ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã

ÇáÚæÏÉ   ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã > .: ÓÜÇÍÜÉ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ (ÇáÇäÊÓÇÈ):. > ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá > ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ > ÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ > E7
ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ  

E7 English Literature Students level seven Forum

ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ
 
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 20   #31
ÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 166369
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Dec 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 318
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 9363
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 57
ÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond reputeÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÂÏÇÈ. .ÇäÌáíÒí
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÇäÌáíÒí
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ÚíæÔå ãÍãÏ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

áæ ÓãÍÊæ ÈÏí äãæÐÌ 1437 ÇáÝÕá ÇáËÇäí ÖÑæÑí
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 21   #32
Roqaia Adel
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 199640
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Aug 2014
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 198
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 8064
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 51
Roqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enoughRoqaia Adel will become famous soon enough
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ØÇáÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÊÎÕÕ ÇäÌáíÒí
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Roqaia Adel ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáÝ ÇáÝ ÔßÑ ÍææÑ
ÇäÇ ÈÏíÊ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáãÇÏå ãä ãáÎÕ dodycool
ÌÏ ÑææÚå æÓåá Úáí ÇáãÇÏå
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 24   #33
ÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 201977
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Sep 2014
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,262
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 27812
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 81
ÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond reputeÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÂÏÇÈ E
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ÒíäÈ ÇááãÚí ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÇáãáÝÇÊ ÇáãÑÝÞÉ
äæÚ ÇáãáÝ: docx ÇáãäÇÞÔÇÊ.docx‏ (19.6 ßíáæÈÇíÊ, ÇáãÔÇåÏÇÊ 51) ÊÍãíá ÇáãáÝÅÖÇÝÉ ÇáãáÝ áãÝÖáÊßÚÑÖ ÇáãáÝ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 24   #34
Sultanahm7
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Sultanahm7
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 293394
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Wed May 2017
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 100
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 488
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 32
Sultanahm7 is a glorious beacon of lightSultanahm7 is a glorious beacon of lightSultanahm7 is a glorious beacon of lightSultanahm7 is a glorious beacon of lightSultanahm7 is a glorious beacon of light
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ØÇáÈå
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: áÛÉ ÇäÌáíÒíå
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Sultanahm7 ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ãáÝ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí ááÃÚæÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞå ãÊÑÌãÉ ÈÇáãÑÝÞÇÊ ãÚ ÇáÚáã Çä ÇáÕíÝí ßÇä ãßÑÑ áÇÍÏ ÇáäãÇÐÌ ¡ ÏÚæÇÊßã
ÇáãáÝÇÊ ÇáãÑÝÞÉ
äæÚ ÇáãáÝ: pdf ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí ãÊÑÌã.pdf‏ (616.9 ßíáæÈÇíÊ, ÇáãÔÇåÏÇÊ 447) ÊÍãíá ÇáãáÝÅÖÇÝÉ ÇáãáÝ áãÝÖáÊßÚÑÖ ÇáãáÝ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #35
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÞÈá ÇÚÊãÇÏ Çí ÇÌÇÈÉ Ýí ãáÝÇÊ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ ÊÃßÏæÇ ãä ÍáåÇ ÇáÕÍíÍ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #36
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

Western drama, poetry, literary criticism, art, education, politics, fashion
, architecture, painting, sculpture
were ALL produced in imitation of classical antiquity (Greece and Rome
ÇáÏÑÇãÇ æ ÇáÔÚÑ æ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈðí æ ÇáÝäæä æ ÇáÊÚáñíã æÇáÓñíÇÓÉ æ ÇáãæÖÇÊ æ Ýä ÇáÚãÇÑÉ
æ ÇáÑÓã æ ÇáäÍÊ ÌãñÚåÇ äÊñÌÉ áãÍÇßÇÉ ÇáÃÚãÇá ÇáÊí ÊäÊãí ááÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏñãíÉ (ÇáÑæã æ ÇáñíæäÇä)


But the West’s relationship with antiquity ÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÛÑÈ ãÚ ÇáÚÕæÑ ÇáÞÏíãÉ
is not simple. áã Êßä ÈÓíØÉ
It is full of contradictions and ambivalence. ßÇäÊ ãáíÆÉ ÈÇáÇÒÏæÇÌíÉ æÇáÊäÇÞÖÇÊ

