...(صفحة المساعدات)..

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

وهـــــذا الجــــزء النظــــري في المقـــال الترم الأول والترم الثاني:

ESSAY.
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1- DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN SPECIFIC AND GENERAL.
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- The category of General includes statements of ideas (generalizations), and the category of specific includes all the writing required to present the idea in detail (specification).
- A word may be general in one con**************** and specific in another.
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2- RELATING SPECIFIC AND GENERAL.
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A word or statement is never always specific or always general. To determine whether it is specific or general one must look at what other word or statement it is compared to. For example "tree" is general when compared to "oak," since "tree" is the group or class to which "oak" belongs. But "tree" is specific when compared to "pLant" since "tree" is only one member among many in the class "plant."
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step 3:
adding up specifics:
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- When a number of specifics are "added together", we can label the group with a general term. For example, if we add together BILL, TOM, JOHN, SAM, MIKE AND BOB, we get the general term boy. Of if we add together Ford, Plymouth, Cheverolet, Buick and Datsun, we come up with the general term automobile.
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II:
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Composing the Basic Paragraph.
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Writing a Topic Sentence:
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- The general statement is often called the "topic sentence" because it tells the reader what general topic the paragraph is about.
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ELIMINATING UNRELATED SPECIFICS.
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- A basic requirement for a developed paragraph in expository writing is
that it adhere to the principle unity.
- It is not enough, however, that the paragraph deal only with the a topic-the subject-introduced. It must deal specifically with what the topic sentence says about the subject.
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III
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Giving Other
Shapes to the
Paragraph
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STEP
15
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- at the beginning of your paragraph and have followed it with your supporting particulars. This order is called deductive and is effective for most paragraphs. Sometimes, however, it is useful to reverse this procedure and open a paragraph with particulars which lead to a summarizing generalization at the end of the paragraph. This particular- to-general order is called inductive.
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STEP 16
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Using Four Types of Specifics
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- The use of specifics to
support a topic sentence is called paragraph development.
- Expository writing very often consists of paragraphs developed by the following means:
1) examples, illustrations.
2) facts, statistics, data.
3) an incident.
4) reasons.
- The topic sentence clearly lends itself to the kind of specifics used.
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STEP 17
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Selecting types and Combinations
of Specifics
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- Not every paragraph you write will be limited to a single type of specifics. You may need to use two or more types-say.
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STEP 18
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Improving the Paragraph
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Ordering Specifics
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- The reader will find your paragraph much easier to follow if you arrange your specific details in a logical order. Look over your list of specifics before you begin to write your paragraph and decide what is the most logical order of presentation.
- Some examples of the most important types of order follow.
1) Order of Time or Sequence: The specifics listed below are listed in time order: from first to last, from beginning to end, from earliest to
latest,
2) Order of Importance: The specifics below build in importance from least to most important. It is equally possible to go from most to least; what is essential is that there be a definite pattern in one direction or the other.
3) Order Necessary to show Contrast or comparison: when a general statement contains an obvious comparison, the supporting specifics may be ordered in one of two ways:
1- 1X,2X,3X THEN 1Y,2Y,3Y.
- when all specifics about dogs are placed first, followed by comparable specifics about cats, presented in the same order.
2- 1X,1Y,2X,2Y,3X,3Y.
- This the second pattern for comparison arranges the two group of specifics in alternation.
4) Order of Familiarity:
- Moving from the known to the unknown, from what is familiar to the reader to what is less familiar.
5) Order of complexity. Moving from simple to complex, as in a series of
examples or explanations or incidents.
6) Order of Agreement. Starting with those parts of the topic with which the reader is likely to agree, and then moving on to the aspects that are more controversial or less likely to be accepted.
7) Order of Problem to Answer. Starting with a discussion of the
problem or conflcit, then moving to a presentation of the resolution or solution.
8)Order of Position. Moving logically from one place or location to another, as in top to bottom, near to far, or left to right.
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STEP
19
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Adding Signal Words
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- You have learned previously that a good paragraph has unity; that is,it deals with only one topic-the one introduced in the topic sentence- and all specific details relate directly to this single topic. You have also learned that a good paragraph is well developed; that is, every general idea is supported with sufficient specific detail to make your ideas absolutely clear to the reader.
- We now turn our attention to still another characteristic of a good paragraph: coherence.
- Such words help to explain the relationship between ideas and form a logical connection between specifics.
1-Signals of Time and Sequence: Next, soon, then, later, finally, after, first, second, and so on, meanwhile, at length, in the past, in the meantime, afterward, after a few days, now, immediately, while, after a short time, thereupon, thereafter, presently, since, at last, of late.
2- Signals of Contrast: But, however, on the other hand, nevertheless, otherwise, yet, and yet, after all, at the same time, although true, in spite of, still, on the contrary, notwithstanding, in contrast, even so, for all that, while, nonetheless.
3- Signals of Listing and Adding: In addition, also, furthermore, moreover, another, likewise, similarly, next, finally, besides, first, second, (and so on), again, the, and then, in the first place, too, equally important, and, further, last.
4- Signals of Results: Therefore, hence, thus, consequently, as a result, for, accordingly, thereupon, then truly.
5- Signals of Examples: For instance, an example of this, for example, take the case of, in other words, that is as has been noted, in fact, specifically, in particular, indeed, incidentally.
6- Signals of Emphasis: Even, actually, as a matter of fact, surely, in fact, certainly, undoubtedly, indeed, true.
