[ مذاكرة جماعية ] : ~¤¦¦ مجلس مُذاكرة مادة مدخل إلى الأدب الأمريكي ¦¦¤~

[ABDUL3ZIZ]

Who is the narrator of “The Adventures of Huckleberry

[كارزما]

The European Romantic movement reached America in the early 19th century.
Poe, Emerson, and Hawthorne are near perfect representations for Romanticism.
Poe: "The Raven"
Emerson: "Self Reliance,", "Give All to Love,"
Hawthorne: "The Birthmark,"
Edgar Allan Poe: "A Tell Tale Heart", "The Raven", inventor of the American short short.

Washington Irving: "Rip Van Winkle", "Sleepy Hollow", is the father of American Literature.< لازم نعرف انه اب الأدب الامريكي

Walt Whitman: the controversial "Leaves of Grass", "Franklin Evans", one of the bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century.

Henry David Thoreau: "Civil Disobedience", he was a practical transcendentalist.

James Fenimore Cooper: "The Last of the Mohicans" and was the father of the American novel.< لازم نعرف انه اب الروايه

Emily Dickinson: "is My verse...alive", one of the bridge poets between American Romanticism and the 20th century

[rytal]

شسوي بمسرحية تريفلز اخر محاظرتين مررره طويله مافي له شي مختصر

[كارزما]

المحاضره الرآبعه مختصره --

American realism was an early 20th century idea in art, music and literature.

William Dean Howells, Mark Twain.

Amy Kaplan has called realism a "strategy for imagining and managing the threats of social change".

Among the Midwestern writers be Joseph Kirkland, E. W. Howe, and Hamlin Garland; the Southern writer John W.

Samuel Clemens, fiction The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Life on the Mississippi .

William Dean Howells, fiction, essays: A Modern Instance, The Rise of Silas Lapham, A Hazard of New Fortunes.

Henry James, fiction: "Daisy Miller," Portrait of A Lady, The American, The Turn of the Screw.
Kate Chopin, fiction: The Awakening.

George Washington Cable, fiction: The Grandissimes , Old Creole Days.

[كارزما]

الخامسه :: شوي طوويله


became popular in late-nineteenth-century America and is often associated with literary realism.
اشتهرت في اواخر القرن ال19 وارتبطت بالواقعيه .

The term naturalism was initially coined by Emile Zola,
اول من اطلق اسم الطبيعيين ايميلي زولا كاتبه فرنسيه

key figure in the development of French literary naturalism.
ايميلي زولا تعتبر هي التي طورت الطبيعيه الادبيه في فرنسا .

combination of realism and romanticism
الادب الامريكي مزيج بين الواقعيه والرومنسيه

American form is heavily influenced by the concept of determinism—the theory that heredity and environment influence determine human behavior.
يعتقد النقاد ان الشكل الامريكي في الادب تاثر بالحتميه "ديتيرمينيزم " نظرية ان البيئه والوراثه تحدد السلوك البشري .

naturalism is often associated with realism
غالبا ماترتبط الواقعيه بالطبيعيه

instead of free will, a naturalist depicts a character's actions as determined by environmental forces
تبنى الطبيعيون مبدأ ان السلوك البشري تحكمه عوامل البيئه وليس الاراده الحره .

in the late nineteenth century, industrialization, urbanization, mechanization, and an influx of immigrants from all over the world resulted in extreme changes on the American landscape.
عوامل ادت الى تغيير في الساحه الامريكيه

fight for survival—man against nature and man against society; violence; the consequences of sex and sex as a commodity;
موضوعات تناولتها الطبيعيه

depressing, slice-of-life documentations of sad, unfulfilled lives
2
الطابع الذي اتسمت به القصص القصيره في تلك الفتره
وثائق كئيبه وتشريحيه للحياة الحزينه التي لم تتحقق .

type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.
تعريف الطبيعيه في الادب الامريكي
Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position:
الاختلاف بين الواقعيه والطبيعيه
Naturalistic writers believed that the laws behind the forces that govern human lives might be studied and understood.
مبدأ الطبيعيه
Naturalistic writers thus used a version of the scientific method to write their novels;
الطبيعيون يستخدمون منهجا علميا في كتابة الروايات .
they studied human beings governed by their instincts and passions as well as the ways in which the characters' lives were governed by forces of heredity and environment.
الطبيعيون يدرسون البشر الذين تتحكم بهم رغباتهم وغرائزهم كما تتحكم بحياتهم ايضا قوى الوراثه والبيئه .
George Becker's naturalism's philosophical framework can be simply described as "pessimistic materialistic determinism.”
عبارة جورج بيكر الشهيره .

