هنا اجتماع للنقاش نظرية الــــــــــــترجمه

[رضا20006]

(Shampoo the hair with a mild WELLA-SHAMPOO and lightly towel dry.)

(يٌغسل الشعر بشامبو من "ويلا" على أن يكون من نوع الشامبو الملطف، ثم يُجفف الشعر بواسطة المنشفة، وذلك تجفيفاً بسيطاً ليُترك الشعر رطباً.)

q The translator uses passive voice to avoid using gender because he does not want to restrict the sale of the shampoo to men or women.

[المتفائل1]

الله يوفق الجميع

[رضا20006]

q Lexical patterning can be divided into two main headings:

q Collocation

q Idioms and fixed expressions

[رضا20006]

q (, retrievable, drinkable, greenish, etc..). Arabic for instance has no ready made mechanism for producing such forms as they are often replaced by an appropriate paraphrase , depending on the meaning they convey (e.g. retrievable as ‘can be retrieved’ and drinkable as ‘suitable for drinking”.

[وزيرة]

And made Baghdad the site of what might be called a “school” of translation

[yasmin+]

الواجب الأول :

-1- Being preoccupied with the translation of literary texts as a pastime activity, scholars of the last century looked at translation as
a science
a craft
an art
a profession

-2- Translation is considered as
a model of explanation
a model of communication
a model of representation
a model of information

-3- The memory of the translator is like
a container of good time memories only
a container of records of academic information only
a container of records of future events only
a container of records of past experiences and plans for action


الوآجب الثاني:
-1- Translator’s grammatical competence includes
Cohesion in form
Coherence in meaning
Utterances in context
Vocabulary/ word formation,/pronunciation/spelling and sentence structure




-2- In modern science the term ‘theory’ refers to
a declaration of success in empirical science
a proposed explanation of empirical phenomena
a practical illustration of empirical phenomena
an empirical investigation of a real world problem

-3- As one of the main characteristics of ‘theory’, ‘empiricism’ means that
it must be to able to predict
it must be testable
it must be simple

الواجب الثالث :
السؤال الاول:
1 - 1) If you want to emphasize the Source Language in translation, you need to use
communicative translation
adaptation method in your translation.
idiomatic translation
semantic translation
السؤال الثاني:
2 - 2) Free Translation is usually
a paraphrase much longer than the original
a paraphrase as long as the original
a paraphrase shorter than the original
a paraphrase which is the same as the original
السؤال الثالث:
3 - 3) The term ‘ecology’ covers the following :
traditions and habits
activities, procedures, and concepts
flora, fauna, winds and plains
religious rituals and artistic features




السؤال الرابع:
4 - 4) It would be no exaggeration to call Muhammad Ali’s time
The Period of Civilization
The Period of Translation
The Period of Communication
The Period of Enlightenment

[رضا20006]

Non-equivalenceat word level means that the target language has no direct equivalent for a word which occurs in the source text.
The type and level of difficulty in translation at this level depends on the nature of non-equivalence.

Culture specific concepts which can be abstract or concrete as in the following examples:

q Abstract: (privacy) . Speaker( of the House of Common) q A concrete example is airing cupboard which is unknown to Arabic speakers.

[رضا20006]

A morpheme is “the minimal formal element of meaning in language
ومشاكلهم في الامثله الجايه
inconceivable
الم , ذلك الكتاب لا ريب فيه

[طالبة اداب E]

-3- As one of the main characteristics of ‘theory’, ‘empiricism’ means that
it must be to able to predict
it must be testable
it must be simple
حل السؤال ده من اسئلة الواجب خطأ لأن المفروض ان الاجابة تكون

it must be testable

[رضا20006]

مشاكل ترجمة على
مستوى الكلمة

Translation Problems at Word Level

Non-equivalenceat word level

عدم الترادف

Problems in MT can be categorised into linguistic and extra linguisticones