[ مذاكرة جماعية ] : 00|| تجمع مادة ::Children’s Literature ::أدب الأطفال ||00

[Another day]

المحاضرةالثالثة

1800s

· Children's literature boomedduring the1800s

· Paper and printingbecame widely available and affordable, and more people were learning how to read

· The population boom across the West meant there was a greater children's literature market

· European colonization spread books, including those for children, around the globe

· In India magazines and books for children in native languages soon appeared

· Raja Shivprasadwrote several well-known books in Hindustani

· Rabindranath Tagore wrote plays, stories, and poems for children, including only one illustrated work by painter Nandalal Bose. Tagore was a Nobel prize winner.

· into English, with Bose's picturesTagore's work was later translated

· In Russia, juvenile literature reached children through a number of

magazines, which introduced Russian folk tales to readers and

spread around the large country

· Children's literature in Western Europe and the United States began to change in the 1800s

· The didacticism of the previous age began to make way for more humorous, child-oriented books

· A number of English language books also appeared during the1800s

· William Roscoe's story poem The Butterfly's Ball in 1802 is considered a "landmark publication" in fantasy literature

· Tom Brown's School Days by Thomas Hughes, which appeared in 1857

is considered the founding book in the school story tradition.

· Lewis Carroll's fantasy Alice's Adventures in Wonderland appeared

in 1865 in England

· Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is considered as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the " First Golden Age." of children's literature in Great Britain and Europe that continued until the early1900s

· Carlo Collodi wrote the first Italian fantasy novel, The Adventures of Pinocchio, which was translated many times

. Mark Twain released Tom Sawyer in 1876

1900s

· In India, many writers of stature in the Hindustani began writing books for children

· In India, he Khar Khar Mahadev book by Narain Dixit in 1957

· Benagli children's literature flourished in the later part of the twentieth century

· . Children's magazines, available in manylanguages, were widespread throughout India during this century

· The Chinese Revolution of 1911 and World War II brought political and social change that revolutionized children's literature in China

· The first pieces of literature intended solely for Chinese children were translations of Aesop's fables, Western fairy tales, and The Arabian Nights

· Children's non-fiction gained great importance in Russia at the beginning of the nineteenth century

· Literature in RussiaPeople often label the 1920s as the Golden Age of Children's

· The Golden Age of Children's Literature ended with World War I in Great Britain and Europe

· the periodbefore World War II was much slower in children's publishing

Children's

· fantasy literature remained strong in Great Britain through the 1900s

.

· L. Frank Baum's fantasy novelThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz was the most famous books in in American children's literature in 1900s

· the Newbery Medal, the first children's book award in the world, in 1922

· J. K. Rowlingpublished the first book in the The HarryPotter Series in England

· the children'sbook market in Britain suffered at the end of the century due to a difficult economy and competition from television and video games.

2000s

Scholarship

· Professional organizations, dedicated publications, individual researchers and university courses conduct scholarship on children's literature

· Scholarship in children's literature is primarily conducted in literary studies , library and information, science, Education

· Literary criticism may focus on an author, a thematic or topical concern genre, period, or literary device

· Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to the use of children's literature in classroom settings

· Most educational researchers studying children's literature explore issues related to:

a. The use of children's literature in classroom settings

b. The study of topics such as home use, children's out-of school reading, or parents' use of children's books.-

· Scholarly associations and centers include.

a. The Children's Literature Association

Literatureb. The International Research Society for Children's

[Another day]

وحطيتهم لكم بملف وكذا خلصنا منهم مابغينا

[Ŋoŋee]

يعطيك العافية
بالذات المحاضرة2 جننتني

[Athoorh]

عيني عليكم باره بسم الله عليكم والله يفتح لكم ابواب الخير والسعاده في الدنيا والاخره

[Athoorh]

سوال يا حلوين للي اخذوا المسرحيه كيف هي هل هي صعبه ولا سهله وينفع اذاكرها في يومين اللي هي قبل الاختبار وش رياكم في الاسئله الشامله بصراحه هي الماده الوحيده اللي ما درستها من ضمن المواد لضيق الوقت البحث اخذ وقتنا كله

[الجازي ..]

