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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
2015- 11- 4 | #51 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
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2015- 11- 4 | #52 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
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2015- 11- 4 | #53 |
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
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2015- 11- 5 | #54 | |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
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Doremi íÓáãææææ |
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2015- 11- 6 | #55 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
Doremi
ÑÈí íÓÚÏß æííÓÑ ÇãæÑß |
2015- 11- 10 | #56 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
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ãËÇá this rule S...<NP VP'VP=Vl adg generates this sentrnce¿ ÇÍÊÇÌ ãÓÇÚÏÊßã ßíÝ ÇÞÏÑ ÇÍá ãËá åÐÇ ÇáÇÓÄÇá æÔßÑÇ ááßá |
2015- 11- 16 | #57 | |
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
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ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÊÌãÚ Çáí ÑÇÍ ÈÇÓã Çááå äÈÏÃ
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ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáÇæá he description of how words, phrases and clauses are constructed and combined in a language is-1 b. Syntax 2)the parts of words (i.e. Stems, prefixes, and suffixes a. Morphemes 3)the three major families of words are a. Lexical words, function words and inserts ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇäí 1) They fill the position of a noun or a whole noun phrase. a. Pronouns 2) ' be, have and do' are: a. Primary auxiliary 3) ' The monkey saw a leopard' generates this rule: a. S -----> NP V NP ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇáË 1)The noun phrase in ' Tarzan saw a lion' generates this rule: b. NP -----> Np 2) The verb phrase ' The monkey died' generates this rule: a. VP -----> VI 3) The verb phrase in ' Tom was persistent' generates this rule: b. VP -----> VL Adj 4) This rule ' S -----> NP VP ' VP= V NP PP generates this sentence: b. Larry opened the oyster with a hammer. åÐí æÇÌÈÇÊ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ ßÇãáÉ ããßä ÊÓÇÚÏßã Ýí ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ |
