[ اللغة الانجليزية ] : Third Year's Students Come Here To Be One Hand

[sense]

بنات احد عنده حل اسئلة المسرحية الاولى
the way of the world

كانوا عندي بالامتحان الشهري بس مادري وين ضاعووا
بليييز

[najooom]

-Who are the most influential public figures that influenced William Congreve while writing "The Way of the World".?

There were many influential figures and philosophers who influenced William Congreve when writing " The Way of the World" among these figures were Ben Jonson, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Moliere and Charles II.
When King Charles I was murdered by the protestant Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell changed the country from a kingdom to a republic. The country was left in extreme Puritanism, and then Charles II came back from his exile in France with his men and restored the kingdom that’s why we call it restoration. In the 17th century, King Charles II restored the throne of England .King Charles II was in exile in France. so he came with his men and restored England. So, we have the influence of the French language, like using some French words making the English language lighter . We have something called the restoration drama.
King Charles II used to patronize literary men and invite them in his court. He encouraged English literature. The French influence is clear in the language that Congreve uses in the play and the use of allegorical names. King Charles II however was immoral. He used to have several mistresses. So there was moral corruption in the country. England changed from extreme Puritanism to extreme liberalism. He came with liberal ideas. These liberal ideas spread after extreme Puritanism, led to social corruption. This is reflected in "The Way of the World". Among the French influences was the influence of Moliere. William Congreve admired very much Moliere and imitated him in style. Congreve imitated the style of Moliere
Examples:
The name Millamant is a lady who has thousands of lovers. This is a French influence.

Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher in the 17th century. He was a secular writer. He does not like what is in the bible that man is created in the image of god and so man has innate kindness, that man is kind by nature. He also says that man is evil by nature, man cannot control himself and man is lusty after desires. He followed his desires like an animal. So, man is animalistic in attitude. He says that in order to control these greedy people in society an authoritarian king or a dictator like the King Stewart II should rule them. Thomas Hobbes believes in leadership. He was advocating King James the 2nd. He believes there should be no strong parliament to bother the king. His influence on William Congreve is quite clear in the
Hobbesian characters in the play; the characters who are innately evil. Mrs. Marwood is one of those characters. She shows no dignity throughout the play. She shows no decency, she is evil. she is envious. She deceives lady Wishfort and Mrs. Fainal and pretends to be their friend when she is not. She has an affair with a married man and she is jealous from Mrs. Fainal and Millamant. Another example is the character of Mr. Fainal. Mr. Fainal is greedy, lusty, animalistic, evil and does not show any dignity. Mrs. Fainal is partly Hobbesian, because she has some kindness in her character. She is a good friend to Mirabel. She sacrifices her love to Mirabel. She does not bother him when he wants to marry her cousin Millamant. She does not do plots against them. She is not evil by nature. Both Foible and Waitwell are fully, totally Hobbesian. They show no dignity. they are after money. They do anything for money. They can even sell themselves for money. Another Hobbesian character is the character of Mrs. Marwood. We call her malicious.
The other philosopher who affected William Congreve is John Locke . He disagrees with Hobbes. He believes in the bible and in the innate kindness of man. He believes that man is born with his mind like a tabula raza , like a blank page. As man grows this sheet is filled with good or bad morals taken from society. So, it is society that corrupts man or reform man. John Locke is against the totalitarian rule of King James II. He belongs to the Whigs party. He is liberal. He advocates the individual freedom and democracy. he does not like dictatorship. He said in economy and politics people should write contracts in everything. William Congreve liked this idea very much and this is very clear in the play. Even in marriage there are contracts, because contracts creates commitment.
In the play, there are Lockian characters. Mirabel is half Hobbesian half Lockian. He makes several plots to reach his aim. He wants the money of Millamant although he loves her. He is materialistic towards her money.
Thomas Hobbes echoes the materialistic philosophy of the 16th c. philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli the Italian philosopher who advised one of the Italian princesses to deceive people to be very materialistic to come to power and he wrote the book : The Prince . Machiavelli said the end justifies the means. So people started to be moral. They started to justify the wrong doings because the end justifies the means. They started not to follow religion. So, we call Mirabel partly Hobbesian and partly Lockian because he loved Millamant very much. He is a noble man. He shows nobility at the end. He will do something very good to Mrs. Fainal at the end.
Millamant is Lockean she does not do anything evil to anybody and she likes individual freedom. Mirabel and Millamant are the only ones who show dignity and decency in the play. According to Locke, society had corrupted them and making them coquettes. However by their own free will they decide to keep their decency and dignity.

William Congreve adopted the idea of contracts from John Locke, and the play is full of contracts. Ex: when Mirabel wanted to control Waitwell and Foible , he contracted them by marriage. Mr. Fainal in order to marry Mrs. Fainal, she wrote him a contract and she gave him the best part of her estate.
Another influential figure on William Congreve in writing " The Way of the World " is Ben Jonson and the Theory of humor. The theory of humor was first started in the Middle Ages. they used to believe that there are four elements in the universe that are: air, fire, water and dust. If the four elements are mixed in a proper proportion ,the man becomes balanced and healthy but if it was in improper proportion , man will become imbalanced . If somebody got excess of air, the body secretes a fluid called sanguis, blood and one becomes moody ,tedious or easily enraged .we call it sanguine l character. If one gets excess of fire, the body secretes a fluid called cholera. Then he becomes active or hasty, we call it choleric. If one gets excess of water, the body secretes phlegm. The person becomes passive or slow. It is called phlegmatic character.
If one gets excess of the earthly element the body secretes a fluid called melancholia, black bile. The person becomes sad and introvert. It is melancholic character. This is in the middle ages. In the 17th century, Ben Jonson criticized the theory of humor. He said they are not realistic and incomplete ,limited , he said that humors should refer to social manners. In the middle ages humors refer to physical changes. He is saying that humor must reflect social manners. For example, if a man is a true miser then he has excess of miseries and this should be reflected on his name. So, he has chosen allegorical names. In the play, we have characters that reflect their social manners.
In " the Way of the World "Congreve delineated his characters as humors in the Johnsonian sense where certain humors dominates each of them . Their names express their manners. Moreover ,he is keen on implying the medieval theory of humors on the same characters.. There were two ways and Congreve used both ways and applied them on his characters.
Congreve copied Ben Johnsons use of allegorical characters so he has chosen names that reflect the social .
For example: The name Witwoud means that wished he would have it
The name Fainal is derived from feign or pretence
The name Mirabel means beautiful mirror or handsome youth
The name petulant means whimsical or capricious
The name Waitwell refers to someone who serves well
The name Wishfort is a character who wishes very strongly
Congreve is referring to the medieval theory of humor claiming that Millamant is a sanguine character because she has excess of air in her character. Air dominates other elements.
Another example of humors characters is:
MILLA. And yet our distemper in all likelihood will be the same; for we shall be
sick of one another. I shan't endure to be reprimanded nor instructed; 'tis so dull
to act always by advice, and so tedious to be told of one's faults, I can't bear it.
Well, I won't have you, Mirabell--I'm resolved--I think--you may go--ha, ha, ha!
What would you give that you could help loving me?

She tells him that’s enough. She is bored with him and that’s the end of their relationship. She is not serious about that. she threatens him that she will turn melancholic.
MIRA. You are merry, madam, but I would persuade you for a moment to be
serious.
He wants her to be serious. This has something to do with humor .
PET. All's one, let it pass. I have a humour to be cruel.
Here you analyze him like the character of Millamant he has excess of air
MRS. FAIN. He has a humour more prevailing than his curiosity, and will
willingly dispense with the hearing of one scandalous story, to avoid giving an
occasion to make another by being seen to walk with his wife. This way, Mr.
Mirabell, and I dare promise you will oblige us both.
Mrs. Fainal is talking about her husband. Here Congreve is referring to the Ben Johnsonian concept of humor and she is referring to the social behavior of her husband not about the effect of the fluid in his body.
We have another example when Millamant feels melancholic. It is a reference to the medieval theory of humors. Things started to change in her body. She has got the excess of dust element. She started to feel sad and pessimistic. She does not want to talk to anybody.
You will find the word humor repeated in the play for example
FAIN. Confess, Millamant and you quarrelled last night, after I left you; my fair
cousin has some humours that would tempt the patience of a Stoic. What, some
coxcomb came in, and was well received by her, while you were by?


