[ اللغة الانجليزية ] : ENDLISH STUDENT LEVEL 5 >> 3rd year first semester

[$ زازا $]

انا اوف بكرة بلييز رد للي تحضر معي بوتري :(

[amooosh]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة مرشدة مغرورة

وبالنسبة للأسئلة مكتوبة بالصفحات اللي رااحت

و بالنسبة للمتيريال أنا ذاكرت من التفريغ و جبت درجة مررررررررة حلوة هذا بالنسبة للشعر

وبالنسبة للارشاد د.حصة قالتلنا لازم تحضرون , بس أحسها بس تخوف

و بالنسبة اشلون تعرفين اسمك وين مع أي دكتورة

تروحين لقسم المكتب اللي ورى الباب فيه كشف بأسماء كل بنات الانجلش دوريه وبعدين شوفي مع مين حاطينك

جزاك الله خير شككرا
بس ياليت تنزلين لنا التفاريغ لأن ماعندي أي متيريال اذاكر منه اببد
والله يعطيك العافيه يارب

[خيآل انثى]

الكويز اللي في الدراما بس الشخصيات نذاكر ولا فيه معه شي ثاني ؟؟

[مرشدة مغرورة]

all thing are include in the exam:((

today we took the drama quiz

it was like a final exam

it was out of ten

plot+character+quotations

too baaaaaaad

[Sanfoor]

اختبار البويتري ١٧ بكرا مأجل الميد تيرم ؟ تيع حصه الكهلان

[مرشدة مغرورة]

هي اليوم كانت غايبة ,, و قروب الشعر تبع اليوم ما أحد تكلم انه فيه اختبار ميد للشعر

[مرشدة مغرورة]

You are going to study 17th century literature.
In the 16th century, writers dealt with emotions and feelings. By the end of the 16th century, the attitude changed. Writers started becoming more rational and more intellectual. The change came from romantics to classical. Writers started adopting classical trends. There are some traces of romanticism in their works. They become more intellectual and more rational.
Metaphysical poets:
Dr. Samuel Jonson- a very popular critic who gave the metaphysical poets this title. They used metaphysical conceits, images= totally different images. Both images of life and death will be there. One of the most important characteristics of metaphysical poets is that they use different images; images that do not go together, but the writer uses these opposite images. They contradictory images in their poems. They used striking opposite images. They wanted to replace all the idea of the 16th century. There is a juxtaposition of all ideas. They were looking together for different images.
John Donne is called the Father of the Metaphysical Poetry.
“ Death Be Not Proud”










John Donne

72. "Death be not proud, though some have called thee"

DEATH be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadfull, for, thou art not so,
For, those, whom thou think'st, thou dost overthrow,
Die not, poore death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleepe, which but thy pictures bee, 5
Much pleasure, then from thee, much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee doe goe,
Rest of their bones, and soules deliverie.
Thou art slave to Fate, Chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poyson, warre, and sicknesse dwell, 10
And poppie, or charmes can make us sleepe as well,
And better then thy stroake; why swell'st thou then;
One short sleepe past, wee wake eternally,
And death shall be no more; death, thou shalt die.


Death is described differently by different writers. But everybody agrees that a person who was born has to die. This is the ultimate reality of life.
The metaphysical poets become spiritual.
Donne is talking about death. Death is certain. It is the ultimate reality of life which Donne is talking about. It is said that death is a conqueror. Nobody can conquer it. Donne is challenging death asking it not to be proud.
He says that everybody thinks that death is mighty and nobody can conquer it. But they are mistaken.
It is a sonnet= 14-line poem. Usually, it is a romantic poem.
Donne here in this sonnet is talking about death.
People, who are spiritual, are not afraid of death because they know that death is a type of sleep. They do not die. They only change the form of the physical body. The soul is alive. A human is made up into two entities; body and soul. The body is mortal but the soul is immortal. This is what spiritual Donne wants to give the message. Usually we care for the body but we do not care for the soul. Death is only a type of rest and sleep. The soul does not die. It is set free from the body. Death is only a slave. It comes only according to fate, chance, desperate men who commit suicide – kings who give orders of death.
Death is dictated by these people. It is not the conqueror. Death is only a time of sleep.
We can get sleep out of the effect of poppies- a kind of drugs- they become unconscious. poppies and charms= magic can make one sleep. They might have an effect better than death. They make one feel happy under the influence of drugs and charms.
One short sleep past, we wake eternally. We will not die any more. There will be no existence of death after we die. There will be no more death. Death should not be proud of itself.

These are some of the images.
bones, show that human body is nothing but a skeleton
poyson, warre, and sicknesse these are associations of death. These are the things which bring out death. These are the negative connotations of death. They bring unpleasant images to our mind.
poppie, or charmes
These are the things which induce sleep.
Death is libration for the soul.
And better then thy stroake; why swell'st thou then
Death should not be lamented; rather, it should be celebrated. Death librates the soul from the cage of the body. The body is only a cage for the soul.






SWEETEST love, I do not go
For weariness of thee,
Nor in hope the world can show
A fitter love for me;
But since that I 5
Must die at last, ’tis best
Thus to use myself in jest,
By feignèd death to die.

Yesternight the sun went hence,
And yet is here to-day; 10
He hath no desire nor sense,
Nor half so short a way.
Then fear not me,
But believe that I shall make
Hastier journeys, since I take 15
More wings and spurs than he.