Roman poet Horace writes:
ÞÇá ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÑæãÇäí :åæÑÇÓ
“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”
ÇáÇÓíÑ ÇáíæäÇäí ÇÎÐ ÈÇÓÑ ãÍÊáå ÇáåãÌí
ãíä ÇáãÍÊá åäÇ ( ÇáÑæã )
ßÇä íÔÑÍ åäÇ Ýí ÑÓÇáÊå Horace expresses a sense of inferiority and ambivalence ÇÍÓÇÓå ÈÇáäÞÕ
ãä ÇáÞÇÆá åäÇ :
man who follows another not only finds nothing; he is not even looking.
ÇáÇäÓÇä ÇáÐí íÊÈÚ ÇäÓÇäÇ ÇÎÑ áä íÌÏ ÔíÆÇ æáÇ íÚÏ ÍÊì ÈÇÍËÇ
&
“No past life has been lived to lend us glory, and that which has existed before us is not ours.”
ÇáãÇÖí áÇ íåÏíäÇ ÇáãÌÏ æãÇ ÞÏ ÍáÝå ÇáÓÇÈÞæä áíÓ ãä ÍÞäÇ

- Seneca ÓíäíßÇ

The Romans so desperately wanted to imitate the Greeks and so constantly failed to match them.
ÇáÑæãÇä ÇÑÇÏæÇ ÊÞáíÏ ÇáíæäÇä æÝÔáæÇ Ýí ãÌÇÑÇÊåã ÈÓÈÈ
Imitation cannot produce originality.
Çä ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ áÇ ÊÌáÈ ÇáÇÕÇáÉ
.
The Romans were a simple rural and uncultivated people
ÇáÑæãÇä ßÇäæÇ ÈÓíØíä ÑííÝííä ÛíÑ ãÊÍÖÑíä
áßäåã ÈÑÒæÇ Ýí ÇáÞæÉ ÇáÚÓßÑíÉ æÇÕÈÍæÇ ãÍÇÑÈíä äÇÌÍíä became successful warriors,

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ; 2017- 11- 25 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 06:01 AM
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #37
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

The period is called the Renaissance
because across Europe people wanted to “revive” the ancient learning of Rome and Greece.
Óãí ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ áÇä ÇáäÇÓ Ýí ÇæÑæÈÇ ÇÑÇÏæÇ ÇÍíÇÁ ÇáãÚÇÑÝ ÇáÚÊíÞÉ ãä ÑæãÇ æÇáíæäÇä

Ýí ÚÕÑ ÇáäåÖÉ ÞÇãæÇ ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ÈÇÚÇÏÉ ÇßÊÔÇÝ ßÊÈ
ßÇäÊ áãíä ÇáßÊÈ books of the Greeks and Romans
ããÇ ÓãÍ áåã ÈÊØæíÑ ÇáÇÏÈ æÇáËÞÇÝÉ literature and a culture

hundreds and hundreds of texts and books that no one had seen for hundreds of years.
This material will transform the mind of Europe, and lead to the Renaissance
ÇßÊÔÝÊ ÇæÑæÈÇ ÇáãÆÇÊ æÇáãÆÇÊ ãä ÇáäÕæÕ æÇáßÊÈ ÇáÊí áã íÑÇåÇ ÇáäÇÓ æÇáÊí ÛíÑÊ
ãä æÖÚ ÇáÇæÑÈííä æÞÇÏÊåã äÍæ ÍÑßÉ ÇáäåÖÉ

Europeans saw poems and plays and books and stories like they were national monuments
ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ßÇäæÇ íÑæä ÇáÞÕÇÆÏ æÇáãÓÑÍíÇÊ æÇáßÊÈ æÇáÞÕÕ ÇËÇÑÇ æØäíÉ
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #38
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

ÞÇá Èíáíå
Bellay
, poetry and literature were necessary accessories of political power
ÇáÇÏÈ æÇáÔÚÑ ßÇäæÇ áæÇÒã ÖÑæÑíÉ ááÞæÉ ÇáÓíÇÓíÉ
æÞÇá ÇíÖÇ
“in imitation of the bees, to produce in our own words thoughts borrowed from others.”
ÃÝßÇÑäÇ ÇááÊí ääÊÌåÇ ÈáÛÊäÇ æ ßáãÇÊäÇ ãä ÎáÇá ÚãáñíÉ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ ÊÔÈå ÚãáñÉ ÇäÊÇÌ ÇáäÍáÉ ááÚÓá "
..

