.
Sociolinguistic Competence: knowledge of and ability to produce and understand utterances appropriately in context, i.e. as constrained by topic, the status of the participant, purpose of the interaction, etc.
Discourse competence: The ability to combine form and meaning to achieve a unified spoken or written texts in different genres. This unity depends on cohesion in form (i.e. the way in which utterances are linked structurally to facilitate interpretation of text) and coherence in meaning (i.e. the relationships among the different meanings in a text, literal meaning, communicative function or social meaning)
Strategic competence: the mastery of communication strategies which may be used to improve communication or to compensate for breakdowns in actual communication.
- 7 -
ملتقى طلاب وطالبات جامعه الملك فيصل – اللغة الإنجليزية - المستوى الخامس
Translation theory By DewDrop
What are the primary characteristics of a good translator?
The following are just a few of the primary characteristics of a good translator:
A Translator thinks and talks about translation from inside the process, knowing how it‟s done, possessing a practical real-world sense of the problems involved.
Reliability: He acts in reliable ways delivering reliable translation by deadlines.
Timeliness: He should be timely, in the sense of not getting the translation arrive past the time of its usefulness or value.
Ethics: He should be ethical. In other words, it is unethical for the translator to distort the meaning of the source text.
Speed: A translator should be able to know when to speed and when to not to seeped. This depends on the following factors:
1) Typing speed 2) The level of text difficulty
3) Personal preferences or style 4) Job stress, general mental state.
Memory: A Translator must be good at storing experiences in memory and retrieving those experiences whenever needed to solve complex translation problems.
Professional Pride: a Translator should have a professional integrity and professional self-esteem in what he/she does. He should feel that the job he is doing is important and people appreciate his work.
A Translator can write plainly, economically, gracefully, elegantly in a repertoire of registers, factual
as well as emotional, popular as well as technical, official as well as slan
[/LEFT]
g.
التعديل الأخير تم بواسطة مرشدة مغرورة ; 2013- 11- 18 الساعة 04:59 PM
2013- 11- 18
.gif "(306)")