• Discuss the technique of " The Way of the World".?

So, you will mention in this question four points:
• the traditional elements,
• non-traditional elements,
• the style of the writer
• The characterization.
in tracing the technique of William Congreve in his play" the Way of the World" , we find that he uses both traditional or classical elements, and non-traditional, or modern elements .
Concerning the classical elements in the play, we find that William Congreve was a friend to Alexander Pope who writes classical poetry. They used to admire the Roman modals. We can find classical characteristics in the restoration drama .
The structure of the play is classical or traditional- like a well-made play. We find suspense, letters, and disguise. For example Mirabel tells Waitwell to disguise as his uncle Roland. We also have examples of written letters. Witwoud says that Petulant like to make himself important in front of people, so he used to write letters to himself and send them. He sends letters for himself and if he is not there he will leave a massage for himself.
By the end of 1st act, we realize that it is a drama where things are said indirectly. We cannot understand what is happening until we finish the whole act. We are kept in suspense, so this is the style of William Congreve.
(this morning)= very important , this is a proof that Congreve is keeping the unity of time, in act 1 Congreve used the technique of narration. Mr. Fainal told Mirabel about what happened the day before , the day before is not acted on stage , it was narrated by Mr. Fainal so we as audience knew what happened the day before from the narration, because Congreve is keen on observing the unity of time , all the events occurred within 24 hours only. The setting is London, so there is unity of place because all the events happened in London.
this is classical influence because the neo classical period was over lapping the restoration period and Congreve was a friend to some neo classical writers like Alexander pope .
Writers in the restoration period like William Congreve started to rebel against some classical characteristics like keeping the unity of action, they liked to use sub-plots, they did not like writing in blank verse. in the 16th century like Shakespeare they used blank verse like the classical models but in the 17th century dramatists do not use blank verse, and they were not strict about the unities some of them use unity of time and others do not.
Although the plot is imaginative, Congreve tackles realistic issues which make him universal.
(Explain the relationship between man and woman)

Concerning the elements of modernity we have implicit expressions, subtle language, witty dialogue; for example, the dialogue between Mirabel and Mr. Fainal. There is no blank verse except for the prologue and epilogue. We have the new social ideas. The pastoral life is criticized and the city life is praised, the new shape of the stage. The actresses were allowed to act, the artificial light and there are curtains that rise and fall between acts and scenes. In Shakespeare times plays were acted in day light because there was no electricity and stages were simple but in the restoration period stages became more modern looking like our stages nowadays. The shape of the stage has been modernized. In the 16th century it was the shape of a horse shoe like the Globe Theater, no curtains, no electricity, plays were performed at day light. The stage was bare. But in the 17th century it had a plat form and an auditorium. there were curtains to drop between acts and sense, fancy stage props . In Shakespeare's plays or in the 16th century women were not allowed to act so they used young men with soft voices to act the role of women, with make-up and wigs to look like women. But in the 17th century Actresses were allowed to act on stage. In the 16th century, it was an explicit drama. Actors feed the audience the whole information by side talking on stage.
because The restoration period overlaps the neoclassical period . In the restoration drama, new social ideas were born in the 17th century . For example, city drama was written. Writer for the first time started to show country life that is full of ignorance and poverty whereas city life is full of wit and wealth. The Londoners make fun of the country people ,

Another point for the technique is the style of William Congreve. It is it is distinguished. He wrote the most decent play in the 17th century. He excluded *** and farce. He imitated the French writer Moliere who was contemporary to him. He ends his acts with heroic couplets. Although the plot is imaginative, he tackles realistic issues which make him universal.
Characterization is a part and parcel of the technique. Characters reflect the age, for example, Foible and Waitwell and the way they deal with their masters. They are daring. They sell themselves to their masters.





• You should talk about Ben Jonson- that he took the idea of allegorical names from Morality plays of the middle ages
Congreve copied Ben Jonson's use of allegorical characters so he has chosen names that reflect the social.
For example: The name Witwoud means that wished he would have it. The name Fainal is derived from feign or pretence
The name Mirabel means beautiful mirror or handsome youth
The name petulant means whimsical or capricious
The name Waitwell refers to someone who serves well
The name Wishfort is a character who wishes very strongly
Congreve is referring to the medieval theory of humor claiming that Millamant is a sanguine character because she has excess of air in her character. Air dominates other elements.
An important point is the metatheatrical technique.
• the answer of this question is included in the answer of the question of the technique

• What are the aspects of modernity?

We can trace elements of modernism in Congreve's play (The Way Of The World). The language is modernized. it looks somehow like modern language. if we compare it with the 16th century language, we are going to find it different. If we compare it with Shakespeare's writing, we will see the difference the language is more modernized
Writers in the restoration period like William Congreve started to rebel against some classical characteristics like keeping the unity of action, they liked to use sub-plots. they did not like writing in blank verse. In the 16th century like Shakespeare they used blank verse like the classical models but in the 17th century dramatists do not use blank verse. They were not strict about the unities. Some of them use unity of time and others do not.
The shape of the stage has been modernized, in the 16th century it was the shape of a horse shoe like the Globe Theater, no curtains, no electricity. plays were performed at day light. The stage was bare very few stage parts on stage. but in the 17th century it had a plat form and an auditorium ,and there were curtains to drop between acts and sense, fancy stage props ,it was an age of appearances.
In Shakespeare's plays or in the 16th century women were not allowed to act so the used young men with soft voices to act the role of women ,with make-up and wigs to look like women.
But in the 17th century
Actresses were allowed to act on stage. In the 16th century, it was an explicit drama. Actors feed the audience the whole information by side talking on stage. the audience are not expected to be cultured.
The 17th century was the beginning of the implicit drama and language. Every thing is said indirectly. Everything is hidden. Nowadays it is very implicit.
For example, …….. suspects Mirabell that he had an affair with either the wife of Mr. Fainal or Mrs. Marwood his mistress. He does not want to tell him directly that he knows that he has an affair with one of his ladies. So he asks indirectly. All the plays are like this, this is modern drama, language is hidden, things are said indirectly.
We have a soliloquy. After everybody left the room, Mrs. Marwood came out of the closet, very envious and angry . she expressed her hatred to everyone. We rarely find a soliloquy. In the 17th century, restoration drama is the beginning of modern drama .drama started to become implicit and subtle. In modern drama there are no soliloquies but in the 16th century. drama it is full of it.

• Discuss the theme of love in " the Way of the World"
• Discuss the type of love between Mirabell and Millamant.

there is real- true love platonic kind of love and false love
Discuss the love relationship through the eternal triangle.
Use examples- quotation and paraphrase it

In the play "The Way of the World" the theme of love is the dominant theme. We have different kinds of love. We have true love that is platonic and false love.
One characteristic of the 17th century drama or comedy of manners is that the relationships are explained through the eternal triangle. It is like having two lovers and somebody bothering them. For example, we have the love relationship between Mirabel and Millamant which is true and platonic love. The one who is bothering these two lovers is Mrs. Fainal.
Mirabel used to have a relationship with Mrs. Fainal. He got bored of her so he married her to Mr., Fainal. He convinced the man that if he marries her, he will become very rich because she is rich. It was an age of materialism, so the man married her not for love, but to take her money.
Mirabel loved the cousin of Mrs. Fainal. She was a young girl called Millamant and he loved her very much. She was beautiful and attractive not only to him but to everyone. He wanted to marry her. The problem is her aunt lady Wishfort who does not like Mirabell. According to the tradition of the English law, lady Wishfort is in control of Millamant's fortune. Because she is under age, lady Wishfort must approve to the man Millamant is going to marry. If she does not agree and Millamant marries without permission, she loses her fortune or a big part of it. William Congreve is criticizing the law and showing that it is unfair, it restricts individual freedom.
another example of the eternal triangle in the play is the marriage between Mr. and Mrs. Finial. Mr. Finial married Mrs. Finial for her money and he had an affair with Mrs. .Marwood.
MILLA. O silly! Ha, ha, ha! I could laugh immoderately. Poor Mirabell! His constancy to me has quite destroyed his complaisance for all the world beside. I
Swear I never enjoined it him to be so coy. If I…..
The love relationship between Mirabell and Millamant is a platonic kind of love. For example, she says that she is still shy in the presence of Mirabell. She loves him pure love. She is talking about the platonic kind of love. During this time a group of people believed that couples should love each other purely. It has erotic feelings but they don't sleep together before marriage. She is chaste.
Fainal is talking to Mirabell again about Millamant and Mirabell