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2015- 11- 16 | #58 |
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
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ÇáÒÈÏÉ 2
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. ÔÑÍ ÍÕáÊå ßáí Ããá ÈãäÊÏì ËÇäí áÑÄì ÍÇáãå ÈíÝíÏßã ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊå ÍÈíÊ ÇÝíÏßã ÈÇááí ÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊå ãä ÇáÔÑÍ áãÇÏÉ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ æÈÍÇæá Çäí ÇÔÑÍ áßã ÈÇáÚÑÈí ÇáäÞÇØ Çááí ÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊåÇ ÝÇä ÇÕÈÊ Ýãä Çááå æÇä ÇÎØÃÊ Ýãä äÝÓí æÇáÔíØÇä ØÈÚÇ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ áßá ãÕØáÍ ãæÌæÏå ÈÇáãÍÊæì äÈÏà ÈÇáÚãáí ÝÞØ ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÝÑæÚåÇ 1-ÇáÕæÊíÇÊ phonetics 2-Úáã ÇáÇÕæÇÊ phonology 3-Úáã ÇáÏáÇáÉ semantics 4-ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß pragmatics 5-ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ sociolinguisttics 6-ÇáÕÑÝ morphologg-ÈäÇÁ ÇáÌãáÉ 7-(ÇáÞæÇÚÏ)syntax- Çááí ÎÇÕ ÝíäÇ ÇáÕÑÝ morphology æ ÈäÇÁ ÇáÌãáÉ (ÇáÞæÇÚÏ)syntax Morphology ãÃÎæÐ ãäåÇ ÇáãæÑÝíã æÇáãæÑÝíã íäÞÓã Çáì ÞÓãíä (ÍÑ free morphems) (ãáÇÒã bound morphemes) ÇáÍÑ ßáãå ãÓÊÞáå Act,go , time ãáÇÒã ÚÈÇÑå Úä ÇÍÑÝ áÇÊÚäí ÔÆ … ÈÏæä ÇÖÇÝÊåÇ Çáì ßáãå Re –ive-io… ãËá ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÎ Carelessnes Car-less-ness áÇÍÙæÇ carãæÑÝíã ÍÑ ãÚäÇ Çáßáãå ÚäÇíå LessãæÑÝíã ãÞíÏ áãÇ ÇÖÝäÇå Çáì car ÇÕÈÍ ãÚäÇ Çáßáãå ÛíÑ ãÈÇáí æåÐÇ åæ ÇáÕÑÝ íÛíÑ ÇáãÚäì ÚäÏ ÇáÇÖÇÝå Ness ãæÑÝíã ãÞíÏ æßáãÉ carelessnesãßæäå ãä ËáÇË ãÞÇØÚ LEXEMES AND WORD-FORM ÇááßÓíã åæ ÇáæÍÏå ÇáãÚÌãíå íÚäí áãÇ ÊÌíä ÊÈÍËíä Úä ßáãå Ýí ÇáãÚÌã ÊÑÌÚíäåÇ áÇÕáåÇ ãËá áãÇ ÊÈÍËíä ÈÇáãÚÌã ÇáÚÑÈí ãËá BE åí ÇáÇÕá áÜÜÜ am-are –is-was-……………. Have ÇÕá have-has,had Do ÇÕá do-does-did-done……. ÊÇÇÇÇÇÇÈÚ ÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå ÑÇÍ ÈÇÐä Çááå ÇÓæí áßã ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ Ðí Úáì Ôßá ÞÕå (ãÚáíÔ áÇ ÊÖÍßæä ÈÓ Úáì ÔÇä ÇÞÑÈ áßã ÇáãÚäì ) ÇÍäÇ ÇÊÝÞäÇ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì Çä ÇáãæÑÝíãÇÊ ãäåÇ ÍÑ æãäåÇ ãÞíÏ æáåÇ ÚÏå ÇÔßÇá form íÓãì ßá Ôßá ãäåÇ (ãæÑÝí ) ÇÎæäÇ ÇáãæÑÝí Çááí ãÚÇäÇ Çáíæã ÌÇÈ ÇÑÈÚ (4) ÇæáÇÏ ßá æÇÍÏ ãäåã ÓãÇå ãæÑÝí ãíÒå ÈÇÔÇÑÉ (íÚäí ÇáãæÑÝí åæ ÇáãÑÝíã ) ÇáÇä ÈÔæÝ ÇæáÇÏå