المسرحيه حلوه ويمديك يومين وبعدين ترا يكرر بس مايمنع انك تذاكرين

[ضــامية حــنين]

الله يعافيكم

هذا مرجعي وقت الاختبار باذن الله

[Mr.Nasser]

الله يوفقكم جميعا

[Another day]

المحاضره الرابعه

المحاضره تحتوي على اربع قصائد وراح نشرحهم وحده وحده بس قبلها فيه مقدمه عن شعر الاطفال

The first poems written exclusively for children were mostly religious in nature, providing moral instruction

كان الشعر المكتوب للاطفال في طبيعته دينيا عشان يوفر لهم التعليم الاخلاقي

Poetry is the first literature presented to a child

أول نوع من الادب قدم للطفل كان الشعر

Poetry, when presented to children, has the form of

a. Nursery rhymes

b. Lullabies

وقدم على هيئة اغاني اطفال nursery rhymes – على هيئة تهويده lullabies

Offering lyrical appeal and short direct themes

-وكان الشعر يقدم اغاني جميله ومواضيعه قصيره ومباشر الهدف منها تنمية العقل

Offering lyrical appeal and short, direct themes, these kinds of poetic verse are viewed by some as Transitional works which prepare developing minds for longer forms of literature

هذي الاعمال الشعريه ينظر لها على انها اعمال انتقالية من شأنها تنمية العقول

The first poems written exclusively for children were mostly

religious in nature, providing moral instruction, such as

John Bunyan's A Book for Boys and Girls

or, Country Rhymes for Children (1686).

أمثلة على المقدم للأطقال

- While the oral tradition has a long history of songs and folklore

passed down to younger generations, works of written poetry and

verse for juvenile audiences were first sparingly published in the

fifteenth century

قبل نبدأ بالقصايد ضروري نكون حافظين الخصائص وشلون نستخرجها اللي هي :


1- Alliteration: الجناس .. أي تكرار نفس الحرف في بداية كذا كلمه في نفس السطر ..
مثال : sweet smell of success, a dime a dozen , bigger and better , jumb for joy
2- Anaphora أي تكرار نفس الكلمه او العباره في بداية كل فقره .
3- Metaphorالاستعاره ..يعني تشبيه او مقارنه بين شيئين مختلفين تماما بدون استخدام كلمات التشبيه مثل : as , like, such as …etc
4- Meterالوزن ...
5- Paradox تناقض .. بمعنى ذكر شيئين في البدايه يكونان متضادين بالنسبه للقارئ لكن بعد التمعن يتبين انه حقيقه مثالtoday is yesterday's tomorrow
6- Personification التجسيد .. تصوير اشياء غير حيه كاشياء حيه ..
مثال sleeping city …..smiling moon
7- Rhyme القافيه ... الصوت الاخير ( ليس الحرف الاخير )
8- Simile أي التشبيه والمقارنه باستخدام كلمات التشبيه as,such as,like……..
9- Stanza أي المقطع الشعري ....
10- Theme هو الفكره التي تستنتجها بعد قراءة القصيده .

ضروري نعرف بعد كذا شغله عن القصيده بالاضافة للخصائص:
اسم الشاعر – تاريخ النشر-القافية-الاستانزا

[Another day]

The Star

Twinkle, twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are !

Up above the world so high,

Like a diamond in the sky.

When the blazing sun is gone,

When he nothing shines upon,

Then you show your little light

winkle, twinkle, all the night.

Then the trav’ller in the dark,

Thanks you for your tiny spark,

He could not see which way to go,

If you did not twinkle so.

In the dark blue sky you keep,

And often thro’ my curtains peep,

For you never shut your eye,

Till the sun is in the sky.

‘Tis your bright and tiny spark,

Lights the trav’ller in the dark :

Tho’ I know not what you are,

Twinkle, twinkle, little star

اسم المؤلف ----Jone taylor

سنة النشر------1806

القافية----------- aabb

الاستانزا----------5

"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" is a popular English lullaby

The poem is in couplet form

' like a diamond in the sky'*

الجمله هذي قلنا عنها Simile لان جا عندي كلمة Like

teaches children how words can be used to paint a picture in the imagination

الغايه من التشبيه هنا هو تعليم الطفل ان يشكل صةرى في خياله

The words create a comparison between the twinkling of the star to a sparkling diamond thus providing a perfect illustration of clever imagery and excellent use of the English language

استخدام كلمات مثل twinkling of the star و a sparkling diamond خلق عندنا مقارنه ادت الى توضيح المعنى بصورة جمالية ذكية واستخدام ممتاز للغة الانجليزية

ملخص لقصة القصيده:

A little blonde girl gazes out of her window at a twinkling celestial object, greets it with the traditional childhood rhyme of the title and requests that she might have her wish that night.,

القصة تتكلم عن بنت شقراء تطالع لبريق النجوم مع نافذتها عشان تدعو ان تتحقق أمنيتهاوهذا تقليد متبع ايام الطفوله

Her wish comes true when the smiling star appears in her window and takes her on a magical ride through the sky.