MIRA. And for a discerning man somewhat too passionate a lover, for I like her
with all her faults; nay, like her for her faults. Her follies are so natural, or so
artful, that they become her, and those affectations which in another woman
would be odious serve but to make her more agreeable. I'll tell thee, Fainall, she once used me with that insolence that in revenge I took her to pieces, sifted her, and separated her failings: I studied 'em and got 'em by rote. The catalogue was
so large that I was not without hopes, one day or other, to hate her heartily. To
which end I so used myself to think of 'em, that at length, contrary to my design
and expectation, they gave me every hour less and less disturbance, till in a few
days it became habitual to me to remember 'em without being displeased. They
are now grown as familiar to me as my own frailties, and in all probability in a
little time longer I shall like 'em as well.
In this quotation Mirabell says that he loves Millamant with all her faults. they fight with each other but he gets familiar with such things. It means true love, what makes William Congreve's play is very good . it has a humanitarian aspect. It discusses real feelings; it develops from locality to universality. People all over the world appreciate what he says about feelings. Now in the post contemporary period we can appreciate what he says about true love, or what is love.
When a person loves someone with all his faults it means that he forgives him. This is true love but when one can't forgive then what he feels is not true love. In platonic love, transformation happens in the lovers. It is love that happens at first sight. So the lover changes . He becomes very sweet and tender accepting mistakes , very tolerant .
You are enjoying Congreve because he is very realistic this is one of the best 17th century drama. he is discussing serious themes . he is discussing humanity.

*Discuss the classical influences in "The Way of the World".

We can trace the classical influences in the play. first we have the idea of platonic love, the structure of the play which is classical, the form of the play, the three unities, the use of classical allusions,
In the classical structure there are; five acts, unities, prologue at the beginning, epilogue at the end. Act one scene one is the exposition of the play. We find the main character being introduced, it tells us about the main theme of the play and the style of the writer.
There are few soliloquies and asides but they are not classical characteristics.
(Mention the example of the soliloquy)
We have a soliloquy. After everybody left the room, Mrs. Marwood came out of the closet, very envious and angry. She expressed her hatred to everyone.
The events develop according to Aristotle's theory of probabilities, for example, one action leads to the other. The play develops systematically from an exposition to a denouement. The events get gradually complicated until there is a climax or a knot. Then, the knot gets unraveled at the end. This is similar to what modern critics call a well-made play. It is a well-knit play. There are secrets, letters, and confrontations, suspense, tricks, coincidences, mistaken identity
(mention the examples of letters, suspense, disguise)
there is a confrontation at the end of the play to make the revolution. It is when Mirabell made confrontation. He confronted Mr. Fainal. Also, there is the dramatic irony which comes from disguise. For example, Sir Rowland, we know as audiences that he is Waitwell but Lady Wishfort at the beginning doesn't know he is Waitwell. She thinks that he is the uncle of Mirabell. This is called dramatic irony. It arouses laughter.
We have a prologue at the beginning and at the end we have an epilogue and they are written in blank verse but drama is written in prose. Having five acts is a classical characteristic. If you go to post contemporary drama you can find it two or three acts and different number of scenes.
an example of letters in the play:
MILLA. Oh, ay, letters--I had letters--I am persecuted with letters--I hate letters.
Nobody knows how to write letters; and yet one has 'em, one does not know
why. They serve one to pin up one's hair.
WIT. Is that the way? Pray, madam, do you pin up your hair with all your
letters? I find I must keep copies.
MILLA. Only with those in verse, Mr. Witwoud. I never pin up my hair with


(Write a paragraph about Platonic love- the same as in the question about the theme of love- mention the example )

• How does " The Way of the World" reflect the 17th century society?

discusses cultural ideas( man-woman relationship - love as based on materialistic reasons – the importance of reputation- fearing from scandals – religion- historical facts- Charles II- his influences- the French influences – the influence of the philosophers of the age-
characterization
theory of humor- medieval influences
The play reflects the age that is the 17th century society. It discusses types of human relationships, the theme of love that is based on materialistic reasons. We also have examples of how people in the 17th century feared from scandals and that they cared much about their reputations. Another cultural aspect found in the play is the effect of King Charles II and the French influences on Congreve in writing the play. We can also trace the influence of the philosophers of the 17th century ion Congreve. Regardless to the theory of humors that is also found in the play. Characterization in the play also reflect the 17th century society.
FAIN. No, I'll give you your revenge another time, when you are not so
indifferent; you are thinking of something else now, and play too negligently:
the coldness of a losing gamester lessens the pleasure of the winner. I'd no more play with a man that slighted his ill fortune than I'd make love to a woman who undervalued the loss of her reputation.

This is an example to show that people in the 17th century cared much about their reputation. They are playing cards in the chocolate house. Fainal mentioned a woman who does not care about her reputation.
The society lacks heroism. that’s why people like to watch heroes in literature. it was a society of appearance, men in the 17th century lacked manhood they were fobs-coxcombs- dandies and women were coquettes, it was an age of immorality.
They watched comedy of manners because it was mainly about *** and farce, they laugh at the clownish character, there is no serious theme. Comedy of manners was full of ***ual themes, so critics started to criticize comedy of manners, they described it as immoral .
William Congreve defended the comedy of manners he wanted to prove to the critics that the 17th century writers can discuss serious themes in the comedy of manners so he wrote The Way Of The World and he said that comedy of manners is meant to improve the morals of the people ,hypocrisy and immorality in order to reform people . when people laugh at their follies they change and stop being immoral . the function of comedy is to satirize the immoral behavior of people . The Way Of The World is the most decent comedy of manners in the 17th century. it discussed serious themes no obscene language.
For example in act II
Mrs. Fainal is talking to Mirabell she tells him why he made her to marry Mr. Fainal
MRS. FAIN. You have been the cause that I have loved without bounds, and
would you set limits to that aversion of which you have been the occasion? Why
did you make me marry this man?
MIRA. Why do we daily commit disagreeable and dangerous actions? To save
that idol, reputation. If the familiarities of our loves had produced that
consequence of which you were apprehensive, where could you have fixed a
father's name with credit but on a husband? I knew Fainall to be a man lavish of
his morals, an interested and professing friend, a false and a designing lover, yet
one whose wit and outward fair behaviour have gained a reputation with the
town, enough to make that woman stand excused who has suffered herself to be
won by his addresses. A better man ought not to have been sacrificed to the
occasion; a worse had not answered to the purpose. When you are weary of him
you know your remedy.
This is the way of the world in order to save their reputation. They do things they don’t like. He wanted to save the reputation of Mrs. Fainal. She was having an affair with Mirabell. So ,he realized that she is going to have a bad reputation and to save her reputation he lets her marry Mr. Fainal because he was a man of good reputation at that time. So, when he is married to her nobody could talk bad about her. She is innocent. They do not know that Mr. Fainal is immoral .also, he accepts to marry her for her money and he has a relationship with Mrs. Marwood. This is the way of the world, the social corruption in the 17th century.
Another situation that reflects the 17th century society is when Mrs. Marwood tells Mr. Fainal why doesn’t Mirabell instead of threatening Lady Wishfort ,why doesn't he go and threaten lady Wishfort , and tell her that he knows that her daughter is having an affair , that he is going to scandalize her . He is going to give her a very bad reputation in the city . So, lady Wishfort is going to be threatened when she hears the word reputation. She fears bad reputation for her daughter. She is going to sacrifice all her fortune. So he is going to blackmail her, so he is going to threaten her and she will give him all the money, and Mr. Fainal likes the idea.

*What are the main themes in the play?
Discuss the theme of love in "The Way of the World".
Discuss the concept of friendship in " The Way of the World".

