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Drama 12

The theme of the drama

Theme of love.
The theme of the drama is love. The drama starts with love and the drama end happily.
Malvolio is interested to get marry to Olivia .Shakespeare described that because Malvolio is of a lower social class he wants to marry Olivia to raise his social status.
This theme is also created with viola is disguised as Cesario.
Cesario who is taking messages from orsino to Olivia, Olivia falls in love with cesario, although she decides not to show her face for seven years, she wants to mourn the death of her brother.
But she can't compose herself, she wants to see Cesario, she also sends him a ring by Malvolio.
On the other hand, Viola finds orsino is a good duke; his style of expressing his love is very real, without ambiguity.
Viola falls in love with Orsino, but he does not know because she disguised as cesario. Olivia loves cesario but he can't fall in her love because she is a woman.
The theme of the drama is totally loved, but love is acurse of suffering.
In the first act many characters see love as a cause of suffering.
Orsino who loves Olivia cant marry her in one aspect .love has been described as a plague by Olivia.
Orsino detects love as an appetite in the first lines.
The lovers get married and the drama has a happy end, but what is supposed to be can't be fulfilled.
Orsino can't get Olivia, Olivia can't get orsino but she gets Sebastian .Malvolio can't get the hand of Olivia.
Protagonists are denied with marriage.

THE Uncertainty of gender
Gender is one of the most obvious and much-discussed topics in the play. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s so-called transvestite comedies, in which a female character—in this case, Viola—disguises herself as a man. This situation creates a mess: Viola falls in love with Orsino but cannot tell him, because he thinks she is a man, while Olivia, the object of Orsino’s affection, falls for Viola in her guise as Cesario. There is a clear homoerotic sub**************** here: Olivia is in love with a woman, even if she thinks he is a man, and Orsino often remarks on Cesario’s beauty, suggesting that he is attracted to Viola even before her male disguise is removed. This latent homoeroticism finds an explicit echo in the minor character of Antonio, who is clearly in love with his male friend, Sebastian. But Antonio’s desires cannot be satisfied.

Folly of ambition
The problem of social ambition works itself out largely through the character of Malvolio, the steward, who seems to be a competent servant, if prudish and dour, but proves to be, in fact, with tremendous ambitions to rise out of his social class. Maria plays on these ambitions when she forges a letter from Olivia that makes Malvolio believe that Olivia is in love with him and wishes to marry him. Sir Toby and the others find this.
Funny, of course—not only because of Malvolio’s unattractive personality but also because Malvolio is not of noble blood. In the class system of Shakespeare’s time, a noblewoman would generally not sully her reputation by marrying a man of lower social status.
Yet the atmosphere of the play may render Malvolio’s aspirations less unreasonable than they initially seem. The feast of Twelfth Night, from which the play takes its name, that same spirit is alive in Illyria: indeed, Malvolio’s antagonist, Maria, is able to increase her social standing by marrying Sir Toby. But it seems that Maria’s success may be due to her willingness to accept and promote the anarchy that Sir Toby and the others embrace.

Motifs
Letters, Messages, and Tokens
Twelfth Night features a great variety of messages sent from one character to another—sometimes as letters and other times in the form of tokens. Such messages are used both for purposes of communication and miscommunication—sometimes deliberate and sometimes accidental. Maria’s letter to Malvolio, which purports to be from Olivia, is a deliberate (and successful) attempt to trick the steward. Sir Andrew’s letter demanding a duel with Cesario, meanwhile, is meant seriously, but because it is so appallingly stupid, Malvolio’s missive, sent by way of Feste from the dark room in which he is imprisoned, ultimately works to undo the confusion caused by Maria’s forged letter and to free Malvolio from his imprisonment.
But letters are not the only kind of messages that characters employ to communicate with one another. Individuals can be employed in the place of written communication—Orsino repeatedly sends Cesario, for instance, to deliver messages to Olivia. Objects can function as messages between people as well: Olivia sends Malvolio after Cesario with a ring, to tell the page that she loves him, and follows the ring up with further gifts, which symbolize her romantic attachment. Messages can convey important information, but they also create the potential for miscommunication and confusion—especially with characters like Maria and Sir Toby manipulating the information.
Madness
No one is truly insane in Twelfth Night, yet a number of characters are accused of being mad, and a current of insanity or zaniness runs through the action of the play. After Sir Toby and Maria dupe Malvolio into believing that Olivia loves him, Malvolio behaves so bizarrely that he is assumed to be mad and is locked away in a dark room. Malvolio himself knows that he is sane, and he accuses everyone around him of being mad. Meanwhile, when Antonio encounters Viola (disguised as Cesario), he mistakes her for Sebastian, and his angry insistence that she recognize him leads people to assume that he is mad. All of these incidents feed into the general atmosphere of the play, in which normal life is thrown topsy-turvy, and everyone must confront a reality that is somehow fractured.
Disguises
Many characters in Twelfth Night assume disguises, beginning with Viola, who puts on male attire and makes everyone else believe that she is a man. By dressing his protagonist in male garments, Shakespeare creates confusion with the Olivia-Viola--Orsino love triangle. Other characters in disguise include Malvolio, who puts on crossed garters and yellow stockings in the hope of winning Olivia, and Feste, who dresses up as a priest—Sir Topas—when he speaks to Malvolio after the steward has been locked in a dark room. Feste puts on the disguise even though Malvolio will not be able to see him, since the room is so dark, suggesting that the importance of clothing is not just in the eye of the beholder. For Feste, the disguise completes his assumption of a new identity—in order to be Sir Topas, he must look like Sir Topas. Viola puts on new clothes and changes her gender, while Feste and Malvolio put on new garments either to impersonate a nobleman (Feste) or in the hopes of becoming a nobleman (Malvolio).