تحققت أمنيتها عندما ظهرت النجمة المبتسمة عند نافذتها وأخذتها معها في طريق ساحر عبر السماء

Taylor talks about how a star takes over for the sun at night. The mention of a traveler in the poem gives the impression that the writer could be talking about a specific star, the North Star

هنا لما يتكلم الشاعر ويصف الرحله يجي ببالنا انه يتكلم عن النجم الجنوبي الذي يستدلون فيه الرحالة المستكشف

اذا هنا ممكن انه يقصد بالنجم انه النجم الجنوبي

The description of the star seems like it could also be a description of God and the light or hope he brings.

ممكن يكون يقصد بالنجم الله والضوء بالأمل

stanza explains how God is present even when no one else isThe second

في الاستانزا الثانيه يشرح كيف ان الله حاضر في كل وقت حتى لو لم يكن يوجد أحد

When the blazing sun is gone,

When he nothing shines upon,

Then you show your little light

winkle, twinkle, all the night.

The third stanza shows how God gives home to the weary traveler.

في الاستانزا الثالثة يوضح كيف ان الله يهب المسكن للمسافر المنهك

Then the trav’ller in the dark,

Thanks you for your tiny spark,

He could not see which way to go,

If you did not twinkle so.

However, unbeknownst to most, this poem is actually a tragedy; a metaphor for the detriment of success.

القصيده تراجيديه وهي كناية عن اضرار النجاح

It is about how people who reach vast amounts of wealth and popularity – most notably celebrities – are hopelessly doomed to fail at life

يتكلم عن الناس الذين يحصلون على الثروة او الشهره محكوم عليهم بالتعاسه

making a miniscule and amateurish observation of a so called “Little star”, and contemplating how far away it is.

“Little star”

هنا يروي الراوي قصه غير مرئيه وليتل ستار تدل على ان المراقبة ضئيله وتصور مدى البعد

if you look closer into the stanzas, you’ll find that this makes no logical sense.

لوتمعنت في القصيده ستكتشف ستجد ان لا يوجد معنى منطقي..

-you’ll notice in the very title, the star is described as “little.” However, by no stretch of logic is any star small.

وصف النجم بالصغر ولايوجد نجم صغير

The word “star” has multiple synonyms. One of them, according to dictionary.com, is:

“a distinguished or glamorous celebrity, often from the entertainment world.”

ستار له مرادفات اخرى في القاموس منها مامعناه شهير او مشهر ساحر

وبكذا نستنتج ان Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star تعني الشخصية المميزة a distinguished figure

the first verse gives us insight into our unseen character‟s motives

البيت الاول يتيح لنا نظره ثاقبة داخل دوافع شخصيتنا الغير مرئية

Twinkle, twinkle, little star

Twinkle can also be known as

a- Shine on

b- continue succeeding

the first verse( Twinkle, twinkle, little star) implies that the character i-a celebrity of small stature- is successful and is admired by his populace, indirectly implying thathe/she is an egomaniac that holds itself above others

يتضح لنا من البيت الاول ان الشخصيه له مكانه صغيره ومشهور والجماهير معجبه فيه

The second verse, “How I wonder what you are”

هنا في هذا البيت تحول الراوي من معرفة الدوافع الداخليه الى مراقبة مايحدث خارجا متمنيا ان يفهم ما يحدث داخل الاعمال وماهي ثقافة المشهورين abruptly switches

narratives to an outsider that wishes to understand the inner-

workings of the celebrity culture.

ممكن يكون الراوي اللي يراقب اما واحد من المصورين – paparazzi-اوواحد نجم مشهور مثلهم - or even a rising star themselves

The third verse, “Up above a world so high” implies two things

البيت الثالث ينطوي على امرين:

1-the difference of social classes between the rich and the poor

اختلاف الطبقات الاجتماعيه بين الاغنياء والفقراء

2-that the titular character, the “Star”, is using recreational drugs

ان تسمية النجم مخدر ترفيهي

The fourth and final original verse of the poem “Like a diamond in the sky” immortalizes the titular character

البيت الرابع (مثل الماس في السماء)يخلد الطابع الاسمي –اللي هو النجم

The “diamond” beingreferenced in the part is actually a Diamond DA40 – a type of

Aircraft

الماس يعود في الواقع لالماس DA40 نوع من الطائرات