O how feeble is man’s power,
That, if good fortune fall,
Cannot add another hour,
Nor a lost hour recall. 20
But come bad chance,
And we join to it our strength,
And we teach it art and length,
Itself o’er us t’ advance.

When thou sigh’st, thou sigh’st no wind, 25
But sigh’st my soul away;
When thou weep’st, unkindly kind,
My life’s blood doth decay.
It cannot be
That thou lov’st me as thou say’st, 30
If in thine my life thou waste,
That art the best of me.

Let not thy divining heart
Forethink me any ill.
Destiny may take thy part 35
And may thy fears fulfil;
But think that we
Are but turned aside to sleep:
They who one another keep
Alive, ne’er parted be. 40

Sweetest Love, I do not Go




He is addressing his beloved. It is a love poem by John Donne.
He is showing the mirror of reality to his beloved.
He is telling his beloved that he is leaving not because he does not love her. He is not leaving because he will try to find a better love. He tells her that he loves her so much that no body can love her more. But since he must die at last, it is best to leave her now. He knows that he has to leave her one day. One day she will suffer the agony of separation. He wants to give her the experaince of separation. He wants her to get used to this separation.
He is comparing himself with the sun. The sun comes and goes every day. Every day the sun sets and the next day it rises. It is a regular appearance and disappearance of the sun. he says that if the sun disappears and appears every day, she does not need to fear his departure. He will go and come again like the sun.
Nobody is suffering as much as he is suffering.
He says that if we have good fortune, we are happy. We cannot add an hour to our life.
He says that when she sighs, it seems that his soul is going out. He is very much affected that she is sad.
He gives the impression to his beloved that he loves her too much. He cares for her. He cannot live without her.
The last stanza is prophetic. In the first four stanzas, he is very romantic. In the last stanza, he becomes spiritual. It is only destiny.
His existence is associated with her existence. They will never be separated from each other. He believes that if they die together, they will stay together forever. This life cannot spate them.
He is spiritual, religious and he is also very romantic.
The last stanza is very important. He is spiritual, he is divine and he is romantic. It is all combined together. He says that even death will not separate them.








John Milton wrote in the last decade of the 16th century. Paradise Lost is about Adam and Eve- the first humans.
What are the themes?
Satan was an angel. He rebelled against God so, he became a fallen angel. He intended to insinuate Adam and Eve against God so that they will become fallen.
There is an important theme that woman kind is inferior to man. Eve was created from the ribs of Adam. She is subtended to Adam= a second one. She was created to give company to Adam. Both of them are not created at the same time. She is a weaker person this is why she has been tempted by Satan. Instead of being directed by the words of God not to eat from the forbidden tree, she was tempted by Satan. The temptation that Satan gave her is that if she ate from the forbidden tree, she will become more powerful than God. She convinced Adam to eat the fruit. Both of them have become fallen. This is one of the themes.
God has an infinite power. Man’s power is limited= finite. We have to completely surrender to the power of God. We do not have any right to question what is happening. We should have complete surrender to God because there is a hierarchical order. God is at the top. Satan disobeyed God. He got the punishment. He lost his position as an angel. Adam disobeyed God so he and Eve fell. If man does not obey the hierarchy, things will go wrongly.
One more theme is fate and free will. Everything happens according to the will of God.
Why did God will that Adam and Eve would eat from the forbidden tree? This is to grant them free will= the power to choose. The soul is sent to the world to undergo a test. Then it will be given its place either in heaven or in hell. This is the general belief. God gave Adam and Eve free will. He did not prevent them from eating from the forbidden tree. They have two ways; either to rebel or ask for forgiveness. Satan rebelled and Adam asked for forgiveness. There is spoke of the redemption of Adam and Eve , but there is no spoke for the redemption of Satan.
These are the themes found in Paradise Lost.
Adam and Eve were created to live in Paradise but they lost Paradise due to the insinuation of Satan. Satan here plays the role of a rebel, a tempter – a villain. It is believed that Satan is the main character in Paradise Lost . It is the vital character around which this epic by John Milton moves. He wrote early in 17th century. He is a metaphysical poet.
The metaphysical poets use completely opposite images.
John Milton is a religious poet.

Main Characters
Adam- Eve- Satan- God ( the father) God( the son) Christians believes that Jesus Christ was sent by God for the redemption of mankind. He scarifies himself to pay for the sins of humanity.
Gabriel- an angel of heaven – Rafael= a good angel
Satan’s daughter
Sin- death and Satan have negative connotations. They have repulsive description- something very inhuman. It is unpleasant.
OF Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit
Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man

Man First Disobedience= is capitalized. It is the main theme in the poem.

It is said that if Adam and Eve cannot eat the forbidden fruit, the world will not come to existence. The entire world came into being because of the first disobedience of Adam.
The fruit of the forbidden tree, Man’s first disobedience are the two important elements of the poem. The disobedience is eating the fruit of the forbidden tree. This is why they are written in capital.
whose mortal tast
Brought Death into the World, and all our woe

mortal taste= it lasts only for a short period. Death is associated with something that is mortal. The body became mortal.
Woe= sufferings and pains

Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat,
Sing Heav'nly Muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That Shepherd, who first taught the chosen Seed,
In the Beginning how the Heav'ns and Earth
Rose out of Chaos: Or if Sion Hill [ 10 ]
Delight thee more, and Siloa's Brook that flow'd
Fast by the Oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventrous Song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above th' Aonian Mount, while it pursues

Our first pain, first suffering is after eating from the forbidden tree is the lost of Eden.
one greater Man= Jesus the Christ
their suffering continue till they are redeemed by the sacrifice of a greater Man= the Christ. He allowed himself to be crucified to pay for the sins of his fellow beings.