The naturalistic novel usually contains two tensions or contradictions:
الروايه الطبيعيه عادة تحتوي على امران متناقضان ..

[The first tension is that between the subject matter of the naturalistic novel and the concept of man which emerges from this subject matter
اول تناقض او تنشن
[The second tension involves the theme of the naturalistic novel.
ثاني تنشن


they are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, instinct, or chance.
الكاتب الطبيعي يصف شخصياته بانها تحكمها البيئه , الوراثه , الغريزه والصدفه او الحظ
Characters. ill-educated or lower-class characters whose lives are governed by the forces of heredity, instinct, and passion.
صفات الشخصيات عند كتاب الطبيعيه

Setting. Urban
الوضع : حضاري
Techniques and plots "clinical, panoramic, slice-of-life"
التكنيك والحبكه

Themes: 1.Walcutt identifies survival, determinism, violence, and taboo as key themes.
المواضيع الرئيسيه

The conflict in naturalistic novels is often "man against nature" or "man against himself"
الصراعات في الروايات الطبيعيه هي التي بين الرجل ضد الطبيعه والرجل ضد نفسه

[Nature as an indifferent force acting on the lives of human beings.
موضوع اخر ..

"nature never did betray the heart that loved her"—
جمله تعبر عن وجهة نظر ووردسوورث

The forces of heredity and environment as they affect--and afflict--individual lives.
الوراثه والبيئه وتاثيرها على حياة الفرد " ايضا من مواضيع الادب الطبيعي او المنتمي الى الحركه الطبيعيه .

An indifferent, deterministic universe.
موضوع اخر من مواضيع الطبيعييين

[كارزما]

المحاضره السادسه --

American Modernism:
Ernest Hemingway - The Sun Also Rises,
F. Scott Fitzgerald - The Great Gatsby .

Destruction: Modernist novels destroy conventions by reversing traditional
norms, such as gender and racial roles, notable in

F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby," for example. They also destroy
conventional forms of language by deliberately breaking rules of syntax and structure.

William Faulkner's novel "The Sound and the Fury," .

Fragmentation: T.S. Eliot's "The Waste Land,".

Cycle: Eliot's speaker in "The Waste Land" famously declares "these fragments I have shored against my ruins".

Loss and Exile: Ernest Hemingway's novels.
Narrative Authority: (Faulkner's, for instance) feature multiple narrators, as many modernist poems ("The Waste Land", for instance) feature multiple speakers.

Social Evils: Ernest Hemingway's anti-heroic war tales depicted the bloodiness of the battlefields,Faulkner, particularly in his most famous novel, "The Sound and the Fury,".

[كارزما]

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s
known as the "New Negro Movement"--- Alain Locke

the Harlem neighborhood of New York City تمركزت في حي هارم في نيويورك سيتي

"flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance


1.*Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the period from the end of World War I and through the middle of the 1930s Depression


2.*The notion of "twoness" , a divided awareness of one's identity, was introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois,

3.*Common themes: alienation, marginality, the use of folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for an elite audience.

4.*HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey



Fauset, Jessie Redmon:Plum Bun, The Chinaberry Tree; Comedy, American Style, 1933

Hughes, Langston: Not Without Laughter,


The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement, was a literary,

All of this intent was expressed by the phrase "The New Negro," introduced by sociologist Alain LeRoy Locke in 1925

Poetry of the Renaissance also addressed themes of American identity and the American dream

The repetitive structure and recurring themes of blues music characterize the structure of many Renaissance poems
Authors Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman further declare--

that Harlem Renaissance poetry from Chicago was characterized by the influence of an avant-garde style that arose in that city during the First World War

[فيينا]

ولادة مارك توين ووفاته ؟؟

مارك توين هو مؤلف مغامرات التوت الفنلندي the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

من اهم اسئلة الاعوام السابقة 👉🏻

ولد عام 1835

توفي عام 1910

طبعا هي رواية وليست مسرحية او قصه قصيرة

[فيينا]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة rytal

شسوي بمسرحية تريفلز اخر محاظرتين مررره طويله مافي له شي مختصر

شوفي اسئلة issue بالملف لاتقرين القصه اذا طويله بس احفظي الاسئلة اللي عليها وخلاص

[فيينا]

مسرحية trifles

تفاهات
كتبتها سوزان غلاسبل Susan Glaspell


طبعا هي المسرحية الوحيدة بالأدب الامريكي كله ، وجات بأسئلة الاعوام يعني مهمه