Mistaken Identity
The instances of mistaken identity are related to the prevalence of disguises in the play, as Viola’s male clothing leads to her being mistaken for her brother, Sebastian, and vice versa. Sebastian is mistaken for Viola (or rather, Cesario) by Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, and then by Olivia, who promptly marries him. Meanwhile, Antonio mistakes Viola for Sebastian, and thinks that his friend has betrayed him when Viola claims to not know him. These cases of mistaken identity, common in Shakespeare’s comedies, create the tangled situation that can be resolved only when Viola and Sebastian appear together, helping everyone to understand what has happened.
Symbols
Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.


Olivia’s Gifts
When Olivia wants to let Cesario know that she loves him, she sends him a ring by way of Malvolio. Later, when she mistakes Sebastian for Cesario, she gives him a precious pearl. In each case, the jewel serves as a token of her love—a physical symbol of her romantic attachment to a man who is really a woman. The gifts are more than symbols, though. “Youth is bought more oft than begged or borrowed,” Olivia says at one point that she means to buy Cesario’s love if she cannot win it.

The End

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هذي ملزمه 12 منزلتها لمو الله يجزاها خير


اذا مو واضحه بالاقتباس تلقونها بصفحه 304


اتمنى اني افدتكم, وموفقين


دعواتكم

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هههههههههههههههههههه سبقتيني ذا ليجيند

[ThE lEgEnD]

هع


خير البر عاجلهـ..>>>وش دخل @__@

[ريم خان]

بنااااات مس بدريه -قرامر وش قالت عن الاختبار وش الاشياء الي حذفتها ؟؟؟

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المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة the legend

بنات فيه تفريغ رقم4 -6-7>>>مووو عندي غريبه هم فيه اصلا ولا شووو!!!


واللهم لك الحمد امتحان العربي حلو ومس عذاري احلى احس عطتنا خلفيه ع كم سؤال وجابتهمـ...

أنآ مآعندي لآ 5 ولا 6 ولا 7...!!

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المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ThE lEgEnD

بنات فيه تفريغ رقم4 -6-7>>>مووو عندي غريبه هم فيه اصلا ولا شووو!!!


واللهم لك الحمد امتحان العربي حلو ومس عذاري احلى احس عطتنا خلفيه ع كم سؤال وجابتهمـ...

اتصدقين توني احوس بايميلي


الا القاك راسلتلي دراما 6 من زمان يا الفاهيه



الله يخلف على حالتنا ايام الامتحانات بس

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تفضلوا دراما 6 يا حلوين

What even the drama written by Shakespeare, it is not an inventedمخترع one. He took his sources from some books.

What are sources of " The Merchant of Venice" ?

1. Giovanni Fiorentino's Il Pecorone, an Italian collection of short tales written in the 14th century.
2. The test of the three caskets, however, comes from quite another source: the Gesta Romanorum. Shakespeare changes several things in transposing the episode to his own play, most notably adding some nationalistic undertones.
The Merchant of Venice is a tragic comedy.Read the Handout.

First he starts with the themes of the play.

What are the themes of the play?
Mention the themes of the play?
There are several themes in the play. The play has four or five themes.
First we have the theme of justiceالعدالة , the need for mercy الرحمة. We have a long quotation about the quality صفة of mercy in the play, the importance of mercy in the human relations- the need of mercy.