Things unattempted yet in Prose or Rhime.
And chiefly Thou O Spirit, that dost prefer
Before all Temples th' upright heart and pure,
Instruct me, for Thou know'st; Thou from the first
Wast present, and with mighty wings outspread [ 20 ]
Dove-like satst brooding on the vast Abyss
And mad'st it pregnant: What in me is dark
Illumin, what is low raise and support;
That to the highth of this great Argument
I may assert Eternal Providence,
And justifie the wayes of God to men.
Say first, for Heav'n hides nothing from thy view
Nor the deep Tract of Hell, say first what cause
Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy State,
Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off [ 30 ]
From thir Creator, and transgress his Will
For one restraint, Lords of the World besides?
Who first seduc'd them to that foul revolt?
Th' infernal Serpent; he it was, whose guile
Stird up with Envy and Revenge, deceiv'd [ 35 ]
The Mother of Mankind, what time his Pride
Had cast him out from Heav'n, with all his Host
Of Rebel Angels, by whose aid aspiring
To set himself in Glory above his Peers,
He trusted to have equal'd the most High,
If he oppos'd; and with ambitious aim
Against the Throne and Monarchy of God
Rais'd impious War in Heav'n and Battel proud
With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power
Hurld headlong flaming from th' Ethereal Skie [ 45 ]
With hideous ruine and combustion down
To bottomless perdition, there to dwell
In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire,
Who durst defie th' Omnipotent to Arms.
Nine times the Space that measures Day and Night


This poem has an obvious theme of revenge. Satan is in the form of a serpent= snake. He was stirred by envy and revenge. He envies Adam and Eve for happily living in heaven. This is not tolerated by him. Envy and revenge destroyed the mother of mankind= Eve.
Satan was proud. That is why he rebelled. His fault was that he was not ready to surrender himself to God. He was proud. He thought that he was equal to God.
To mortal men, he with his horrid crew
Lay vanquisht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe
Confounded though immortal: But his doom
Reserv'd him to more wrath; for now the thought
Both of lost happiness and lasting pain [ 55 ]
Torments him; round he throws his baleful eyes
That witness'd huge affliction and dismay
Mixt with obdurate pride and stedfast hate:
At once as far as Angels kenn he views
The dismal Situation waste and wilde, [ 60 ]
A Dungeon horrible, on all sides round
As one great Furnace flam'd, yet from those flames
No light, but rather darkness visible
Serv'd onely to discover sights of woe,
Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace [ 65 ]
And rest can never dwell, hope never comes
That comes to all; but torture without end
Still urges, and a fiery Deluge, fed
With ever-burning Sulphur unconsum'd:

It is said that Satan was a loving angel to God. When he loses his position, he becomes furious. He conspires, manipulates, make full army of rebel angels. All of them get after Adam and Eve , how to degrade them from paradise.

http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/par...section1.rhtml
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/literatur...nalysis/book-i