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STEP 20
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Adding Other Connectors
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- In addition to signal words, there are several other means of connecting the specifics in your paragraph. Here are three of the most useful.
1. Using pronouns which refer to words in preceding sentences.
2. Using demonstratives (this, that, those, these, such, and so forth) which refer to words or ideas in previous sentences.
Caution: avoid using "this" as a demonstrative pronoun with no definite antecedent.
3. Using a word or phrase that has the same meaning or relates to the same thing as a word or phrase in a preceding sentence.
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STEP
21
Achieving Coherence through
Subject Consistency
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- Coherence, you will remember, means "connectedness," and is a quality. that distinguishes good writing from that of less able writers. Signal words and other connecting devices are one means of enhancing the coherence in a paragraph. Consistency is another.
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step 22
Achieving coherence through verb consistency
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- For example, from active voice to passive voice.
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STEP
23
Achieving Coherence through Completeness
-----------------------
- Still another way of assuring that a paragraph is coherent is to give attention to completeness. Completeness in expressing one's sequence of thought is indispensable to coherence Writers who leave gaps in their thinking, expecting their readers to fill in the gaps and infer the meaning not expressed, are asking more than is reasonable to expect of readers.
- To achieve completeness in your writing, make explicit those steps in your thinking that are essential to the reader's complete understand. ing of your meaning. Here are two versions of the same paragraph, one with gaps in thought and the other more complete.
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STEP 24
Hiding the Skeleton
---------------------
- There is a temptation, when one is writing by a pattern such as the one suggested in this book, to fall into what amounts, almost, to a repetitious singsong. It is altogether too easy to let the structure of the paragraph take over from the substance, as if the bones of the skeleton were showing through the flesh. Following is an example of such a paragraph.
- This paragraph is so obvious an example of poor writing that the steps
for correcting it are equally obvious:
1. Do not begin a paragraph (at least not very often) with "There are" and particularly not with "There are four reasons" or "There are three ways" or "There are four examples." You do not need to announce that you are going to present four reasons or ways or examples. In short, you do not need to announce the structure of your paragraph.
2. Do not begin sentences with "This" referring to an entire previous sequence rather than to a noun or other pronoun. (Of course, "This is a pleasure" could become "This holiday is a pleasure," and the "This" would thus be salvaged by a more acceptable usage.)
3. Do not repeat your topic idea four times, in each of your four SP's. Look for variety of expression and have faith in the intelligence of your reader.
4. Do not, in a brief and uncomplicated paragraph, repeat your topic sentence in practically the same words, as a clincher sentence at the end. Your reader does not need that much help remembering the generalization that the paragraph present.
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step 25
Proofreading, the Paragraph
-----------------------------
- By now you have learned to plan and write a paragraph carefully so that it says what you mean clearly and completely. But the job of writing a good paragraph does not end there. One more very important step must be taken: checking for careless errors. You must examine what you have written to make sure it is the best you can do and to eliminate any mistakes you can spot. Two things are essential to good proofreading:
checking to make sure that your ideas are clearly presented and checking closely for specific errors you may have missed.
- Here is a list of the most common types of errors:
1. Poor Organization: Do you have a good topic sentence with support. ing specifics? Do you need a clincher sentence at the end?
2. Weak Development: Is the topic sentence adequately supported with specifics? Have you provided extender sentences for all your specifics?
3. Unrelated Specifics: Do all of the specific details help explain or prove the topic sentence (that is, does the paragraph have unity)?
4. Poor Order of Specifics: Are your specifics arranged in some appropriate, logical pattern?
5. Incoherence: Have you been consistent in focusing on your subject throughout? Have you been consistent in the tense and voice of verbs? Have you filled in all the gaps in your thinking?
6. Signal Words: Have you provided the proper signal and linking expressions to connect your ideas?
7. Errors in Grammar: Are all your sentences complete? Have you improperly joined two sentences? Do subjects and verbs agree? Do pronouns and their antecedents agree? Are pronouns in the proper case?
8. Punctuation Errors: Have you used commas where needed to set off or separate items? Have you avoided using unnecessary commas? Have you used apostrophes correctly? Have you ben careful to use colons and semicolons properly? Have you avoided needless use of dashes?
9. Spelling Mistakes: Have you checked the dictionary for the exact spelling of any word of which you are not absolutely sure?
10. Neatness: Is your handwriting legible or your typing error free? Are your margins adequately wide and straight? Have you indented the first line of the paragraph?
After you have proofread your work, correcting errors and making
improvements, recopy the paragraph before turning it in.
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From Paragraph
To Essay
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
step 27
Understanding the Essay
------------------------
- The difference between the two lies in the size (the level of generality) of the idea being developed. The idea for the paragraph is small enough that it needs only to be developed by three or four supporting statements and extenders explaining or clarifying them. The idea for an essay, by contrast, is large enough that it needs to be divided into several parts.
- To illustrate how a paragraph is essay "in miniature" or, conversely, how an essay can be viewed as an enlargement of a paragraph, with all the same elements organized in the same way-just larger in size.
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STEP
28
Having an Idea about a Subject
----------------------
- Writing a good essay requires that you formulate an idea about the subject. The subject is the general topic that you will write about, whereas an idea indicates a specific focus or point of view toward that
subject. The idea is what you can say about the subject.
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step 30
organizing the essay
-----------------------
- Following are some patterns which may be useful in organizing different kinds of essays.
1. Examples pattern:
suitable for a simple, indivisible thesis.
2. Analysis pattern:
For a complex thesis on a multi-faceted subject.
3. Contrast pattern:
Suitable for a thesis which calls attention to differences between two or more subjects.
4. Comparison pattern:
Suitable for a thesis which calls attention to similarities between two or more subjects.
5. Persuasion pattern:
suitable for a thesis that is so controversial that opposing arguments.
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Essay ends here.