ÇáÇÑÈÚ æÔ ÓÇáÝÊåã : 1-ÇáÇæá æÇÖÍ æÚãáí æåæÇÔÇÑÊå ÇáÜ ( S)íÊÍÑß ÍÓÈ ÇáÍÇÌå íÚäí ãÑä -ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ ( d ,g , n)íáÝÙ ZãËá :pads -dogs-hens ...... -ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ ( s,z)íáÝÙ ÒÏ (z)ãËá : bosses-hose ..... - ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ (t, k ,p ) íáÝÙ (s) ãËá : books, bits, tip ..... 2-ÇáæáÏ ÇáËÇäí Þáíá ÓäÚ ÇáÇ íÚÏá áå (ãÚÏá ãÚÌãíÇ íÚäí ãÇáå ÞÇÚÏå ËÇÈÊå )( lexical) ßá ãÇ íÍÇæá íÌãÚ áå íáÞÇå ãÇÝí ÝÇíÏå ÝÕÇÑ íÚÏá áå ÍÓÈ ãÇ Çãßä ãËá ox ÌãÚåÇ oxen,sheep teeth ,fish åí äÝÓåÇ ãÝÑÏ æÌãÚ áßä åÇáßáãÇÊ Þáíá ÈÇááÛå 3-ÇáæáÏ ÇáËÇáË ãÓÇáã æãÊÓÇãÍ ÚØíå ÇÎÐ ÇÎÐæÇ ãäå áÇ ãÔßáå ãÇ íÖÑå Çáãåã ÚäÏå Çä ÇÕáå ËÇÈÊ (ÇáÌÐÑ ÇáÇÓÇÓí ááßáãå ) æåÐÇ íÙåÑ Ýí ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ æãÇ ÔÇÈååÇ ãËá : receiver+able =receivable æÇÚÊÞÏ Çáßá ÚÑÝ ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ æãÇ ÔÇÈååÇ 4- ÇáæáÏ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ãÒÇÌí ( suppletion)áæ áÝÙÊå ßÃäß ÊÞæá ÞÑíÈ ãä ßáãÉ ÇáÈáÔå ááÊÞÑíÈ ØÈÚÇ ÝÞØ æãÇ áÞíÊ áå ÊÑÌãå ÍÑÝíÇ ÈÇáÖÈØ Çáãåã æåæ ÇßËÑ ãÇ íÙåÑ Ýí ÕíÛå ÊÍæíá ÇáÇÝÚÇá ãä ÇáãÖÇÑÚ (ÇáãÕÏÑ)Çáì ÇáãÇÖí ãËá : go--went good---better ---best æÚäÏßã ÈÇÞí ÇáÇãËáå ÈÇáãÍÊæì æíÚÊãÏ ßËíÑ Úáì ÍÕíáÊß ÇááÛæíå æÈÇáÊæÝíÞ ÊÇÈÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊå 1- Affixation ÚãáíÉ ÇáÊÛííÑ ÚäÏ ÇÖÇÝÉ ÇááæÇÍÞ ÝáåÐÇ ÑÇÍ ÊáÞæä Ýí ÊÚÑíÝåÇ ÇäåÇ ÊÍÏË Ýí ÇßËÑ ãä ßáãå æåí ãæÑÝíãÇÊ ãÊáÇÒãå 2- Prefixes ÇáÈæÇÏÆ ÚÇÑÝíäåÇ 3- Affixes æåí ÇááæÇÍÞ ÚÇÑÝíäåÇ 4 - Infixes ÇáÊÏÇÎá ÇáÊÏÇÎá íÚäí ÊÌí ßáãå Èíä ãÞØÚ Çáßáãå æÊÞÓãåÇ æåí Þáíáå Ýí ÇááÛå ÇáÇäÌáíÒíå æåí ÛÇáÈÇ ÊÌí ãËá áãÇ íßæä ÇáæÇÍÏ ÚÖÈÇä íÞæã íÚß æíÑÈØ ÇáÓÇäå ãä ÇáÛÖÈ ãËá : ßáãÉ absogaddamlutly áæ ÔáäÇ gaddam ÑÇÍ Êßæä absolutly ãÚäÇåÇ ÈÏæä Ôß ROOT íÚäí ÇáÌÐÑ Çí Çáßáãå ÈÚÏ ÇÒÇáå ßá ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ (ÓæÇÁ áæÇÍÞ ÇÚÑÇÈíå Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå ) íÚäí Çáßáãå ÇáãÌÑÏå ãËá book - cat -bag -happy ÇáÎ STEEM íÚäí ÇáÌÐÑ ÒÇÆÏ ÇááæÇÍÞ áÇÍÙæÇ ÇááæÇÍÞ ) áíÓ ÇáÈæÇÏÆ )ÓæÇÁ ßÇäÊ áæÇÍÞ ÇÚÑÇÈíå Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå ãËÇá : happy happy(root) --------happy+ness =happiness)steem) play play( root) -------- play+ed =played ( steem ) Çä æÌÏÊ ÈÇ ÏÆå ãÚ áÇÍÞå Ýí Çáßáãå ÇíÖÇ Êßæä steem steemãËá unbleiveable áßä Çä ßÇä ÈÇÏÆå ÝÞØ ãÚ ÌÐÑ Çáßáãå root ÝÞØ Êßæä áíÓÊ steem ãËá