George Herbert style is different from the others.
What is the meaning of the metaphysical?
This title was given to a type of poetry written by some poets by Samuel Jonson. He was the one who gave them the name of Metaphysical Poets. All their writings are having the same characteristics with some differences.
Metaphysical= beyond nature- beyond the tangible- beyond the concrete
They are dealing with things that are beyond the concrete- beyond nature. In their poetry, they are trying to transform what is beyond physical to something physical. In doing so, they are writing poetry that is sensuous even with the idea of the relation with God. They are bringing God from heaven, from the unseen to the ground, to be with them. It is beyond our understanding.
This can be applied to all their poetry.
John Donne is one of the metaphysical poets. His life should be studied carefully.
He is described as the father of the metaphysical poets. His life is a mirror of his age.
Politics at that time was full of challenging, quarreling over the thrown. They were fighting to reach the parliament. Politics is governed by religion. When there is a Protestant Monarch, politics were being controlled by the Protestants. People were questioned by their sectors. They were ready to change their religious sectors to find a job, to be closer to the monarchy power. John Donne is an example of this. He was looking for a job. It was only possible if he changed his sector. He fell in love. It was a love that was banned by her father. He eloped with her. He was dismissed from his job. He regretted what he has done. He received religious education. He came back. He was enjailed. He decided to devote his life to God. He joined the church.
We can see two stages in his life; one is secular, the second stage is religious= completely devotion and commitment to God. Poetry,
In his poetry, we find these two stages. It is divided into two types; secular, where he wrote sonnets and songs and religious where we find him writing poems or sonnets.
George Herbert is an honest and religious person. In his poetry, we find him honest enough to his religion, speaking about God and speaking to God. He recommended a language addressing God similar to a language of a child speaking to his father. This goes with their belief, with their religion, with their concept of God- trilogy (Father- Son- the Holy Spirit)
George Herbert abides to this relation with God. We find the language very bright, honest, innocence, begging God asking for forgiveness.
Andrew Marvell was aware of the political situation, political dangers and who always has the urges to attack the society. He was honest to his society. He was very careful about his own safety. We find him writing poetry attacking the society without exposing himself to others. He recommended a language to speak to God. He devoted all his poetry to God. He wrote a lot of poetry that is tackling political and religious issue but at the same time, he was trying to protect himself. He thought that he had to wear a mask to write poetry.
His poem “ A Dialogue Between Body and Soul” is rich enough to understand Marvell, his age and his poetry.
These are the three metaphysical poets of the first generation (John Donne- George Herbert- Andrew Marvell)
John Donne traces the qualities of the elegies written at that time.
Elegies of metaphysical poetry in general and in John Donne in particular are unpoetic. elegies must be poetic to be influential, to convince the readers.
But John Donne’s elegies in general, his images are unpoetic. They are shocking, strange .
“Sweets Love, I do not Go” stands in between the two stages- the secular and the religious. He is obsessed with the idea of religion. He is speaking to God. Physical experience is there. It is a shocking poem.
“ Batter My Heart” Three Person God= reference to the trilogy he is very religious. He is addressing Go. It is unploite, unpoetic. He is asking for forgiveness. He is aware that he is a sinner. He needs to be forgiven by God. He is speaking as being a piece of metal and needs to be recreated. He is speaking of God as being a blacksmith. He is in need to be reformed as someone who is good.
This poem was written during a state of transformation from being a sinner .
The second image is that he is speaking of himself as a country that is being taken by an enemy and God should fight to bring him back.
The third image is that he is speaking of himself as a girl who is taken by someone. He wants God to bring her back and to marry her. He is speaking to God as a lover. After marriage, comes a close relationship.
He wants God to free him out of himself.
In this poem, we may detect how far they were away from the idea of God.
He is speaking of his ideas and the ideas of his people, his age.
This is the way, they are dealing with God. This is the image of God in their minds.
Here, we may trace his journey through religion from secular to religious. We find him bieleving in the idea of the need to be forgiven. The only one who would forgive him is God. This is religious, but the way, he is expressing himself is pure secular. This is unusual, unpoetic, impolite, strange, shocking. These are the characteristics of the metaphysical poetry.







Sweetest Love, I do not Go

John Donne (1573–1631)


SWEETEST love, I do not go
For weariness of thee,
Nor in hope the world can show
A fitter love for me;
But since that I 5
Must die at last, ’tis best
Thus to use myself in jest,
By feignèd death to die.

Yesternight the sun went hence,
And yet is here to-day; 10
He hath no desire nor sense,
Nor half so short a way.
Then fear not me,
But believe that I shall make
Hastier journeys, since I take 15
More wings and spurs than he.

O how feeble is man’s power,
That, if good fortune fall,
Cannot add another hour,
Nor a lost hour recall. 20
But come bad chance,
And we join to it our strength,
And we teach it art and length,
Itself o’er us t’ advance.

When thou sigh’st, thou sigh’st no wind, 25
But sigh’st my soul away;
When thou weep’st, unkindly kind,
My life’s blood doth decay.
It cannot be
That thou lov’st me as thou say’st, 30
If in thine my life thou waste,
That art the best of me.

Let not thy divining heart
Forethink me any ill.
Destiny may take thy part 35
And may thy fears fulfil;
But think that we
Are but turned aside to sleep:
They who one another keep
Alive, ne’er parted be.

“Sweets Love I Do Not Go” we start with the title to get one of the themes.
Love theme is there in their poetry. Although they are interested in theology, but there is love, there is a secular theme. They have nothing to do with religion directly. They are able as metaphysical writers to connect between them, to bring the abstract and the concrete, putting them together, increasing, and enhancing our understanding of their main themes.
The poet is addressing his beloved telling her that he is not going because he does not love her or because he wishes to love someone better than her. The main issue is to show her the logic behind their living. He starts arguing. One of the main characteristics of the metaphysical poets is that they are argumentative. He starts by putting hypothesis. Then, he starts to discuss it, and then eventually reaches to a kind of conclusion. Sometimes this conclusion is a solution, sometimes it is a statement that brings about facts.
This is what is happening here in this poem. He starts by saying that he is leaving, he is not going in search for a fitter love.
He is addressing his beloved telling her that he will go. He will go not because he does not love her but because they will separate eventually when they die. So, he is asking her to have this experience early- to separate, so when death comes, they will not be shocked. He is asking her not to be sad, not to sigh , do not be kindly unkind= when showing too much sadness. He is asking her to be patient and to ask about it.
He likens himself with the sun that leaves everyday and comes back again. The sun comes though it has no reason to come back. He has no reason to come back. He has spurs and wings to fly.
He is likening himself to the sun which is a symbol of heat, power, and energy. He wants her own love that gives him wings and spurs to come back as quickly as the sun. so, if he departs now, he will come back because he has reasons to come back. If compared to the sun, the sun comes back with no reason.
Let not thy divining heart
Forethink me any ill.
Destiny may take thy part
And may thy fears fulfil;
But think that we
Are but turned aside to sleep:
They who one another keep
Alive, ne’er parted be.

