مراجعة ~~ مدخل إلى اللغويات ~~ مين معي !؟

[خلدون-2010]

بالعكس طريقه رائعه وممتازه بس قعدت افكر في طريقة المراجعه .
ومنها الواحد يتسلى ومنه يفهم بسرعه وحده قطعه اونص ووحده
اسئله بالطريقه هذي سهلتوها كثير مع انا عجازين وكسولين (انا)
في هالترم لاكن نشالله نلحق باقي 24 يوم الله يوفقكم وينجحكم
ويزوجكم ويشغلكم

[angle KFU 2011]

ع كذا احناا اسفين ع سوء الفهم

[خلدون-2010]

no problem friend
خلصت الاولي المشكله بعض المعلومات
متداخله وكلمات طويله وطبيه وجديده
الترجمه نفعت

[أرخميدس]

يعطيكم العافية فعلا طريقة حلوة ومفيدة , بس ياليت لو تستمرون كما في شرح المحاضرة الاولى تجيبون المحاضرة ثم الأسئلة عليها.

[سروبه]

يعطيك العافيه ميديا

سبااق ...

انا هنا جمعت كذا شي وبديت الخص من السادسه
لكن وقفت مذاكرة الماده وبكملها ايام الاختبارات ان شاء الله
حبيت اضيف موضوعي لموضوعك اذا ماعندك مانع عشان نكمل بعض

بالتوفيق للجميع يارب

[angle KFU 2011]

مرحباااا

قعدت ابحث في النت عن ملخصات ولقيت مجموعه تعريفات منزلينها الترم الي فات


Onomatopoeic = word simply echoed natural sounds.
Interjections = Ah!, Ooh!, Wow! or Yuck!, are usually produced with sudden intakes of breath
Human teeth = are upright, not slanting outwards like those of apes.
Human lips = are much more flexible than those of other primates.
The human mouth = is relatively small compared to other primates.
The human larynx or ‘voice box’ (containing the vocal cords) differs significantly in position from the larynx of other primates such as monkeys.
The pharynx, which is above the vocal cords, acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds produced via the larynx.
Informative signals is a behavior that provides information, usually unintentionally.
Communicative signals is a behavior used intentionally to provide information.
Displacement is a property of language that allows users to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment.
Arbitrariness is a property of language describing the fact that there is no natural connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.
Productivity is a property of language that allows users to create new expressions, also called ‘creativity’ or ‘open-endedness’.
Cultural transmissionis the process whereby knowledge of a language is passed from one generation to the next.
Duality is a property of language whereby linguistic forms have two simultaneous levels of sound production and meaning, also called ‘double articulation’.
Pictogram (pictographic writing) is a way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object. A conventional relationship must exist between the symbol and its interpretation.
Ideogram (ideographic writing) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept/an idea.
Logograms symbols are used to represent words in a language.
Logogram (logographic writing) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a word.
Rebus writing is a way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that object.
Syllabic writing (syllabary) is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a syllable (a unit of sound consisting of a vowel and optional consonants before or after the vowel).
Alphabetic writing (alphabet ) is a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment.
Phonetics is the study of the characteristics of speech sounds.
Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech sounds are produced.
Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech as sound waves.
Auditory phonetics is the study of the perception of speech sounds by the ear, also called “perceptual phonetics”.
Bilabials: are sounds formed using both upper and lower lips. The lower lip articulates against the upper lip. [p] is voiceless, and , [m] and [w] are voiced.
Labiodentals: are sounds formed with the upper teeth and the lower lip. The lower lip articulates against the upper teeth. [f] is voiceless, and [v] is voiced.
Dentals: are sounds formed with the tongue tip behind the upper front teeth (also referred to as interdentals). The tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth. [θ] is voiceless, and [ð] is voiced.
Alveolars: are sounds formed with the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge, which is the rough, bony ridge immediately behind and above the upper teeth.
Palatals (Alveopalatals): are sounds produced with the tongue and the palate. The tongue front articulates against the hard palate.
Velars: are sounds produced with the back of the tongue against the velum. The tongue back articulates against the soft palate. [k] is voiceless whereas [g] and [ŋ] are voiced.
Glottals: In fact there is only one sound that is produced without the active use of the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It is the voiceless sound [h].The vocal folds themselves are the place of articulation.
Stops:. the sound, resulting from a blocking or stopping effect on the airstream, is called a stop (or a ‘plosive’).
Fricatives: The manner of articulation used in producing the set of sounds [f], [v], [θ], [d], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ] involves almost blocking the airstream and having the air push through the very narrow opening. As the air is pushed through, a type of friction is produced and the resulting sounds are called fricatives.
Affricates: If you combine a brief stopping of the airstream with an obstructed release which causes some friction, you will be able to produce the sounds [tʃ] and [dʒ]. These are called affricates.
Nasals: Most sounds are produced orally, with the velum raised, preventing airflow from entering the nasal cavity. However, when the velum is lowered and the airstream is allowed to flow out through the nose to produce [m], [n], and [ŋ], the sounds are described as nasals.
Liquids: The initial sounds in led and red are described as liquids. They are both voiced.
Glides: The sounds [w] and [j] are described as glides. They are both voiced
Diphthongs: are types of vowels where two vowel sounds are connected in a continuous, gliding motion. They are often referred to as gliding vowels.
Phonology isthe study of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in languages.
Phoneme isthe smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstract representation of the sounds. of a language.
A phone is a physically produced speech sound, representing one version of a phoneme.
An allophone is one of a closely related set of speech sounds or phones.