[alaswad.z]

سلام بنات يسلمو على هالمساعده


صراحه يعجز اللساااااان عن الكلام وعن شكركم بس اجركم على الله والله يجزاكم الف خير وبالتوفيق للجميع
صراحه كنت مسافره وتوي جايه وتعبانه كان ودي اساعد في شي بس ماقصرتو كنت خايفه عدل بس ماقصرتو
دعواتــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــكم بالتوفيق والله يوفق الجميع
وانشالله السنه الجايه سنه ثالث للجميع

[cool]

يعطيــــــــــــك العافيه وعساك ع القوه :praying: جد كنت ناقله هم المقال من وين اخذ تحديده :smile1:

[Miss Dior]

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

تسلمـــــــــووو حبايبي وتستاهلووووا كل خير,,,,

أدري كلكم تبون شعر وتنتظرونه على أحر من الجمر

بس ياحبايبي طوووويل وباقي ماخلصته بأحاول أخلصه

قريب,,,,مافتحت ولاكتابكله عشانكم يالغاليييين,,,

لاتنسوني من دعواتكم أنا وشاي موووون,,,,

[اسم العضو]

السلام عليكم ورحمه الله وبركاته : يعطيك العافيه ياwhite rose ماقصرتي
بنات نزل بمكتبه السندباد اللي المقال والنثر وتاريخ ادب والسمري المسرحيه 2 تلقون اول صفحه فيها دعاء ومترجم نفس اللي بالمنتدى بالضبط وبالتوفيق:praying:

[ترآنيمـ الروح..}]

بناااااات ميييييين عندها عربـــــــي؟؟؟؟؟

هو المادهـ الوحيدهـ اللي مو كامل عندي

الله يسامح دكتورتنا بسسسس,,,,

[First Lady]

White rose مشكوره و جزاك الله خير والله يسعدك يارب
وينولك اللي في بالك إن شاء الله ..

وبالنسبه للعربي سمعت انه من الكتاب من صفحه 1 الى صفحه 16 كل المنهج اللي معنا بس ماني متأكده
بس فيه بنات يقولون انهم اسألول الأستاذه ..

[الشاطره]

مرحبا نزلت ملخصات تاريخ الادب في مكتبة القرشي :066:وبالتوفيق اجمعين وامانه ادعوليييييي

[مين فدك]

يعطيك الف عاااااااااااااااااااااااافيه كات ومن ويوفقك في كل امتحااااااااااااااااااااااناتك
وانشاااااااااااااااااااااء الله اول من يطلع نااااااااااااااااااااااااجحه انتي يارب :s12:ياا رب يوفقك وين ما رحتي
ويفتحها عليك ويعينك مع خاااااااااااااااااااااااااااااالص تحياتي