In Rome, imitation led to frustration and produced a plagiaristic culture.
Ýí ÑæãÇ ÇÏì Èåã ÇáÊÞáíÏ æÇáÇÍÈÇØ Çáì ËÞÇÝÉ ãÓÑæÞÉ

Europeans thought that they were imitating the classical cultures of Greece ad Rome
. In reality they imitated mostly the Romans
åäÇ ÇáÇæÑÈíæä ßÇäæÇ íÚÊÞÏæä Çäåã íÍÇßæä ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáßáÇÓíßíÉ áßá ãä ÇáÑæã æÇáíæäÇä
áßä Ýí ÇáæÇÞÚ ßÇäæÇ íÍÇßæä ÇáÑææææã

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ; 2017- 11- 25 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 06:48 AM
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #39
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

-Plato’s most important contributions to criticism appear in his famous dialogue the
ÇßËÑ ãÓÇåÇãÇÊ ÇÝáÇØæä Ýí ÇáäÞÏ ØåÑÊ Ýí ÍæÇÑå ÇáÔåíÑ
ÇáÌãåæÑíÉ - Republic

æÖÚ ÇÝáÇØæä ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä Mimesis æ Diagesis
ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ æÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáÚÑÖ æÇáÇÎÈÇÑ

ÇáãÓÑÍíÉ ÈÇáÔÎÕíÇÊ ÚÇÏÉ Êßæä Mimesis ãÍÇßÇÉ
ÇãÇ ÇáÞÕÕ ÝÊßæä Diagesis ÓÑÏ

Plato was the first to explain that narration or story telling
ÇÝáÇØæä ãä ÇæÇÆá ÇáãÝßÑíä ÇáÐíä ÈÃä ÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáÍßÇíÉ ãä Çáããßä
can proceed by narration or by imitation Çä íßæä ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÓÑÏ Çæ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ
ÞÇá ÇÝáÇØæä
And narration may be either simple narration, or imitation, or a union of the two
ÇáÓÑÏ íßæä ÈÓíØÇ Çæ ãÍÇßÇÉ Çæ ÇÊÍÇÏ ÇáÇËäíä
ØÈÚÇ íÌí ÇáÓÄÇá ãä ÇáÞÇÆá Çä ÇáÓÑÏ íßæä ÈÓíØ Çæ ãÍÇßÇÉ Çæ ÇÊÍÇÏ ÇáÇËäíä
ÇÇæ ÓÄÇá æÖÚÊ ÇáãÍÇßÇÉ æÇáÓÑÏ ãÓãíÇÊ ÇÏÈíÉ ÈæÇÓØÉ
ÇáÇÌÇÈÉ ÇÝáÇØæä
Plato Bans the Poet
ÇÝáÇØæä íÍÙÑ ÇáÔÚÑÇÁ ãä ÇáãÏíäÉ æÇáÓÈÈ
Poetry Cripples the Mind
ÇáÔÚÑ íÔá ÇáÚÞá
Poetry excites the senses and neutralizes
the brain and the thinking faculties. It produces docile and passive imitators
Çäå íËíÑ ÍãÇÓ ÇáÇÍÓÇÓíÓ æíÖÚÝ ÞÏÑÇÊ ÇáÚÞá

(ars) ãÚäÇåÇ
all kinds of human activities which we would call crafts or sciences.”
ÊÏá Úáì ÌãíÚ ÇáäÔÇØÇÊ ÇáÈÔÑíÉ ÇáÊí ãßä Çä äÓãíåÇ ÍÑÝ Çæ Úáæã

ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÐí íÕÝå ÇÝáÇØæä Ýí ßÊÇÈå ÇáÌãåæÑíÉ
The poet that Plato describes in the Republic
ÔÇÚÑ æ ãÄÏí æãÚáã is a poet, a performer and an educator.

It is only in an oral society
that poetry becomes the most principal source of knowledge and education.
Ýí ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÔÝåí íÕÈÍ ÇáÔÚÑ Ýíå ãÕÏÑÇ ááãÚÑÝÉ
æÇáÓÈÈ
The reason: in a society that does not have a system of writing
, poetry becomes useful to record and preserve knowledge.
Çä ÇáãÌÊãÚ ÇáÐí áÇ íãáß äÙÇãÇ ááßÊÇÈÉ íßæä Ýíå ÇáÔÚÑ Ýíå ãÝíÏÇ
Ýí ÊÓÌíá ÇáãÚÇÑÝ æÇáÍÝÇÙ ÚáíåÇ
.
ØíÈ ãä Ïæä äÙÇã ÇáßÊÇÈÉ ßíÝ íãßä ááãÌÊãÚ Çä íÍÇÝÙ Úáì ãÚÇÑÝå æÚÇÏÇÊå æÊÞÇáíÏå ¿
Without a system of writing, how does a society preserve its knowledge,
its customs and its traditions?
ÇáÌæÇÈ ÈæÇÓØÉ ÇáÔÚÑ æÇáÇÛÇäí
Poetry and songs

.
 