In " The Way of the World" there are two main themes. First, the theme of ,love whether it is true or false love. Second, we have the theme of friendship whether true or false friendship. Another minor theme in the play is the theme of the life in the city versus life in the country.
Regarding the theme of love, we have the true platonic love between Millamant and Mirabell. We have another type of love which is false that is materialistic. For example the love between Mr. Fainal and his wife, we have also the relationship between Mr. Fainal and Mrs. Marwood and between Waitwell and Foible.
Another theme is the theme of friendship. There is a true and false friendship. False friendship is like the relationship between Mrs. Marwood and Lady Wishfort which is false. Her friendship to Mrs. Fainal is false also. There are two examples of true friendship; the one between Mirabell and Mrs. Fainal .then the friendship of Sir Willful, Witwoud and Mirabell is true. Mr. Fainal is full of suspicion. he suspects his friend. Everybody is pretending to be friend to somebody who is not real friend to him.
Mirabell and Fainal keep talking about Witwoud. They say that he is stupid and disagreeable. Then Witwoud arrives. He comes to make fun of his half brother Willful. Then Mirabell and Fainal keep on urging Witwoud to laugh at Petulant. He says that Petulant is his friend but he makes fun of him and laugh at him. The dandies are talking about each other, they are making fun of each other, and nobody respect anybody. This is their life. They spend all their time in coffee houses, playing cards. They are not doing anything serious, they look for money. They even marry for money.
We should not forget the friendship between Mr. Mirabel and Mr. Fainal and the friendship between Mrs. Marwood and Mrs. Fainal. The friendship between those two ladies shows no honesty. They talk together about men. Mrs. Marwood says that she hates all men and she keeps telling Mrs. Fainal that men are very bad. They give hard time to women. She despises men; at the same time we know she had an affair with Mr. Fainal, the husband of her supposed friend Mrs. Fainal.
So, when she talks like this Mrs. Fainal tells her that she herself hates her husband. Marwood is very happy to hear this because she loves Fainal and she has an affair with him. Then she tells Mrs. Fainal that when women stick together, love each other and even make love to each other that is good. So, she asks her if she is talking about lesbianismسحاقى. It sounds that she is a lesbian. She is immoral. She pretends that she hates men and loves the community of women. So, what she says is not really true. maybe, she wants to deceive Mrs. Fainal . maybe she wants to hear from her that she hates Mr. Fainal.
We realize that Marwood is not honest. She tells Fainal that she hates Mirabel, which we know that this is not true so she is lying.
(This paragraph can be written in answering the question about how the play reflects the 17th century society)
Another theme is social corruption. when Mr. Fainal enters, he acts like a loving husband and Mrs. Fainal acts like a doting wife as if the love each other very much, their marriage is based on materialism this is hypocrisy . This reflects the corruption of the 17th century. The social relations are based on affliction; that is when someone says something pretending to act or do. That is social immorality in the 17th century.
Everybody is deceiving one another. This is social corruption, lady Wishfort is scared because foible told her that Sir Roland wants to marry her. Because if she marries him and have a baby , an heir (of course she is not because she is old but this is a comedy ). If she has a baby Sir Roland is going to disinherit Mirabell.
Marwood pretends to be a friend to lady Wishfort and to her daughter Mrs. Fainal. This is not true. Marwood is the mistress of Mr. Fainal.
Mr. Fainal tells Marwood that she should help him not hinder the marriage of Mirabel and Millamant. He wants Mirabell to marry Millamant. It is for our own good because if they marry Millamant is going to lose half her fortune and the other half will go to lady Wishfort. After lady Wishfort dies, the fortune will go to Mrs. Fainal and he would take the money from her and divorce her after taking the money .so this is his plan. He wants Mirabell to marry Millamant. He wants to make money from the three ladies, Millamant, lady Wishfort and his wife.
We know from this conversation that he is very materialistic
Mirabel is scared to let Waitwell marry lady Wishfort, to take her money. So, he made him contracted to the bible because in Christianity there is no divorce and there is no polygamy . So, he made him marry somebody. This is to guarantee that Foible will not betray them and she is going to work with them.
We also have the theme of the country life versus the city life. For example
SIR WIL. The fashion's a fool and you're a fop, dear brother. 'Sheart, I've
suspected this--by'r lady I conjectured you were a fop, since you began to change the style of your letters,
He realized from the change of letters that he changed into being a city man. Originally, he is from the village. so . He showed ill manners but because he left the village long time ago he began to change. Here we have the theme of the city versus the country life.



Some of the ill manners of sir Willful Witwoud are shown when he went to dine with lady Wishfort and others. then he started taking off his dirty shoes on the dining table. So, lady Wishfort got shocked He is ill mannered, again this is the theme of living in the city with a countryside style, rustic life.

• (You should mention the husband- wife relationship, the mother-daughter relationship, the husband-wife relationship.
• You should talk about the affairs and the eternal triangle. Then master-servant relationship. They all show the social corruption.

Discuss the concept of man ship in the 17th century from your understanding.
how it is affected by the time , by "The Way of the World "in 17th century world
In England when a man knows that his wife is betraying him he is a cuckold with two horns. So Mr. Fainal suspects Mrs. Fainal. He believes that she is betraying him because he is betraying her. There is no relation between them. So he does not believe that she is being pure and chaste. When Mrs. Marwood asks him why he is with her, what he is waiting for, if he is waiting to divorce her. He says that he can't divorce her as he's waiting for her money, that her money luster him. His horns shine more every time her money or fortune increases and becomes more
FAIN. Why, then, Foible's a bawd, an errant, rank match-making bawd. And I, it
seems, am a husband, a rank husband, and my wife a very errant, rank wife,--all
in the way of the world. 'Sdeath, to be a cuckold by anticipation, a cuckold in
When the man knows that his wife betrays him he becomes a cuckold .
FAIN. Damn him, that had been mine--had you not made that fond discovery.That had been forfeited, had they been married. My wife had added lustre to my horns by that increase of fortune: I could have worn 'em tipt with gold, thoughmy forehead had been furnished like a deputy-lieutenant's hall.

This is the way of the world in the 17th century England .it's an old fashion to ask a man where his wife is. The husband is supposed not to know where his wife is. his wife can go anywhere with anybody.

MILLA. Oh, I ask your pardon for that. One's cruelty is one's power, and when
one parts with one's cruelty one parts with one's power, and when one has parted
with that, I fancy one's old and ugly.
We can use her philosophy to interpret why men after marriage are cruel…after being so loving and doting, they are cruel by nature.
Mirabell told Millamant that he has one condition before marriage which is that she doesn’t make him a cuckold. This was natural in the 17th century. A man turns into a cuckold because his wife betrays him and he asks her not to talk to bad women because they will show her other men to have an affair with, not drink wine with men.

the term –contract- refers to a dominant philosophy in " The Way of the World"
The term "contract" is a key word to an important dominant philosophy in "The Way of the World". Discuss. ?
• Here you should discuss John Locke's idea of a “contract".
• In one paragraph you write the theory
• In another one you mention examples.
one of the philosophers who affected William Congreve is John Locke . He believes in the bible and in the innate kindness of man. He believes that man is born with his mind like a tabula Raza , like a blank page. As man grows this sheet is filled with good or bad morals taken from society. So, it is society that corrupts man or reform man. John Locke is liberal. He advocates the individual freedom and democracy. he does not like dictatorship. He said that in economy and politics, people should write contracts in everything. William Congreve liked this idea very much and this is very clear in the play. Even in marriage there are contracts, because contracts creates commitment.
There are several contracts in "The Way of the World".