unbelieve áÇÍÙæÇ áãÇ ÔáäÇ able ÇáãÞØÚ ÇáãÑßÈ ááßáãå ÇÕÈÍÊ ÈÇÏÆå ÝÞØ æáíÓ steem Çá root ãÚÌãí ( lexical )åæ Çááí áãÇ ÇáæÇÍÏ íÈÍË Ýí ÇáãÚÌã Úä ãÚäì ßáãå íÈÚË Úä Çáßáãå ÈÇÕáåÇ ÇãÇ Affix åí ãÌÑÏ ÇÍÑÝ áÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ÈÏæä ÇÖÇÝå áá root ÇáßáãÇÊ ßáãÇ ÇÖÇÝ áåÇ áæÇÍÞ ÇßËÑ ÇÕÈÍÊ ÇßËÑ ÊÚÞíÏÇ ( complex word ) ÇááæÇÍÞ äæÚíä ÇãÇ ÇÚÑÇÈíå æåí ÇáËãÇä ÇáÎÇÕå ÈÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ãËá ( s ) ÇáÌãÚ Çæ Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå ãËá ÇááæÇÍÞ ÚäÏ Êßæíä Çáßáãå ÚäÏãÇ íÖÇÝ áåÇ áæÇÍÞ Èßæä ÇáÇÔÊÞÇÞíå åí ÇáÇÞÑÈ ááÌÐÑ root)) æÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå Êßæä ÈÇáÇÎÑ ãËá blackened ÇÓæÏÊ black (root )+ (áÇÍÞå ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå derivationa en ) + ( áÇÍÞå ÇÚÑÇÈíå ed inflectional ) ÌÊ ed ÈÇáÇÎÑ áÇäåÇ ÇÚÑÇÈíå |
2015- 11- 16 | #59 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
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ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)
Íá ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇáË ÇáÛæíÇÊ ÇáÊØÈíÞíÉ ¿¿¿¿¿
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2015- 11- 16 | #60 |
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
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ÇáÒÈÏÉ 3
. . ÊÇÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå ÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå æÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÔÊÞÇÞíå ÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÚÑÇÈíåinflectional åí ËãÇäíå 1- S ÇÓ ÇáÝÇÚá ÇáËÇáË ÇáãÝÑÏ (she -he-it ) Ýí Òãä ÇáãÖÇÑÚ ÇáÈÓíØ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖí Çáßá ÓæÇÓíå ãÝÑÏ Çæ ÌãÚ ãËá goes to school -He 2- s ÇÓ Çáãáßíå ãËá Her's bag -Ali's book 3 -ÇÓ ÇáÌãÚ boy -boys 4 - er ÇáãÞÇÑäå ãËá taller--tall 5 -est ÇáãÝÇÖáå ãËá tallest 6 -en ááÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáË ááÝÚá past participle 7 -ed Ýí ÇáãÇÖí ááÇÝÚÇá ÇáãäÊÙãå walk -walked æáíÓ ááÔæÇÐ go-went 8 -ing Ýí ÇáÝÚá ÇáãÓÊãÑ going æÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå Ðí ÊÌí áæÇÍÞ ÝÞØ æåí áÇ ÊÛíÑ ãä ãÚäì Çáßáãå ÈÓ ÊÏá Úáì ÇáÒãä Çæ ÇáÌãÚ ááãÝÑÏå æåßÐÇ áÇÍÞå ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå derivationa æåí ÊÃÊí áæÇÍÞ æÈæÇÏÆ æÊÛíÑ Ýí Çáßáãå ãä ÍíË ÇáãÚäì ÊÛíÑ ÇáãÚäí ÕÝå Çáì ÍÇá Çæ Çáì ÝÇÚá æ ÇÍíÇäÇ íßæä