One of the themes in metaphysical poetry is that death is like sleep and sleep is like death-
The last two lines of the poem- the death theme in the poem- death is eventual- being religious, being aware of the life after, this departure is a short departure just like when we die and live eventually in heaven. He is speaking of himself as dying and coming after life.
Strange unpoetic, shocking images are used a lot in the metaphysical poetry. the most shocking images is what Donne used in “ Batter My Heart”
In one of the metaphysical poems the two lovers are compared to the two poles. In another poem they are compared to the two legs of a compass.
“ A Hymn to God in my Sickness” he speaks of himself as a map on a table, speaking as geographic scientists searching his west. They are searching and finding out his body speaking of the east and west. It is life versus death.
This is science in literature.
Science is there, religion is there. They have the ingredients, but they put things in different way that we used to see in literature. Facts that are there are not strange. Putting these facts together is real explosion, real shocking.
“ Death Be Not Proud” he is addressing death. We are being tortured before departure, the idea of leaving life without their dear persons. Death is surpassing us all. It is passing its orders to take our souls and to end our life. Eventuality, death will die. Death has a power. God has a mighty power. He is controlling all. He is speaking about his fighting with death as an entity, power which eventually will vanish

How far are these poems example of metaphysical poetry? How many characteristics of metaphysical poetry can be applied to these poems?
Speaking of images, main themes, speaking of them as being argumentative poems.

[مرشدة مغرورة]

If we are to analyze a poem, after having an introduction to the age- what is the metaphysical period- what are the main characteristics of the age- what kind of poetry did John Donne write? What are the characteristics of his poetry?
Then you have to apply what you know on the poem.
This age has religious themes- strange , unpoetic , scientific and impolite images.
John Donne passed two stages. In the first stage he wrote secular and metaphysical. In the second stage he wrote religious poetry.
The title in “ Death Not be Proud” is not a normal title. It is challenging and strange a little bit. Death is one of the themes in the metaphysical poetry. It has a religious connotation. They were possessed with the idea of death.
So, it is religious and metaphysical. It is a metaphysical poem. This is one of the holy sonnets that Jon Donne wrote. There is this submission to the idea of death, but he is trying to defeat death. In the last line, he said, death will be dying and man will live eternally. Man is challenging death. Death is only a servant- slave of Fate. Death will be the victim- the tool of his master- Fate. Death is obeying his master and fulfilling his duty. So death serves Fate. This scary idea threatens people’s life, happiness. Fear of death has been defeated by this way of writing.
One characteristic of metaphysical poetry is that it is argumentative. It is an argumentative idea. He says that Fate is the master and death is only the servant. Death is not powerful because it is only obeying the orders and instructions given by Fate- the real power. This image is usually used by the metaphysical writers, when it comes to death. Death is a short slap. Death is being belittling. After sleep, we come back to the eternal life- life after- this shows that Donne is a believer. These are His beliefs in the life after. That is why as a good believer, death is not the ultimate end of man. It is only a stage. It is only crossing a boarder from the life now to the life after. Death is the cause of human misery. It is always threatening our happiness. But here, in this poem, he is looking at , dealing with death from a different angle where he is belittling death. In an argumentative way, he is confessing. In the last line he is very relaxing. One of his argumentative ways that he uses to convince the reader is to speak of death as a slave. The other way is speaking about death as sleep. It is a recurrent image in the metaphysical in general and John Donne.
“Death Be Not Proud” is one of Jon Donne’s songs from Songs and Sonnets. John Donne’s poetry is marked by interest and religion. This poem is a pure argumentative poem.
It is a metaphysical poem written by one of the most outstanding writers or poets .



He is different from John Donne. He graduated from Cambridge. He was tortured with the idea of not having a purpose in life. He wanted to have a clear purpose. He was not satisfied with the word- to gain money only. He is a religious person. Religion is there in their life at the back of their minds and hearts. It is the urge to change their life.
George Herbert ultimately came to devote his life to God. He thought that it would give to his life meaning and value. One of the main ideas, philosophy is self-centeredness= ego. It is behind all the sins that we commit. One of the sins that George Herbert committed in his life is switching his religion. It was to gain a job.
George Herbert sense of this self- centeredness is behind all sins that had been committed in his life. He is trying to find a solution. The solution for him is to dismiss this “ I” and to think of God- to devote this self to God. He started by thinking in his purpose in life and he ended up by dismissing or accusing self- centeredness of all sins committed by him. This has been clearly expressed in his poetry.
He wrote three poems entitled” Love”

LOve bade me welcome: yet my soul drew back,
Guiltie of dust and sinne.
But quick-ey’d Love, observing me grow slack
From my first entrance in,
Drew nearer to me, sweetly questioning,
If I lack’d any thing.

A guest, I answer’d, worthy to be here:
Love said, You shall be he.
I the unkinde, ungratefull? Ah my deare,
I cannot look on thee.
Love took my hand, and smiling did reply,
Who made the eyes but I?

Truth Lord, but I have marr’d them: let my shame
Go where it doth deserve.
And know you not, sayes Love, who bore the blame?
My deare, then I will serve.
You must sit down, sayes Love, and taste my meat:
So I did sit and eat.