minimal pair When two words such as “pat” and “bat” are identical in form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a minimal pair (fan–van, bet–bat, site–side).
a minimal set When a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word), then we have a minimal set (big, pig, rig, fig, dig, wig).
Phonotactics are constraints (restrictions) on the permissible combination of sounds in a language.
A syllable is a unit of sound consisting of a vowel (V) and optional consonant(s) (C) before or after the vowel.
Coda is the part of a syllable after the vowel.
Nucleus is the vowel in a syllable.
Onset is the part of the syllable before the vowel.
Rhyme is the part of the syllable containing the vowel plus any following consonant(s), also called “rime”
A consonant cluster is two or more consonants in sequence.
Assimilation is the process whereby a feature of one sound becomes part of another during speech production.
a neologismwords that it is not originally part of our first language.
etymologyThe study of the origin and history of a word is known as its etymology,
coinage, thatis, the invention of totally new terms.
eponyms New words based on the name of a person or a place (e.g. sandwich., jeans, Fahrenheit).
Borrowing is the process of taking words from other languages.
Compounding is the process of combining two (or more) words to form a new word.
Blending is the process of combining the beginning of one word and the end of another word to form a new word (e.g. brunch from breakfast and lunch).
Clipping is the process of reducing a word of more than one syllable to a shorter form.
Back clipping retains the beginning of a word: ad (advertisement),
Fore-clipping retains the final part: chute (parachute),
Middle clipping retains the middle of the word: flu (influenza),
Backformation is the process of reducing a word such as a noun to a shorter version and using it as a new word such as a verb (e.g. burgle -19th century- is a back-formation from burglar
Conversion is the process of changing the function of a word, such as a noun to a verb, as a way of forming new words, also known as “category change” or “functional shift” (e.g. vacation in They’re vacationing in Florida).
An acronym is a short form of a word, name or phrase formed from the first letters of the series of words.
An abbreviation is also a condensed form of a word and an articulated form of the original word.
An acronym is pronounced as a new word signifying some concept.
An abbreviation is pronounced as the original word letter by letter.
Derivation is the process of forming new words by adding affixes.
morphology investigating basic forms in language.the study of forms.
morphemes used to describe the type of investigation that analyzes all those basic ‘elements’ used in a language.
free morphemes,that is, morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words
bound morphemes,which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re-, -ist, -ed, -s.
lexical morphemesset of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that we think of as the words that carry the ‘content’ of the messages we convey.
functional morphemes. Examples are and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in, the, that, it, them
inflectional morphemes. These are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word
Traditional grammar is the de******ion of the structure of phrases and sentences based on established categories used in the analysis of Latin and Greek.
Noun (N): a word such as boy, bicycle or freedom used to describe a person, thing or idea.
Article (Art): a word such as a, an or the used with a noun.
Adjective (Adj): a word such as happy or strange used with a noun to provide more information.
Verb (V): a word such as go, drown or know used to describe an action, event or state.
Adverb (Adv): a word such as slowly or really used with a verb or adjective to provide more information
Preposition (Prep): a word such as in or with used with a noun phrase.
Pronoun (Pro): a word such as it or them used in place of a noun or noun phrase.
Conjunction: a word such as and or because used to make connections between words, phrases and sentences
Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence (Wow/Oh/Uh-oh).
Agreement: the grammatical connection between two parts of a sentence.
Pre******ive approach: an approach to grammar that has rules for the proper use of the language
De******ive approach: an approach to grammar that is based on a de******ion of the structures actually used in a language.
Structural analysis: the investigation of the distribution of grammatical forms in a language.
Constituent analysis: a grammatical analysis of how small constituents (or components) go together to form larger constituents in sentences.
Surface structure: the structure of individual sentences after the application of movement rules to deep structure (form).
Deep structure: the underlying structure of sentences as represented by phrase structure rules (meaning).
Structural ambiguity: a situation in which a single phrase or sentence has two (or more) different underlying structures and interpretations.
Recursion: the repeated application of a rule in generating structures.
Phrase structure rules: rules stating that the structure of a phrase of a specific type consists of one or more constituents in a particular order.
Lexical rules: rules stating which words can be used for constituents generated by phrase structure rules.
Conceptual meaning isthe basic components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of words.
[b]Associative meaning is the type of meaning that people might connect with the use of words