Marwood tells Mr. Fainal that when sir Roland is there hiding the contract of marriage with lady Wishfort , he is going to send at the same moment he will send her a letter signed unknown .he is going to tell her that the man he is going to marry is the servant Waitwell not sir Roland.
FAIN. If the worst come to the worst, I'll turn my wife to grass. I have already adeed of settlement of the best part of her estate, which I wheedled out of her, and that you shall partake at least.
Deed means contract. So, here we have evidence that the price of the marriage is that deed to give him the best part of her estate
She starts telling him some conditions before marriage. So, we go back again to the idea of contracts. She tells him her conditions. He also said some conditions. She tells him that she is going to choose the time of marriage and she is not going to care about the house work very much. she will stay in bed as long as she pleases. she asks him not to call her names after marriage like wife, dear. he has to call her Millamant before and after marriage. She is a serious woman. They will not make love in front of people. This is indecent. She wants to keep decent. When they appear together, they should appear as if they are not married. She is not going to the Hyde Park where married couples go on their first Sunday together to make love and show off and it is the only Sunday they go there. She says that she does not want that. She does not like that idea that tradition. She will pay and receive visits from whom she pleases and he should not show her any twisted faces when she receives letters from people. She is free to have dinner anywhere with or without him. He has to knock before he enters.
Any other man would not like such conditions but Mirabell accepts her conditions because he loves her and does not want to lose her. Mirabell understands women in the patriarchal society. He believes he should give some freedom to Millamant. We can say that he is civilized. We said he is Lockian because he believes in individual freedom.
Mirabell told her that he has one condition which is that she doesn’t make him a cuckold. This was natural in the 17th century. A man turns into a cuckold because his wife betrays him and he asks her not to talk to bad women because they will show her other men to have an affair with, not drink wine with men .
MIRA. And for a discerning man somewhat too passionate a lover, for I like her
with all her faults; nay, like her for her faults. Her follies are so natural, or so
artful, that they become her, and those affectations which in another woman
would be odious serve but to make her more agreeable. I'll tell thee, Fainall, she once used me with that insolence that in revenge I took her to pieces, sifted her, and separated her failings: I studied 'em and got 'em by rote. The catalogue was
so large that I was not without hopes, one day or other, to hate her heartily. To
which end I so used myself to think of 'em, that at length, contrary to my design
and expectation, they gave me every hour less and less disturbance, till in a few
days it became habitual to me to remember 'em without being displeased. They
are now grown as familiar to me as my own frailties, and in all probability in a
little time longer I shall like 'em as well.
In this quotation Mirabell says that he loves Millamant with all her faults. They fight with each other but he gets familiar with such things. It means true love, what makes William Congreve's play is very good .


• Trace the medieval features in "The Way of the World".
• Discuss the medieval features in the play .
(You have the model answer for the medieval features)
The first medieval feature in the play is the affect of Ben Jonson and the use of allegorical names
(use the same answer in the last questions concerning the effect of Ben Jonson and the use of allegorical names).
Ben Jonson himself imitated the medieval morality play in using allegorical names. Ben Jonson himself copied this idea of allegorical names from the medieval dramatists.
Another medieval feature in the play is the idea of the face of Islam which was blackened in the Middle Ages and this idea was transferred to the 17th century.
SIR WIL. Turks? No; no Turks, aunt. Your Turks are infidels, and believe not in
the grape. Your Mahometan, your Mussulman is a dry stinkard. No offence,
Mahometan is prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him). they cannot pronounce the name right. This is a reference to Islam in the 17th century. Hence the picture of Islam was very bad in Europe since the middle ages. They used to believe that Islam is a kind of paganism and that prophet Mohammad is inferno punished for being pagan and Muslims are pagans this was the image of Islam. in the middle ages during the crusaders made a propaganda against Islam, and told the Europeans that Muslims were pagans, violent and with tails like animals. To make all the Christians of Europe unite and fight against Muslims in Jerusalem. This is medieval influence, Congreve is like the others. He does not understand that Islam is a religion coming from God like Christianity and that Muslims worship one God so, this is medieval influence that came in the 17th century.
Another example of the medieval features in the play is ,
WIT. Do, wrap thyself up like a woodlouse, and dream revenge. And, hear me, if thou canst learn to write by to-morrow morning, pen me a challenge. I'll carry it for thee.
This is the medieval habit of dueling for the sake of honor or love. This was a bad middle age habit in the 17th century. It became against the law. So, this is criticism on these bad habits.

- How far William Congreve is a realistic writer
give the definition of realism
Discuss imaginary events that might probably happen.
the play is about human nature – nature of man( when woman gets old, she likes to look younger. men like the independent women and women who have personality-
the cultural influences in the play as part of realism in the play

• The realism comes from his reference to the English culture in the 17th century.
• 2-He tells us historical facts about the 17th century; Charles II, French influences, and the bad idea about Muslims and dueling.
• 3-He talks about human nature. Millamant talks about the nature of men. They do not like the most decent women, the women who always agree with them, they like the women who argue against them. He also talks about the nature of women. For example, Lady Wishfort; when women grow old, they always like to look young.
• In the medieval idea of humors they think that a character is changeable. It can be Sanguine sometimes and melancholic other time. Ben Jonson says that there is permanent humor. For example, the miser person is always miser, he doesn't change.
• We are enjoying Congreve because he is very realistic this is one of the best 17th century dramas. He is discussing serious themes. He is discussing humanity.
• Congreve's play is very good . It has a humanitarian aspect. It discusses real feelings; it develops from locality to universality. People all over the world appreciate what he says about feelings. Now in the post contemporary period we can appreciate what he says about true love, or what is love.

[najooom]

sense

صاير الكلام سايح على بعضه انتي رتبيه

[sense]

شكررررا نجوووم

[Angelica]

تو استوعب ان الدراما مصيبه !
وش ذا الحوسه الاسئله في وادي والاجوبه بوادي والكوتيشنات حلها مو راكب عليها

[ILMMSFM]

احس نفسي طفشانه مرررررررررررررررررررررره

كأن صارلي سنه اختبر!!

ياربي يعدي بكره على خير!

مو قادره اذاكر..و بكره بنذاكر نظام مالي بعد!!!
ودؤي يا مزيكا!!!!

[حلمي كبير]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة Angelica

تو استوعب ان الدراما مصيبه !
وش ذا الحوسه الاسئله في وادي والاجوبه بوادي والكوتيشنات حلها مو راكب عليها

بقوووووووووووووووووة

بس انتي ماعليك خذي الأمثلة وركبي الكلام من عندك لأني لو اعتمد كلامهم صدقيني انجح بـ D

بنااااات سؤال طاير

شالفرق بين الكلاسيكال تكنيكس والكلاسيكال فييتشر

هل التكنيكس يعني الستركتشر .؟؟ هل هو انها ابو 5 اكتات ويونتي وايبلوق وبرلوق واكسبوزشن

والفييتشرز وشو انه فيه اسايد وسوليلوكيز ولا هذا من التكنيكس .!!

[ILMMSFM]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة حلمي كبير

شالفرق بين الكلاسيكال تكنيكس والكلاسيكال فييتشر

هل التكنيكس يعني الستركتشر .؟؟ هل هو انها ابو 5 اكتات ويونتي وايبلوق وبرلوق واكسبوزشن

والفييتشرز وشو انه فيه اسايد وسوليلوكيز ولا هذا من التكنيكس .!!

I guess that they're both the same.

MIND YOU, ASIDES ARE 16TH CENTURY FEATURES ; don't mix 'em up!

[Lost 3]

[غرك غلاك]

ياحلوين هذا حل الكوتيشنز

QUOTATIONS

1- Act I, scene ii :JULIA Nay, you are wrong entirely. We were contracted before my father's death. That, and some consequent embarrassments, have delayed what I know to be my Faulkland's most ardent wish. He is too generous to trifle on such a point:—and for his character, you wrong him there, too. No, Lydia, he is too proud, too noble to be jealous; if he is captious, 'tis without dissembling; if fretful, without rudeness. Unused to the fopperies of love, he is negligent of the little duties expected from a lover—but being unhackneyed in the passion, his affection is ardent and sincere; and as it engrosses his whole soul, he expects every thought and emotion of his mistress to move in unison with his. Yet, though his pride calls for this full return, his humility makes him undervalue those qualities in him which would entitle him to it; and not feeling why he should be loved to the degree he wishes, he still suspects that he is not loved enough. This temper, I must own, has cost me many unhappy hours; but I have learned to think myself his debtor, for those imperfections which arise from the ardour of his attachment.
These lines are quoted from The Rivals by Sheridan. They are taken from Act I scene II. These lines are spoken by Julia. She is speaking to Lydia her cousin about Faulkland her lover. From this quotation we get to know about the subplot of the play. We also get to know some of the characteristics of both Faulkland and Julia and the type of relation that is between him and Julia. From this quotation, we get to know about the style of Sheridan in satirizing sentimentality.
These lines are said by Julia in a conversation between her and Lydia. Lydia is telling Julia about her problem with her aunt Mrs. Malaprop. She prevented her from going to see Beverly her lover. The character of Julia is quite clear in this quotation.
Julia is sensible. She represents the age of sensibility. She makes balance between reason and emotion. She tells Lydia that Beverly is very poor and she is very rich, they don't match together. Julia says this is caprice. Lydia tells Julia, don't talk about caprice because you are capricious because you love the 'ungrateful Faulkland'. This is the opinion of Lydia concerning Faulkland. Lydia blames Julia for loving the 'ungrateful Faulkland'. Julia defends her lover Faulkland. Julia has been contracted to Faulkland before her father dies. Once, she was in a boat and the boat shipwrecked. Julia was about to drown. Faulkland swam and he saved her from drowning. Since that time she fell in love with him. Her father was alive and they got contracted. Faulkland is delaying their marriage. He gives pretexts to delay their marriage. This is why Lydia calls him the 'ungrateful Faulkland'. Julia loves him very much and she is defending him. He is very cold when he is with her but she justifies his coldness saying that,' he is too proud, too noble to be jealous; if he is captious. He frets her all the time. So he is fretful. She says,' his affection is ardent and sincere'. It means he really loves her. He always suspects that she doesn't love him that much. many times she was unhappy with that. She knows his defects. She doesn't love his defects. She is reasonable; she makes balance between reason and emotion. Sentimental people do not see the defects of their lovers. Julia is not blind with her lover. She can see his defects. Lydia asks Julia whether she loves him because he saved her from drowning. Julia says no, it is not gratitude, she really loves him. So, we now that Julia is really in love with Faulkland. The problem of the subplot is Faulkland. Although he has the acceptance of the father who has died and the acceptance of Julia still not confident that Julia is in love with him. He wants to make sure, may be he is a jealous man.
She goes on describing his qualities. He delays their marriage as distrusts, he is not sure that she loves him. This lake of confidence is not because he thinks that she is evil but because he doesn’t believe in his own qualities; that he is worthy of her love and that is why she is not in love with him. He says that he loves her so much so she forgives him; she believes that she is indebt to him because he had saved her from drowning. Lydia believes that Julia is in love with Faulkland as she feels that she owns him; she is indebt with him, because he saved her life from drowning from the boat they were in which had turned over and he saved her from drowning.