This poem tells us what kind of poetry is written by George Herbert in devotion to God. He decided to devote his life to God. He wrote religious poetry in a way. He wrote it in a conversational style- a conversation between a Father and a Son. It deals with love idea. Love here is the love of God. It is not male-female love as it is with John Donne. It is the relation between man and his Creator- his Maker.
He is writing religious poetry in a very polite way. He uses the language of a child in the presence of his Father. He used to say that poetry- or man should talk to God in a polite way, similar to a language used by a child speaking to his father.
The speaker here in this conversational and argumentative style, we find this polite relationship between man and God. It starts with an invitation- a welcome given by God to man which is very shocking for the speaker. He is shocked with this invitation. It is a very nice, loving, simple way dealing with this man. God is very loving when He realized the shocking reaction of Man. He speaks to him nicely- he gets closer to him holding his hand. It is a love relationship- it is God to Man.
On the other side, the speaker is so polite. He expressed shame, decent with this invitation. He thinks that he does not deserve it. He had committed lots of sins.
We have a Biblical story- the Last Supper- Jesus the Christ and his disciples. Jesus- according to the Christian belief- is the Son of God- a second God- he invited his disciples for supper- meat, wine- .
What are metaphysical characteristics that we can trace in this poem?
• It is religious
• Argumentative – it starts with a simple situation in which it is impossible for man to join God’s kingdom and ends up with sitting with him tasting meat.
• It is a strange situation- the whole poem is an image of an invitation. For him, it was impossible to be achieved. It is achieved. He is proud. The whole poem is dealing with this strange image of man joining God’s. We have a setting of God in his place and some one that is being invited.
• The language is simple, easy, and polite. This is George Herbert’s main characteristic. He recommended the language of a child speaking to his father. It is truly applied to the love theme.







BY GEORGE HERBERT 1593–1633
The Altar
A broken ALTAR, Lord thy servant rears,
Made of a heart, and cemented with teares:
Whose parts are as thy hand did frame;
No workmans tool hath touch'd the same
A HEART alone
Is such a stone,
As nothing but
Thy pow'r doth cut.
Wherefore each part
Of my hard heart
Meets in this frame,
To praise thy Name:
That if I chance to hold my peace,
These stones to praise thee may not cease.
O let thy blessed SACRIFICE be mine,
And sanctifie this ALTAR to be thine.
It is always studied in the metaphysical poetry because of its shape. It is one of the shape poems. It is in the shape of “ I” there is the direct meaning. There is another “I” = the ego.
It is the shape of the altarالمذبح فى الكنيسة- a concrete stone in the church. In the altar, they sacrifice not only sheep and goat, they sacrifice themselves there. We have to devote ourselves to God to get rid of the “I” self centeredness. This is Herbert’s main theme.
The Altar is speaking about devoting this “I’ “Me” “ the Self” to God. The place where we devote or sacrifice ourselves is the altar.
The shape poem is not Herbert’s motivation. It is one of the techniques in poetry. The subject matter is stressing the shape of the poem. The shape of the poem carries parts of the meaning. Here, part of the meaning is a reference to self sacrifice and devotion to God.
He is speaking about his complete readiness to devote himself to God.
The altar is weak and broken. This piece of stone is being broken. It is not good for sacrifice. He is not speaking of a real altar. He is speaking metaphorically. He is referring to a broken heart. What made break a heart? Sins make break heart. A heart that is broken by sins is not suitable for sacrifice. A broken heart is not a suitable place to worship God. How to have a heart that is well built and good enough to worship God? -To have a heart clear of sins?
Cemented = put together. The glue to stick- put this heart together is tears that express his regret. These tears are asking for forgiveness.
The image is that of a broken heart that has been broken by sins that he has committed. It is not suitable to be devoted to God.
We have the altar and a broken heart. What is there in the altar is applicable to the heart. If the altar is broken, so we cannot make sacrifice there. It will be cemented. If the heart is broken, full of sins, it can be devoted to God. It is busy with something else. As we are cementing the altar, this piece of stone, we have to cement the heart. We should have some glue that cemented the stone and some glue that cemented the heart. This glue is nothing but tears in the expression of sense of guilt and asking for forgiveness.
This is the main image. He is very smart in doing so.
This activity taken place in altar – a stone- one piece- one entity- it is hard, strong enough to take this harsh activity of sacrifice.
The only one who can fix the altar is the one who made it. The heart can only be fixed by God. So, he is asking for forgiveness, for understanding. He is showing regret.
A HEART alone
Is such a stone

If a heart is such like a stone it means that it is full of cruelty, harshness, no mercy, full of sins.
This stone= the altar in the church where people go to sacrifice- to worship God
This stone= hard heart- ready to praise God.
He is a religious man.





Of my hard heart
Meets in this frame,
To praise thy Name:

He speaks of a heart and an altar that is broken. It needs to be repaired. He is speaking of a heart that is a stone- it is a heart that is suitable to worship God- to be devoted to God- to sacrifice itself to God.
This hard stone, one entity, never broken- not being broken by sins is the only one that is ready or suitable to pray for God.
He puts a hypothesis. A broken heart is not suitable. A suitable heart is that like an altar- one entity.
This is argumentative. He puts hypothesis. He starts discussing it. If the hear is broken, it needs some tears. If it is cemented, then it is weak. The best heart is the hard one that is similar to the altar- a stone. It is strong enough, one entity, never broken.
The whole image is that of a heart similar to an altar.
Scarface is the centre.
He ended up saying that a heart is an altar
In what sense the heart is an altar?
The heart is a place of sacrifice. All the characteristics of an altar should be there in the heart- it should be strong, not broken. It should be one entity, strong, never broken. If it is to be broken, it should be cemented.
The language is smooth, very easy, simple.
This shape never disturbs the easiness of reading.
There is one controlling image which is a conceit. It starts at the beginning of the poem, develops till the end of the poem. Here, we have a very clear conceit of a heart likened to an altar.
The main theme is of a heart. This idea is being communicated to us through this shape f an altar to think, go immediately to the idea of sacrifice. This sacrifice can be taken place in our heart. We can take the altar everywhere we go. Unless it is strong enough, it will not be suitable to worship God.

