[angle KFU 2011]

Theme is the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (e.g. The boy kicked the ball)
Instrument is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (e.g. The boy cut the rope with a razor
Experiencer is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception or state described by the verb (e.g. The boy feels sad)
Location is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (e.g. The boy is sitting in the classroom)
Source is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves from (e.g. The boy ran from the house)
Goal is the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves to (e.g. The boy walked to the window)
Synonymy is the lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings
Antonymy is the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings
Reversives are antonyms in which the meaning of one is the reverse action of the other(e.g. dress/undress
Hyponymy is the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another (e.g. “Daffodil” is a hyponym of “flower”).
The idea of ‘the characteristic instance’ of a category is known as the prototype
The study of the relationship between language and the brain is called neurolinguistics.

The brain stem (connecting the brain to the spinal cord).

The corpus callosum (connecting the two hemispheres).

The two hemispheres (right and left).

Specific aspects of language ability can be accorded specific locations in the brain. This is called the localization view

Slip of the ear is a processing error in which one word or phrase is heard as another, as in hearing ‘great ape’ when the utterance was “gray tape”.
Aphasia is defined as an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms.
Broca’s aphasia (also called ‘motor aphasia’)is a language disorder in which speech production is typically reduced, distorted, slow and missing grammatical markers.
Difficulty in finding the correct word, sometimes referred to as anomia
Conduction aphasia is a language disorder associated with damage to the arcuate fasciculus in which repeating words or phrases is difficult

[meedia]

مشكوووووووووووووووووووووووووورين على التفاعل مع الموضوع ويارب يكون موضوع مفيد ومرجع مهم لكل حدا محتاج
اللي حابب كمل تنزيل المقاطع مع الترجمة يضغط لايك واذا في طريقة اسهل ومختصرة اكتر كمان ياريت تفيدونا
انجل التعاريف رائعة رح اطبعها يسلمولي هل الديات

[angle KFU 2011]

الله يسلمك من كل شر
والله يوفقنااااا اجمعين

[angle KFU 2011]

الله يسلمك من كل شر
والله يوفقنااااا اجمعين