Julia says that she loved him even before he had saved her life.

From all this conversations we got lots of information about the quarrel between Faulkland and Julia and why he is not yet married to Julia, how he had saved her life in the past and .

Here, Sheridan is referring to the theory of humor. He is criticizing the character of Faulkland as being melancholic. He tends to be sad all the time. He does not enjoy his being in love. He blames Julia for being happy in his absence.

Sheridan is not criticizing the sentimental character. He is sympathizing with him. He arouses sympathy. His satire is not severe . He is satirizing Faulkland. he is satirizing people who have excess of sentimentality. There is satire, but it is not severe.

2- Act II, scene i : Sir ANTHONY Zounds! sirrah! the lady shall be as ugly as I choose: she shall have a hump on each shoulder; she shall be as crooked as the crescent; her one eye shall roll like the bull's in Cox's Museum; she shall have a skin like a mummy, and the beard of a Jew—she shall be all this, sirrah!—yet I will make you ogle her all day, and sit up all night to write sonnets on her beauty.
these lines are quoted from The Rivals by Sheridan. They are taken from act II Scene I. these lines are said by Sir Anthony Absolute. He is speaking to his son Captain Absolute. This quotation reflects two of the major themes in the play that is the son-father relationship and the theme of the gap between generations.
there is a meeting between Sir Anthony and his son and we try to think about the parent - son relationship. In the scene between Sir Anthony and his son; Sir Anthony told his son, ‘I am not going to call you Jack again’, and when Jack was young he used to punish him by hitting and kicking him. There is no understanding between the father and the son. The father is a tyrant, a father who is not ready to discuss anything with his son. We learned from act 1 that Sir Anthony was a rash man. He never thought about his decision. He never stopped to think and this is very unwise. So there is folly in this man. The defect of the father is that he is foolish and unwise. His decisions are not to be respected. He tells his son that if the girl he has chosen him has one eye, if she is wrinkled like mummy, if she has a beard like a Jew or if she has a hump on her back, the son should marry her and obey his father’s orders without discussion if he wanted that. This is ironic because the father himself had fallen in love with Jack’s mother. He ran away with her. He disobeyed his old father. Yet he does not appreciate love. Absolute asked his father, if he disobeyed his father and ran away with the one he loved, then why now he forces him to marry this girl without letting him make decision. Sir Anthony answered that there is a difference between him self and the grandfather. The difference is that he is more indulgent with his son; he gives more things to his son.
That is why Sir Anthony is severe on his son. Knowing what he did to his own father, how he ran away with the mother and that was against his father, he is not ready to have his son to do this to him. Instead of being more lenient to his son, he becomes a severer person exactly like Mrs. Malaprop .because she was in love, instead of understanding what love is, instead of being more considerate, she is worse and severer on Lydia. Sir Anthony because he himself had married for love, he thinks he will not allow his son to fall in love. Absolute is wondering what is his father himself had married for loved denying him from this kind of love.
Here we have the behavior of the father to the son . We will see the hypocrisy of Jack Absolute .the hypocrisy of the son and the tyranny of the father. We will see both, how the son is hypocrite. He says words in his fathers back and say differently before his father’s face. He is not willing to listen to any words of the father. He is worried that his father heard any thing about the reason behind his being in Bath. He doesn’t want his father to know he has been here for Lydia. The son has ill feelings towards the father. He wishes his father has been ill so that he had been remained in Devonshire. he wishes his father illness .he doesn't want his father to be healthy . He has bad feelings for the father. Now when that father appears the second minute, he says he is so happy to see him in good health, it is good that he is here. He is hypocrite.
Because he came so quickly that made him think that he is so ill and he wants to come to the health resort. He is so worried about his health. All of this shows that he is a liar and a hypocrite. The father does not trust him.
He starts by showing consideration. He starts to show him that he is a very considerate father thinking of his son’s future. But we realized that instead of giving him the money he makes him through himself, he is going to make him marry a woman . Her dowry is what she has been inherited and so he will get a lot of money. Sir Anthony is thinking of marriage as extra income to his son. It is not a matter of the marriage it self Sir Anthony has seen the girl and he doesn’t mind that the girl is featherbrain or that she is in love with some body else. He doesn’t mind any of that as along as the girl has the money. She is beautiful and she has money .he says that even if she is not beautiful, if he will tell his son to marry, he should marry. So, money is a very important issue in Sir Anthony’s decision.
Here we have the theme of arranged marriage. in the 18th century marriage was arranged among families. Sir Anthony and Mrs. Malaprop are arranged for the marriage of their young without letting them chose or even know about this arrangement. This also reflects the theme of the gap between generations. There is no understanding between the father and the son. Sir Anthony Absolute goes and talks to Jack, his son. He tells him that he has a wife for him. So, Jack says, wife for me without knowing. So, he tells him yes, why is it surprising for you? I have picked the wife for you. Jack objects. He tells his father that he is in love with somebody else and he has promised to marry her. He is talking about Lydia. We know that Sir Anthony Absolute, his opinion of women is very low. He thinks very low of women. He tells him that it is not a problem to break up with her, simply like this. He doesn’t care about her feelings. He says that women’ they are not worth redeeming’. Jack Absolute tells him plainly that in this case he disobeys him. He will not marry the one he has chosen. Sir Anthony Absolute is very upset and he gives Jack a period of six hours and a half to reconsider his decision. Why is it six hours and a half? Because the time of the whole play is only two hours. It is to keep the unity of time. The play originally two hours. So, he says six hours and a half because Richard Sheridan keeps the unity of time. Then Sir Anthony Absolute because he is very authoritative, he threatens Jack if he refuses to carry on his orders, he will disown and disinherit him.
'Zounds' is an examples of the effect of the 16th century language.