• How much is Andrew Marvell a metaphysical poet?
• How can we describe Andrew Marvell as a metaphysical poet?
• How much is Andrew Marvell’s character and poetry is metaphysical?
• How much he is similar and different to his age?
We have to start answering these questions by sitting the characteristics of the metaphysical poetry- of the age.
It is an age of questioning; an age of religion, there is a lot of Biblical stories and references, quotations. We find poets speaking about relations with God. In all metaphysical poets, we find this relation. We find this religious sense in all poets in different levels. George Herbert presents child-father relationship. In John Donne, it is male-female relationship.
It is an age of political clashes and an age of science, a lot of scientific findings.
These religious, political, scientific issues, we find images that are very strange concerning nature, geography, science. We find all scientific findings. Facts are there. They present these images in a very unusual way. They have unusual images, unusual ways of tackling things, unusual language which is sometimes impolite.
We have all the ingredients, characteristics of the metaphysical; science, politics, religion, social references.
We cannot understand metaphysical poetry without knowing about the whole period, the map, the general face. In this age, their education, their relation to the bible, to the church, to science in general is there. Different sciences are there; geography, medicine, geometry are there. Science and religion are there in the hearts of their poems.
He speaks of himself as a piece of map- science is there- astronomy- speaking of the two lovers as the two legs of a compass.
This makes their literature astonishment, very strange to the extent that we are forced to go and find out how their poetry was written, in which age. It was not a personal issue. It was scientific and religious issue.
We can describe Andrew Marvell’s poetry as being political. It was not for politics’ sake, but for the unity of his nation. He was very keen on avoiding criticism. He uses metaphorical language which he developed into symbols. It is through disguise, covering his real identity to enjoy some freedom
Andrew Marvell is not only using metaphor, but he is choosing themes and subject matter that enable him to achieve a kind of detachment from the real subject.
In this poem, it is a dialogue between body and soul- two parts of the human body.
At that time, politics was a taboo محرمات being sensors of the society- writers- they developed a responsibility towards the society. He was one of these sensors. He was careful to write about issues of interest to all people. he was unable to do so because of these political taboos. So, he was to wear a mask and to speak about a clash between the two parts of the body which is only a metaphor of the two parties in the country. What is said about these two parts of the body will be said about the two parties in the country. A soul cannot survive away of this cage- the body. The body cannot live without the soul.
The dialogue is very interesting.
The soul is the heart of the body. He is using scientific facts, anatomy, and psychology.
This comparison is there in Andrew Marvel’s poetry- in metaphysical poetry- because they are using scientific facts. He is speaking about physical and psychological diseases that might affect the soul.
His poetry is only a reflection of his age and his character. Of his character, because he was able to write on serious political issues of that age without exposing his belonging- to which part he is siding. He is wearing masks. Instead of speaking about the political parties, he is speaking about alternatives, a picture of reality- the relation between body and soul.
He is mirroring the reality of his age. He is dealing with political issues in a smart way which is initiative. It was a mask. He is reflecting the theme he is using. The Dialogue between body and soul is not but the two parties clashing in reality of the English nation. It gives an exact honest picture of the clash of England at that time. The survival of the country could only be achieved by the coexistence of its two parties- as the body cannot survive without the coexistence of its two parts- the body and the soul.
The soul is lost in the wilderness. It has no place to rest on. It is like a ghost that roams the place. This is a separation in the nation. He is very smart when he chose this image. He was keen and exact when he starts writing this poem- making this dialogue.
The poem is full of scientific details. It is sometimes supernatural as it is metaphysical.

A Dialogue between the Soul and Body
Soul

O Who shall, from this Dungeon, raise
A Soul inslav'd so many wayes?
With bolts of Bones, that fetter'd stands
In Feet ; and manacled in Hands.
Here blinded with an Eye ; and there
Deaf with the drumming of an Ear.
A Soul hung up, as 'twere, in Chains
Of Nerves, and Arteries, and Veins.
Tortur'd, besides each other part,
In a vain Head, and double Heart.