Justice was demanded العدل مطلوبby Shylock and mercy was demandedالرحمة مطلوبة by Portia.
Second : We also have the theme of appearance versus reality.الجوهر والمظهر We have the difference between Venice and Belmont. Venice is a place for merchants. In Venice, we see a lot of merchants. Belmont is different- in contrast- there is contrastتناقض between the appearance المظهرof Venice and Belmont.
Third : We have also the theme of wealthالمال and usuryالربا- the need of money in all human relations-

Fourth : The play gives us some moral اخلاقي ideas of great values- like sincerity of friendship – that is between Antonio and Bassanio.

Q: The entire play is made up of four stories…..discuss

In the play we have four stories go side by side – the entire كل play is made up of four stories.

(1) The caskets story
(2) the bond story
(3)Lorenzo- Jessica story
(4) the ring story.
What is the main story in the play?
The main story is the bond story. The four stories are interlinkedمتداخل- مترابط . The bond story is linked to the ring story. The casket story is linked to the bond story. If there is no casket, there is no bond. If there is no bond, there is no trial scene.

So, it is linked up. The Lorenzo –Jessica story is also linked to the other three stories. Shylock gave much money to write the bond. He signed the bond to take revenge انتقامfor the hatred كراهية of the Christian to the Jew- hatred of the down fallingتقليل of the rate of interest معدل الفائدةand hatred of Jessica marrying Lorenzo- a Christian. Some critics say that in the trial scene Shylock might have taken break the bond story.

Discuss to what extent the play is a religious drama?
In the handout- it is said that the play is a religious drama- whenever we see Christians are far better than the Jews. When the drama was written in 1599, the Jews were disrespectedغير محترم by the Christians. They were part of the society.
Antonio lends money to people without taking interest. Shylock lends يقرضmoney to people with interestبفائدة. He is given names like dogs by the Christians. When he comes to revenge انتقام, he wants to finish a Christian's life.

In the trial scene, the Christians defeat هزيمةthe Jew. There are many points in the play that can make us say that the play is a religious drama. Shakespeare shows that the Christians are far better than the Jews.

Concerning Lorenzo and Jessica storey, بخصوصJessica belongs to the Jew. She disobeys her father. She does not respectيحترم her parents. On the other hand, Portia, whose father is no more living, she is still loyalمخلص to her father.

Some critics say that this drama is patriarchal set up.على أساس أبوي The setting is built on patriarchal set up. The father dominates يسيطر على the family. This is one great view of the play say that it has tragic elements. Some other critics say that it has romantic elements. Some say that it has religious elements. Some say that it has comic elements.
Mention some points of complexity in the play?أذكري بعض التعقيدات
Some critics say that it is neither romantic, not comic but it is complex drama. It is one opinion said by one critic. He sees that there is some complexity تعقيدin the play. It is a complex in the sense that whenever we see the play, there is some complexity.

(1) The word merchant may refer to Antonio and Shylock. (2) Bassanio wants to go to Belmont. He does not have money. He makes Antonio to signيوقع the bond. (3) There is also complexity in choosing the casket. (4) There is complexity in the trial scene.(5) There is complexity in the ring scene. As readers we can not judge it with this complexity. We could rather call the play a tragic comedy. It is a comedy as it ends with happiness. If we analyze the play on those aspects, we do justice to the drama.
You have to know:
1. The sources
2. The themes
3. Four stories
4. Characters: Antonio- Bassanio- Shylock- Portia
5. The play as a romantic comedy
Read the given handout about the character of Portia
Character of Portia
Portia is described as the queen of the play, the Muse of love. Her role in the play is the most memorableيتذكر. She has a sense of humorروح الفكاهة. She is devotedمخلص ل to the memory of her father. She is restricted محددto the will of her father. We also see her wisdomحكمة in other ways. The quality of mercy is two blessed- it is blessing نعمةfor who gives and who takes. It is a tribute to God himself.

Portia is a woman who has the power of intellect. She has modestyتواضع. It is the charm that makes her attractiveجذاب person. She has also generosityكرم.

Character of Antonio:
Antonio is a sad person at the beginning. He is afraid. He is ready to help his friend at any cost. He is ready to sign the bond. He is very confidentواثق من نفسه. There is confidence ثقةin him. There is generosity in him. He wrote a letter to Bassanio just to give him the last farewellالوداع. He is the merchant of the title. It is the merchant of Venice- Antonio- not the merchant of the Jews.