3- Act III, scene i : ABSOLUTE 'Tis just as Fag told me, indeed. Whimsical enough, faith! My father wants to force me to marry the very girl I am plotting to run away with! He must not know of my connection with her yet awhile. He has too summary a method of proceeding in these matters. However, I'll read my recantation instantly. My conversion is something sudden, indeed—but I can assure him it is very sincere. So, so—here he comes. He looks plaguy gruff. [Steps aside.]
These lines are quoted from the Rivals by Sheridan. This quotation is taken from act III scene I. it is a soliloquy of Jack Absolute. He is alone of the stage speaking to himself and the audience can hear him. Every now and then we find a soliloquy. The play is full of soliloquies and asides because this is the effect of the 16th century drama or renaissance drama or Elizabethan drama. So the audiences know how the characters are thinking .
Jack is talking to himself and he says that his father is contradicting himself because he married his mother for love, not for money. This is the character of Anthony Absolute. He is betraying his own principles. He married the mother of Jack for the sake of love when he was young. Anthony Absolute was sentimental when he was young and when he grew old, he changed a lot and he became very harsh and materialistic. This soliloquy shows that Jack is very happy that Sir Anthony Absolute has chosen Lydia not anyone else. So, the plot is less much complicated. Sir Anthony is surprised to find his son changing his attitude. He submits to his will. He becomes very obedient after telling him he disagrees with him, he objects to this marriage, in this point he’ll disobey him. Then after 6 and half hours he goes and talks to him and tells him he’ll do whatever he likes, he's his obedient son. he’ll do this even if he brings for him a very bad lady, even if she is old, even if she is with a hump, even if she has one eye only. Absolute says, ‘ you before hinted something about a hump or two, one eye, and a few more graces of that kind—‘. This is what Sir Anthony told his son before. Sir Anthony says,’ What a phlegmatic sot it is!’. This is medieval influence. Richard Sheridan talks about the old medieval theory of humors. The phlegmatic character is very cold and reasonable.( you have to explain the phlegmatic character). Jack tells his father that he accepts to marry the lady he chooses for him. And he doesn’t care about her beauty because he only likes her to be normal in appearance. Sir Anthony accuses him of being phlegmatic. That is to say cold and too reasonable. After that Sir Anthony Absolute tells his son that he will write a note to tell Mrs. Malaprop that Jack will visit her directly. Directly to keep the unity of time.
Captain Absolute is going to meet his father he pretended to be penitent. He was not penitent or any thing. He wasn’t trying to ask for forgiveness. All what he realized that he should not quarrel with his father because the girl that his father has chosen is the same girl of his choice?
What are the reasons he doesn’t tell his father right away that his choice is his choice. He keeps this from him. He keeps his father in deception. He tells his father that he is penitent and out of duty to his father he s ready even to marry the aunt. Why he didn’t tell his father that his choice is his choice. He is afraid that his father is so quick that he will go and tell Mrs. Malaprop the whole thing and as he has to take things gradually. At the same time why not make the father believe that his son is obedient and beautiful and makes him believe that his son will make anything that his father asks him to do. What a hypocrite, although he knows he will be cheating very quickly I will be able to pretend that I am really sincere, although he knows that. And the father now is not ready to hear a word
So, here is a penitent Jack, giving all those words how his father has been a condescending man, how he has been a good man , kind man, how is it duty ,the authority of the father and the final conclusion is his own decision. His decision is to sacrifice every feeling he has in order to satisfy his father.
We are not blaming him of being a hypocrite, and using all the language to pretend that he is obedient and he is loving to the kind father. we find that the humiliation that the father imposes on his who is a captain, to call him puppy or to abuse him in that manner even to talk about him behind his back as he talked to Mrs. Malaprop was most inconsiderate. How could a father trying to propose his son for marriage talk to him as a man of no say in the subject that he would hit him or through him, and the son will have to make what he wants with no discussion, all this will make out of his son not a respectable man. As we blame the son of hypocrisy and disrespect to his father and we blame the father for the humiliation and the tyrannical attitude he had towards his son. He behaves so quickly, he doesn't understand what is behind the mask which means he believed that his son is a penitent. Behind the mask, there is a man who is not penitent at all.
Sir Anthony does not reserve respect. He is a tyrant and unwise man who think that he is going to force things on others. His morals are very liberal. He exposes himself of having a very liberal attitude towards women. We saw him speaking about the physical beauty of Lydia which is something that is not supposed to be the central of this man's attention. He disregarded her moral behavior as being in love with somebody else. He only concentrated on her money and her physical beauty. As choosing a wife for his son he should be looking for her moral behavior, for the maturity of her brain, whether she is obedient or disobedient for her family, whether she is educated or not, whether she is able to behave according to the moral conduct of the family or just do whatever she likes as sending letters to her lover, wanting to run away with him, going behind the level of her family trying to marry a poor man. All this tells us about the immaturity of Lydia, or may be immoral. He never worried about all these things thinking that they will be forgotten. What is most important or him that she just obeys her aunt if she is locked in a room, starve, marry against her will. What is significant is her money and her beauty.
In spite of this, Sheridan makes Absolute to obey him, not to marry against the will of his father.
We have the follies of the parents, not only the follies of the sons.

4- Act III, scene ii : FAULKLAND They told me Julia would return directly; I wonder she is not yet come! How mean does this captious, unsatisfied temper of mine appear to my cooler judgment! Yet I know not that I indulge it in any other point: but on this one subject, and to this one subject, whom I think I love beyond my life, I am ever ungenerously fretful and madly capricious! I am conscious of it—yet I cannot correct myself! What tender honest joy sparkled in her eyes when we met! how delicate was the warmth of her expression! I was ashamed to appear less happy—though I had come resolved to wear a face of coolness and upbraiding. Sir Anthony's presence prevented my proposed expostulations: yet I must be satisfied that she has not been so very happy in my absence. She is coming! Yes!—I know the nimbleness of her tread, when she thinks her impatient Faulkland counts the moments of her stay.
These lines are quoted from the Rivals by Sheridan. It is taken from Act III scene II. It is a soliloquy of Faulkland. He is waiting in Julia's dressing room
Every now and then we find a soliloquy. The play is full of soliloquies and asides because this is the effect of the 16th century drama or renaissance drama or Elizabethan drama. So the audiences know how the characters are. from this soliloquy we get to know about the character of Faulkland. it also reflects the type of relation that is between him and Julia, the hero and the heroine of the subplot.
This is important to understand the character of Faulkland. He knows that he hurts Julia by showing coldness when he meets her. He loves her very much but when he sees her, he shows coldness. This is realistic. There are people who are like this. Because of this realism in delineating Faulkland, some audiences might sympathies with him. Now he goes to meet Julia. From the conversation we know that they have met before. He showed coldness. So, when he meets her this time, he justifies his cold attitude to her. He says he is shy to show his happiness to her in the presence of a third person. He tells her when there is a third person in the middle, he is shy to show her his love and his happiness to see her. Secondly, He tells her that he got very upset when he heard Acres talking about her cheerfulness and happiness in his absence. He blames her. He is going to fret her. He tells her that he has expected her to be sick, sad but she was happy singing and dancing. He tells her that the parting lovers should never smile. They should cry because this is sentimentality because of the pain of love. Julia defends herself and she tells Faulkland that she was really sad to be away from him. However, she pretends to be happy because people will talk about her. People will think that she has broken up with Faulkland if she cries or shows sadness. As usual they quarrel. Julia tells him that he always likes to be unkind to her. She tells him that she loves him not out of gratitude or duty but out of love. She loves him and she stays with him because she loves him not because she is grateful to him, because he always has worries that she accepts to marry him because of gratitude, because he saved her from drowning or duty, and because she is contracted to him. Then he keeps on tormenting her. He tortures her with his doubts. Then she leaves him and she cries. This is a soliloquy for Faulkland after she leaves. This soliloquy shows that he has a psychological problem. He keeps on thinking that she will come back and apology to him. He says I feel she is coming then she doesn’t come. So, he blames himself and says that he shouldn’t have fretted her this time. He is a man who is filled with fears and doubts. He is imbalanced. The sentimental character is an imbalanced character. He loves her and he is scared that she least left him and he loses her forever.
Here Faulkland is describing his behavior as being captious. It is not only absolute who said this about him in act II. He says this about himself. He says that he is only behaving in this manner with Julia and the matter of love. He speaks of his two weaknesses, being capricious and being captious. He admits that these are his problems. Being capricious means being guided by whims, being whimsical.
He admits that he can not correct himself. We have examples of this behavior with Julia.
This is the first time we see the hero and the heroine of the subplot together. We have see Faulkland complaining from Julia, being upset that she has been happy, she danced, sang while he was absent. Acres told him that Julia who is his neighbor was really having fun.
We have seen Julia defending Faulkland to Lydia, how she thought that she did not believe that there are some qualities in him that make people love him. He is always unsure whether he is loved or not, whether he deserves that love. He has no belief in Julia who loves him. He always tries to make sure that she loves him. There are many reasons for Julia to love him but he does not want her to love him for his looks, not for the oath her father had given, nor because of gratitude.
The weakness in him is something that is very difficult to correct. Absolute tells him that there is no hope of correcting him.
In act III, we find that Faulkland is in action with Julia. Whatever he does is out of two follies in him. He is captious= he quarrels with a person through his own words and capricious, whimsical person= one minute he is happy, the next minute he is unhappy. here, Sheridan is referring to the theory of humor of Ben Jonson. This is the effect of 16th century on him. The follies that he has are called inborn follies. It belongs to comedy of humors. Inborn folly is a folly that can not be corrected. We laugh at it, make fun at it but there is no hope of correcting it. Comedy of humors is not only for laughter but it ends in correcting. The argument is that it is difficult to correct a humor rather than correcting an acquired folly. There is always a correction how can Faulkland be corrected. He is so difficult to correct. He always goes to the same mistake. It is part of him. He is unable to change. This inability to change makes it waste of time to try to correct him.
In act III, we have satire of Romance. Sheridan is laughing at those stories of romance. He was not against love, but he was for love, but for treating love in more realistic way.
5- Act III, scene ii
FAULKLAND In tears! Stay, Julia: stay but for a moment.—The door is fastened!—Julia!—my soul—but for one moment!—I hear her sobbing!—'Sdeath! what a brute am I to use her thus! Yet stay!—Ay—she is coming now:—how little resolution there is in a woman!—how a few soft words can turn them!—No, faith!—she is not coming either.—Why, Julia—my love—say but that you forgive me—come but to tell me that—now this is being too resentful. Stay! she is coming too—I thought she would—no steadiness in anything: her going away must have been a mere trick then—she shan't see that I was hurt by it.—I'll affect indifference—[Hums a tune; then listens.] No—zounds! she's not coming!—nor don't intend it, I suppose.—This is not steadiness, but obstinacy! Yet I deserve it.—What, after so long an absence to quarrel with her tenderness!—'twas barbarous and unmanly!—I should be ashamed to see her now.—I'll wait till her just resentment is abated—and when I distress her so again, may I lose her for ever! and be linked instead to some antique virago, whose gnawing passions, and long hoarded spleen, shall make me curse my folly half the day and all the night. [Exit.]

