[ قسم التاريخ ] : كلمات نصوص اننجليزيه

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السلام عليكم .. بنات الله يجزاكم خير ساعدونا الي عندها الاسئله كامله والكلمات تنزلها الله يكتب لها الاجر .. متوهقين كثير

[فوز.5]

سالخير اخيرا فتح وياي البلاك بورد بنزل لكم المجلدات ويارب يضبط ودعواتكم

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Text: 5

The Topography of the Battle of Badr

There is connection between the battle sites and their topographical features, and this can be traced back to pre-historic times, when man began to make use of his environment for his defence.
This paper deals with the study of geography and its effect on the outcome of the important battle of Badr. The Vital Role of geographical site can be noticed in the case of the battle of Badr, when it determined its timing, location and particularly, result.
As for Battle of ’Uh{ud, it is a known fact the site of mount ’Uh{ud was the main factor in giving the Muslims an edge in the initial stages of the battle. But when the archers left their position on the mount, the Muslims lost the battle and many of them either killed or wounded.
In the battle of al-Khandaq, geographical elements again played an important role. We make particular mention of windstorm, which completely swept through the camps of the invaders. Abu Sufya<n himself, clearly indicate this when he asked the Makkan and their allies to withdraw after their camp was totally wrecked by it.

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Text: 6

Muawiya, the founder of Muslim Navy

In spite of their success in driving out Byzantine, it seems that the Muslims recognized that, without a fleet, they were powerless against the enemy ships to which their new provinces were easily accessible. Brought by conquest to the shores of the Mediterranean they had to face the new maritime problems.

As soon as they had conquered the old Phoenician cities and had acquired Egyptian ports, they were quick to realise the vital importance of sea power to a conquering and rapidly expanding empire.They saw what an immense advantage a naval force was their chief adversary, the Byzantine empire. They recognised the seriousness of the situation very quickly and
decided to equip themselves with the same weapons as their enemies used.

The real age of Muslim sea power began with Uthman’s regime. It was Muawiya, who first encouraged the Muslims to undertake maritime activities. He said to have asked Umar’ permission to lead a Naval expedition.The latter obstinately refused and would go no further than order the fortification and garrisoning of the coastal towns. Muawiya, however, insisted so much that Uthman allowed him to carry out a naval enterprise, instructing him to key reinforcements in readiness in coastal areas.

Nevertheless, he stipulated that no man was to be pressed for sea service which was to be on a voluntary basis. In compliance with the Caliph’s order Muawiya, took his wife with him: ‘if thou sailest with thy wife, we allow thee to do so, otherwise not’.

By this time, Syria had come entirely under Muawiya. The revenue, the soldiers and the ships of that powerful kingdom were dedicated to increasing the Empire of the Caliphs. Maritime operations, whether from Egypt, under ‘Abd Allah Abi Sarh or from Syria, under Muawiya, were directed against the Byzantine.

Hostilities were renewed every summer, and eventually, aided naval expeditions, the Muslims extended their conquests, strengthen their borders and lengthened their coastline. The navy has, more than once in the history of Islam, played an important part in the machinery of attack and defence used by the Caliphs.

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Text: 7

EXTRACTS FRM THE 1930 MEMORANDUM 0N SOUTHERN POLICY


Civil Secretary's Office, Khartoun, January 25th, 1930


STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

The policy of the Government in the Southern Sudan is to build up a series of self contained racial or tribal units with structure and organization based, to whatever extent the requirements of equity and good government permit, upon indigenous customs traditional usage and beliefs. The measures already taken or to be taken to promote the above policy are re-stated below.
PROVISION 0F NON-ARABIC-SPEAKING STAFF
It has been the recognized policy for some years that locally recruited staff should take the place of clerks and accountants drawn from the North and that the language of Government offices should be English.
CONTROL 0F IMMIGRANT TRADERS PROM THE NORTH
It is the aim of the Government to encourage, as far as is possible, Greek and Syrian traders rather than the Gellaba type. Permits to the latter should be decreased unobtrusively but progressively, and only the best type of Gellaba, whose interests are purely commercial and pursued in a legitimate manner should be admitted. The limitation of Gellaba trade to towns or established routes is essential.