In tragedies- Shakespeare has applied the title to the names of the hero himself. But in comedy, he prefers the profession حرفة of the hero. According to many critics, the hero of the play is Antonio- it is with the profession of Antonio. The drama is named after يسمى عليhis profession- there is no heroine. He plays a role in heroine making in the life of other person- Bassanio- if there is no Antonio- there is no chance for Bassanio to leave to Belmont- - other critics say that the hero of the drama is Bassanio.

It is a controversial question- Who is the hero of the play?

The hero of the drama is Antonio- according to Shakespeare's time; he applies the profession of the hero to the title of the drama. The name of the play is the Merchant of Venice – the merchant is Antonio- he appears at the beginning of the drama as a sad person. It is his inborn quality. He does not know why he is sad. From the beginning to the end, he shows us the confidence. Bassanio goes for him for a loan, for help. He is generousكريم. He has romantic friendship to his friend Bassanio. This type of romantic friendship is the type of Elizabethan literature.

Character of Bassanio:

Bassanio is spendthriftمسرف person. He spends much. It is not his first time to take money from Antonio. He took money from him before this time. He wants to go to Belmont. He is the romantic hero. When he chooses the right casket and gets a letter from Antonio, he becomes serious of his friend's life.

We can see the friendship of Antonio towards Bassanio and we can also see the friendship of Bassanio towards Antonio in the trial scene. Bassanio is so much confident person. He believes in true love. He is confident that he will choose the right casket. He wants money to go to Belmont to marry Portia. He asks Antonio to lend him money.

Antonio has no ready money. He goes to Shylock to lend money for the sake of Bassanio. He wants to marry Portia for money. He is a spendthrift person. He is always in debtsديون. He thinks that if he marries Portia, his problems can be solved. He also knows that Portia is the heiress of Belmont. She is also beautiful. She is the richest woman in Belmont. If He marries Portia, his problems will be solved. Also, he is in love with Portia. Portia gives information through Nerissa that she is impressed مأثورby Bassanio.

Bassanio's good nature led him into trouble at the end of the play. He wants to keep Portia's ring, but on the insistenceإصرار of the lawyer, he has to give her ring to the lawyer. He maintains all the good qualities and maintainsيحافظ على friendship.
Character of Shylock

Shylock is definitely the villain of the drama. Whatever the religion he has, he is seen as the villain. From the beginning to the end of the drama, he is always plays a negative role. He is angry because of Jessica's elopement هروبwith Lorenzo. She took his jewels. He is not thinking of his daughter, but he is rather thinking of his jewelsمجوهرات.

He is a miserبخيل. He charges يفرضheavy interestsفوائد. His living is on the interest. He swears to take revenge. He is so much determent مصمم علىto sign a bond a paper. He is determentعازم علي to kill Antonio who is a rival person in his business. At the end, he has to take what is his due.

There are so many comments on يعلقthe trial sceneمشهد المحاكمة. Shylock insists on justice. He is greedy. There are negative aspects in the bond- if a pound of flesh is taken from the body, shedding tears إراقة دماءis not acceptableمقبول- it is not in the bond . He has to take only one pound, not more not less. These are the negative aspects that the critics say about the bond.

All the characters have confidence except Shylock.
The play is a romantic comedy. There are comic elements in the play. The story is romantic- Jessica and Lorenzo are giving examples of legendry اسطورىlovers –
v You have to give critical comments- opinions of critics- you have to mention the name of the critic you are stating his opinion-
Important quotations:

Act I Scene II

Portia:O me, the word “choose!” I may neither choose whom I would nor refuse whom I dislike—so is the will of a living daughter curbed by the will of a dead father. Is it not hard, Nerissa, that I cannot choose one nor refuse none?

Oh, the word “choose” is strange! I can’t choose who I like, or refuse who I dislike. I’m a living daughter still controlled by the wishes of her dead father. Isn’t it a pain that I can’t choose or refuse anyone, Nerissa?

Q- If this line is asked in the exam- how will you answer?
– First, you have to mention the speaker of the lines- who is speaking- to whom he is speaking.
– You have to mention either it is a dialogue, aside or a soliloquy.
Comment on the lines


"These lines are taken from "the Merchant of Venice" written by Shakespeare.
Here, Portia is speaking to Nerissa her servant.
Portia whose father is not alive says that her marriage will be done by choosing the right casket. It is a system of lottery. She says that she can not choose whom she likes. She can neither refuse-reject nor choose- select none.
Here these lines reflect the patriarchal society. The daughter is bond to what the head of the family- the father tells-

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