These lines are quoted from " the Rivals" a play by Sheridan. They are taken from act III Scene II. These lines are said by Faulkland after the exit of Julia in tears. It is a soliloquy of Faulkland. Every now and then we find soliloquy in the play. It is the effect of the 16th century. This shows that the play belongs to the explicit drama. The audiences are informed with every thing. Nothing is hidden. This quotation reflects the character of Faulkland and the type of relation that is between him and Julia the hero and the heroine of the subplot.

Faulkland goes to explain why he is upset. He accuses Julia of always trying to put his love in a trail, questioning his love to her. Even if Faulkland had made her unhappy, she never showed to her friends that she is unhappy because she had to admit that the cause of her unhappiness is Faulkland. She did not want to complain against Faulkland. She is loving and forgiving that she will not speak behind his back or try to complain about him. He admits that he is brute. he is waiting for her to come back and apologize for him.
She says that even if he finds something wrong with her behavior she hopes that she will be taken as an example of liberty and ingratitude. She will not reach the point of disrespecting him or of being ingratitude to him.
This is why he is a captious person. He takes her own words and quarrels over that. He does not want her to love him as she in grateful to him. He thinks that she admits that her feeling towards him is not love but gratitude.
If it is for his brain, it is not love but esteem. He hopes that she does not love him because he is handsome. He wants her to love him for no quality, just to love him.
He does not want her to stick to him just because of the contract her father had given him. He wants to be sure, hadn't they this contract, she would not have changed her mind. She tells him to break the contact to let him see whether she loves him or not.
All the time he is trying whether she truly loves him or not.
She asks him to give her the chance whether she loves him not out of the contract, out because of the oath, not out of gratitude, not because of his looks but just because she chose to be with him.
( mention the characteristics of Faulkland – theory of humor as being criticized by Sheridan- )

"Zounds" is an example of the effect of the 16th century language.



6- Act IV, scene ii: LYDIA So, while I fondly imagined we were deceiving my relations, and flattered myself that I should outwit and incense them all—behold my hopes are to be crushed at once, by my aunt's consent and approbation—and I am myself the only dupe at last!—[Walking about in a heat.] But here, sir, here is the picture—Beverley's picture! [taking a miniature from her bosom] which I have worn, night and day, in spite of threats and entreaties!—There, sir [Flings it to him.]; and be assured I throw the original from my heart as easily.

These lines are quoted from "the Rivals" by Sheridan. They are taken from Act Iv scene II. In these lines, Lydia is speaking to Captain Absolute.

We call this scene the discovery scene.Sir Anthony and Absolute comes in. this is the scene where the deception is disclosed. The problem is not that it is Mrs. Malaprop who has to agree, but the problem is that Lydia has to mature to accept Beverly as Absolute.

Sir Anthony Absolute took his son Jack Absolute by force into the house of Mrs. Malaprop to meet Lydia. He is reluctant to go. He is very embarrassed because he doesn't know how to meet Lydia and what to tell her. Lydia came down from upstairs. She doesn't want to look to Captain Absolute. So, she keeps putting her face in aside ways. Then Captain Absolute starts talking to Lydia aside. He tells her, please talk to me but don't get shocked. She said, this is Beverley, how can Beverley fool the father of Captain Absolute. It is the climax of the play. Lydia is very confused. She starts talking to him as Beverley. Mrs. Malaprop is there and Sir Anthony Absolute is there also. They think that Lydia is mad. Because they say that this is Captain Absolute, how can she talks to him as Beverley. they think that she is crazy. Then Sir Anthony Absolute starts to suspect his son. Sir Anthony Absolute is foolish. He thinks that Captain Absolute is not his son. So, Captain Absolute tells him that he is his son flesh and blood. Captain Absolute tells everyone that Beverley and Captain Absolute are one and the same. And he begs Lydia to forgive him and accept his love. Of course, the first thing Lydia said, and there will be no elopement. The most important thing in her sentimental dream is to elope with Beverley. She doesn't care about the scandal, it is something to be proud of for her. She tells Captain Absolute that he has ruined her sentimental dream and she doesn't want him anymore. He is very embarrassed and he asked the help of his father. He told his father, if he doesn’t help me, he 'll be finished. So, his father Sir Anthony Absolute interfered and he told Mrs. Malaprop, we are big enough, we are grown-up 'to forget and forgive'. This is a Christian note of forgiveness, a Christian note of reconciliation. Sir Anthony Absolute says, that Christian people should forget the vicious acts and forgive those who have been vicious to him. This is Christian influence in the play. So Mrs. Malaprop simply forgives Captain Absolute. Then Mrs. Malaprop and Sir Anthony Absolute left the stage and they left the couple together. Captain Absolute shows his other face. He starts to talk in a very materialistic way. He tells her everything is ok now, her aunt and his father agree that they can marry, so they should go and talk to the lawyer or better they should hurry and get the license so that she can get her fortune. Lydia calls him an impostor because he has laughed at her and all what he cares for is the money. She tells him that she doesn't bear him anymore. She says that she renounces him. He lost Lydia.

The first problem in cat I was not that her aunt is going to object to her marriage to Beverly. This is one of the problems- getting the acceptance of the aunt, but not the major problem. The major problem is the odd nature of the girl that she was not ready to marry through a traditional marriage. Lydia is not ready to marry Beverly as absolute.
This is why scene Iii act Iv is going to end in a break where Lydia is going to tell her aunt that for too long she has been asking her not to marry this man.
Lydia renounces Beverly for ever. Now, she is going to be obedient to her aunt and to leave this man. This scene is the discovery of the two selves in front of the parents and Lydia.
Absolute asks his father to leave him alone with Lydia. The father does not want to go away. Still he believes that his son comes to marry Lydia out of obedience to his father, that he does not care whether she is beautiful or not.
He is stuttering, stammering. This is how he pretends in front of his father to be obedient, modest, bashful person. His modest is not allowing him to say a word.
This embarrassing situation that Absolute is in is due to his own follies, his own deception, his own hypocrisy. He has to face the situation. He has to speak to every body.
He discloses his identity to his father, Mrs. Malaprop and to Lydia. He tells her that because of her nature, He tried to go below his standard and he hopes that she will accept him.
In that speech, he collects all the words that Absolute had used to speak of his behavior as an obedient son. He speaks of duty, obedient, penitence.
His father qualifies him as a hypocrite.

Here, we have the theme of mistaken identity- the theme of the gap between generations- criticism of the sentimental characters represented in Lydia.

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