THE USE 0F ENGLISH WHERE COMMUNICATION IN THE LOCAL VERNACULAR IS IMPOSSIBLE
The time has not yet come for the adoption of a general lingua franca for the Southern Sudan, and it is impossible to foretell what, if ever that time comes, the language would be. Every effort should be made to make English the means of communication among the men themselves to the complete exclusion of Arabic. In any case, the use of an interpreter is preferable. to the use of Arabic, until the local language can be used. In short, whereas at present Arabic is considered by many natives of the South as the official and, as it were, the fashionable language, the object of all should be to counteract this idea by every practical means.

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TEXT: 8

A ******** FROM THE BRITISH FOREIGN SECRETSRY ANTHONY EDEN TO THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN MOSCOW, FEBRUARY 17TH 1943

In conversation recently with a member of this department, Soviet Ambassador referred to suspicions harboured by his countrymen that this country was not pulling its weight and devoting its full energies to the war against Germany. The ambassador said that, while he and others who knew this country realised that such suspicions were not altogether justified, there were a number of highly placed persons in the USSR, though perhaps not the highest placed, who were convinced that these suspicions were well founded (the conviction was particularly strong in the army), and who were able to prevent the true picture being presented to the Soviet people.
If you see no objection, I would be grateful if you would consider taking the opportunity offered by an interview with Stalin to say that on your visit here you were profoundly amazed that the Soviet Government were so misinformed about certain aspects of this country. As examples you could give the 'Pravda's' treatment of the Hess incident and references that have been allowed to appear in the Soviet press about the continued existence in this country of influential persons favouring appeasement, with the implication that we are not wholly behind the war effort.

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Text:9

Dīwān

A collection of poetry or prose, a register, or an office. Sources differ about linguistic roots. Some ascribe to it a Persian origin from dev, ‘mad’ or ‘devil’, to describe secretaries. Others consider it Arabic from dawwana, to collect or to register, thus meaning a collection of records or sheets. However, in administration, the term first meant register for troops and then any register. Only later was it used for office. It seems that the idea is foreign, but the term itself was in use earlier.
ʿUmar I instituted the first dīwān (usually called al- Dīwān ) in Islam. The sources ascribe this action to the need to organize the pay, register the fighting forces, and set the treasury in order. Though some reports put this in 15 A.H., more reliable authorities prefer 20 A.H.
This first dīwān was the dīwān al-d̲j̲und . The register covered the people of Medina, the forces that participated in the conquests and those who emigrated to join garrisons in the provinces, together with their families. Some mawālī were included in the register, but this practice was not continued. With the names, pay and rations were indicated. A committee of three genealogists carried out the registration, by tribes, and pay depended on past services to Islam and relationship to the prophet. Registration by tribes continued till the end of the Umayyad period. Similar dīwāns (of d̲j̲und ) were set up in provincial capitals like Baṣra, Kūfa and Fusṭāṭ. Besides, Byzantine and Sāsānian dīwāns of Ḵh̲arād̲j̲ continued to function in the provinces as before.

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Text: 10

EXTRACTS FROM HAMMURAB’S CODE OF LAW

If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser.
If any one bring an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if it be a capital offense charged, be put to death.
If he satisfy the elders to impose a fine of grain or money, he shall receive the fine that the action produces.
If a judge try a case, reach a decision, and present his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case, and he shall be publicly removed from the judge's bench, and never again shall he sit there to render judgement.
If any one steal the property of a temple or of the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen thing from him shall be put to death.
If the slave that he caught run away from him, then shall he swear to the owners of the slave, and he is free of all blame.
If any one break a hole into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried.
If any one is committing a robbery and is caught, then he shall be put to death.
If the robber is not caught, then shall he who was robbed claim under oath the amount of his loss; then shall the community, and . . . on whose

[فوز.5]

هذي النصوص اللي عقب الشهري والكلمات منزلينها البنات ويا الاسئله واللي تبي شي حق نصوص تنط لي أنابالشوفه وبالتوفيق للجميع

[فوز.5]

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

نصوص تاريخية باللغة الانجليزية


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الفصل الدراسي الأول للعام الجامعي 1433/1434

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