ÞÏíã 2017- 11- 25   #40
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ãõÊãíÒÉ ÈÇáãÓÊæì E7
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 248282
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Dec 2015
ÇáÚãÑ: 36
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 1,690
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 15824
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond reputeÙá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÛíÑ ØÇáÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Ùá ÇáÍÞíÞÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÃÏÈí

Aristotle
ÇÑÓØæÇ áå ÇÚãÇá ÝáÓÝíÉ
‘czar of literary criticism, åæ ÝíÕÑ ÇáäÞÏ ÇáÇÏÈí
ßÊÇÈå Ýä ÇáÔÚÑ (poetics)

ÚÑÝ ÇÑÓØæ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ Tragedy
ÇäåÇ ÊÞáíÏ áÍÏË ÌÇÏ an imitation of an action

æÞÇá Çä ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ ÊËíÑ ÇáÎæÝ æÇáÔÝÞÉ
Tragedy arouses pity and fear,
because the audience can envision themselves
within the cause-and-effect chain of the action
áÇä ÇáÌãåæÑ íÊÕæÑ äÝÓå ãä ÎáÇá ÊÓáÓá ÇáÇÍÏÇË

ØÈÚÇ ÇáÊÑÇÌíÏíÇ æÝÞÇ áÇÑÓØæ ÊÍÊæí Úáì 6 ÇÌÒÇÁ

Plot , Characters Thought , Diction , Spectacle (Melody

Plot ÇáÍÈßÉ æÇáÍÈßÉ ÇáããÊÇÒÉ íäÈÛí Çä íßæä áåÇ
ÈÏÇíÉ ææÓØ æäåÇíÉ
The plot must be “a whole,” with a beginning, middle, and end.
ÇáÈÏÇíÉ ÇÓãåÇ incentive moment áÍÙÉ ãÍÝÒÉ
æÇáæÓØ climax ÇáÇÍÏÇË
æÇáÎÇÊãÉ resolutionæÇáÊí íÌÈ Çä íßæä ÝíåÇ Íá ááãÔßáÉ
The end should therefore solve or resolve the problem

ÇáÍÈßÉ ÈãÚäÇå ÇáÏÞíÞ
arrangement of these incidents in a cause-effect sequence of events.




íãßä æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇáÞÏíãÉ Úáì ÇäåÇ
ËÞÇÝÉ ÍíÉ Liveing culture
íãßä æÕÝ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÇÏÈíÉ Ýí ÑæãÇ ÇáÞÏíãÉ
ËÞÇÝÉ ÇáãÊÍÝ Museum culture


..
åæÑÇÓ
áã íßä äÇÞÏÇ ÝíáÓæÝ ßÇÇÝáÇØæä æÇÑÓØæ
æáßä ßÇä ÔÇÚÑÇ íßÊÈ ÇáäÕíÍÉ Ýí ÕíÛÉ ÞÕíÏÉ
Horace, though, was not a philosopher-critic like Plato or Aristotle.
He was a poet writing advice in the form of poems

ÇÓã ÞÕíÏÊå
In Ars Poetica:

ÓÇæì
Horace equates the preserved Greek culture (books) with “elegance”
Èíä ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáíæäÇäíÉ ÇáãÍÝæÙÉ ÈÇáßÊÈ ÈÇáÇäÇÞÉ
and he equates the popular culture of his own time with “venom.”
ÇãÇ ÇáËÞÇÝÉ ÇáÔÚÈíÉ ÈÜ ÇáÓã !

íÞæá åæÑÇÓ
I will not die entirely,” writes Horace, “some principal part of
me yet evading the great Goddess of Burials.” That great part of him was his books.
ÇäÇ áä ÇãæÊ ÈÔßá ßÇãá æÌÒÁ ãäí ÓæÝ íåÑÝ ãäÇáåÉ ÇáÏÝä íÞÕÏ ßÊÈå

Ýí ÞÕíÏÊå "Epistle to Maecena" íÔÊßí ãä ÈÚÖ ÇáãÞáÏíä
How oft, ye servile crew
Of mimics, when your bustling pranks I’ve seen,
Have ye provoked my smiles – how often my spleen!

æßÊÈ
“If you want me to cry, mourn first yourself, then your misfortunes will hurt me”
Roman poet Horace writes:
æßÊÈ ÇáÔÇÚÑ ÇáÑæãÇäí :åæÑÇÓ
“Captive Greece took its wild conqueror captive”
ÇáÇÓíÑ ÇáíæäÇäí ÇÎÐ ÈÇÓÑ ãÍÊáå ÇáåãÌí
 
ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ

ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ)

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