First, he gives the chance for the soul to speak.
O= an expression of pain of suffering.
The first image that is given within this umbrella image is that of a slave. The soul speaks of itself as being a slave.
Dungeon= a jail زنزانة –underground prison. It is dark, stiff.
This soul complains from being in slavery. It is being imprisoned. The bones are being used as a means to tight him. He is describing the whole bodies as bars of the prison. The skeleton, muscles, arties are being described as a cage- as bars of a prison. It is like a metal pin that is surrounding hands and feet.
He is giving us a complete pictorial image of the soul imprisoned in the body.
The soul is blinded. It is being trapped from the outer world. He cannot contact with the outside. He has eyes and ears but still blind and deaf.
It is reference to the blindness of people at that time. They do not see reality, they do not hear advices. Being deaf and blind means that they are indifferent to the dangers that threatens their life- to the dangers in which they are entrapped.
The blindness and the deafness of the soul is a reference to the blindness and deafness of the British people to the dangers that surround them, threaten their life.
The soul is speaking about its position. It is hung up which means that it is not at rest. It is part of the spirituality, supernatural dealing with the issue of spirit. It is hung up there. The hung up of the soul is a way of being tortured. It never enjoys any rest. At the same time, it is a reference to the position of the body, to the entity of the body. To keep the body straight, the soul is strained to make the body survive.
Of Nerves, and Arteries, and Veins.
It is anatomy of the body.
The soul is being hung up with arteries, veins and nerves. It is tortured, in pain.
In a vain Head = they are stupid. They do not know what is good and what is bad. They are not logic, not wise. They cannot find out the danger. They are busy with life. They are indifferent to the dangers that are threatening their life.
double Heart= the heart being made of two parts- pure anatomy.
Here, he is speaking metaphorically. He is using all the knowledge that he had about science, anatomy, religion.
Political parties is hypocrisy, double = saying something and doing something else. It is politics which divided the country into two. Political parties are not but a picture of hypocrisy.
Body
O who shall me deliver whole,
From bonds of this Tyrannic Soul?
Which, stretcht upright, impales me so,
That mine own Precipice I go;
And warms and moves this needless Frame:
(A Fever could but do the same.)
And, wanting where its spight to try,
Has made me live to let me dye.
A Body that could never rest,
Since this ill Spirit it possest.


the soul is describing the body as being dungeon and the body is describing the soul as being tyrannic. The soul is speaking about itself as being hung up. The idea of being hung up is still there. The hanging up in the first speech by the soul is torturing the soul because it needs to enjoy rest. Here, in the body speech, the hanging up of the soul is straining- torturing the body because with this hanging up the body is stretched up with the soul. The same thing is touching both of the two parties in a different way. The same idea is mentioned, the same suffering is there. The outcome , the way of suffering is different. The body says that it is a needless frame to the soul. The soul is controlling, tyrannic. There is no use of the body to be there. Without the soul, the body cannot move. The soul is said to be a source of warm. One of the signs f being dead is coldness. The soul being there is the cause of life. Leaving the body is the sign of being dead. The body could never rest since it possesses this ill spirit= the soul. Speaking of the body, it is not true. Speaking of the nation, it is true. The nation has been split into two by the two parties.






Soul

What Magic could me thus confine
Within anothers Grief to pine?
Where whatsoever it complain,
I feel, that cannot feel, the pain.
And all my Care its self employes,
That to preserve, which me destroys:
Constrain'd not only to indure
Diseases, but, whats worse, the Cure:
And ready oft the Port to gain,
Am Shipwrackt into Health again.



Here, he is speaking of some psychological problems that cause the sickness that may trouble the body. It happens in the soul but it tortures the body. It is magic to be able to resist confine. The trouble of the soul influences the body. The sickness of the body may trouble the soul. What so ever the body complains, the soul feels.
When it comes to the speaking of the nation’s suffering, political problems that the nation may come through are of some influence on both of the two parties. The body may be destroyed with the sickness of the soul. It is not only to be patient with diseases but what is worse is to cure it.
The body describes itself as being shipwreck- sinking. This is the nation, the country that is sinking. The body is responsible for this shipwreck. If the body is sick and it is about to sink, due to some psychological problems, the soul is responsible to save it. The rescue part is taken by the soul.










Body

But Physick yet could never reach
The Maladies Thou me dost teach;
Whom first the Cramp of Hope does Tear:
And then the Palsie Shakes of Fear.
The Pestilence of Love does heat :
Or Hatred's hidden Ulcer eat.
Joy's chearful Madness does perplex:
Or Sorrow's other Madness vex.
Which Knowledge forces me to know;
And Memory will not foregoe.tarts with “
What but a Soul could have the wit
To build me up for Sin so fit?
So Architects do square and hew,
Green Trees that in the Forest grew.


The last speech is given by the body.
The first two speeches starts with “ O”= suffering. The other two speeches start with
“ but” it is a kind of argument.
There is a list of sicknesses that are caused by the soul. It is caused by spiritual ambition.
The Maladies= the medicine that has been examined on the body.
Medicine can never cure diseases caused by the soul.
Cramp of Hope does Tea= the pain of hope
If the soul is suffering the cramp of hope, the body will suffer. We feel pressure on the body, we feel this heart beat.
The body shakes with fear. Love is heating the bodies.
Joy's cheerful Madness does perplex:
Or Sorrow's other Madness vex.


These are number of feelings, emotions that influence the body. The result is on the body. The soul has made the body fit to such suffering.

What but a Soul could have the wit
To build me up for Sin so fit?
So Architects do square and hew,
Green Trees that in the Forest grew.

We have the image of the architect- with the image of the shipwreck in the speech of the soul- it shows the role that is supposed to be played by both of the body and the soul which enhances the idea of inseparable parts= cannot be separated- the relation between the two. They are dependent. They cannot live as independent.

[nooni-s]

بنات ايش القصايد اللي داخله بالميد !! بتاكد بس

[سحااآآااب ~]

8
sweetest love
death be not proud
the altar
love III