ÇáÊÛíÑ ßáí Ýí ÇáãÚäí ÚäÏ ÇÖÇÝå ÇááæÇÍÞ Úáì ÇáÌÐÑ ãËá arm ÐÑÇÚ disarm äÒÚ ÇáÓáÇÍ Compounding ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ æåí ÇáÊí ÊÊßæä ãä ßáãÊíä Çæ ßËÑ N N / \ / \ / \ N N, A N ,V N fire engine, green house, jump suit äáÇÍÙ Ýí åÐå ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ ßáåÇ ÊÓãì ãÑßÈÇÊ ÇÓãíå íÑãÒ áåÇ(N( áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÇÓã ãÚ ÇäåÇ ÇÊÊ ãÑå ãÚ ÇÓã æãÑå ãÚ ÕÝå æãÑå ãÚ ÝÚá áßä ßáåÇ ßÇäÊ Çáßáãå ÇáËÇäíå ÇÓã áåÐÇ ÓãíÊ ÇÓãíå V V V / \ / \ / \ N V ,A V, V V spoon feed, dry clean, break dance äáÇÍÙ åäÇ Çä ÌãíÚ ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÝÚá áåÐ íÑãÒ áåÇ V æåßÐÇ A ÇÐÇ ÇÊäåÊ ÈÕÝå æíÑãÒ áåÇ P ÇÐÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÖíÑ æÇáãÑßÈÇÊ áåÇ ÎÇÕíÊíä Properties of compounds Endocentric áßä åí ÇáÊí ÊÊÑßÈ ãä ßáãÊíä ÊãÒÌÇ áÊÓãíå ÔÆ ãËá ßáãÉ ÈÇÎÑåsteamboatáæ ÌÒÃÊåÇ ÑÇÍ Êßæä boat ÞÇÑÈ steam ÈÎÇÑ ÇíÖÇair field ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáãØÇÑ Çæ ÇáãåÈØ áæ ÌÒÃÊåÇ ÑÇÍ Êßæä ÇáÍÞá air ,field ÇáåæÇÁ exocentric compounds ÛÇáÈÇ åÐÇ ÇáÊÑßíÈ ãä ßáãÊíä áæÕÝ ÔÎÕ Çæ ãßÇä Redhead åäÇ ØÈÚÇ áæÕÝ ÔÎÕ ÈÇä ÔÚÑå ÇÍãÑ æáíÓ ÑÃÓå ÇÍãÑ redneck ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáåäÏí ÇáÇãÑíßí æáíÓ ÇáÑÞÈå ÇáÍãÑÇÁ ßáãÇÊ ÊÌãÚ áÊßæä ÕÝå Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ÇíÖÇ green house ÊÇÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE ÊÍáíá ÇáÌãá ÚäÏ ÇáÈÍË Ýí ÇáãÚÌã LexicalÝÇäß áÇÈÏ Çä ÊÈÍË Úä ÇÍÏ ÇäæÇÚ ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊÇáíå :ÇãÇ ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çæ ÕÝå ÇáÎ The Lexical categories are nouns (N), verbs (V), adjectives (A), and prepositions (P) and Adverbs. Ex. Noun: John, Ali, courage, book ; Verb : come, go, discuss, Adjective: good, bad, tall; Preposition: to, in, near; Adverb: badly, quickly, hard. The Functional categories are Determiners (Det) ÇáãÍÏæÏÇÊ , Auxiliary verbs ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏ Aux ), åConjunction ÍÑæÝ ÇáÚØÝ (Con),and Degree words (DEGÇáãæÇÝÞå . etc. åÐí ßá æÍÏå æÑãÒåÇ Ex. DET: a, the, this; DEG: too, so, very. more, quite; AUX (Modal) will, would, could. etc; ÇáãÔÑæØå ÈÒãä ãÚíä AUX (non-modal): be, have; ÛíÑ ãÔÑæØå CONJ: and, or, but, etc. For ex. Nouns appear with a DET, Verbs with an AUX, and Adjectives with DEG adverbs. Ex. A car, the book, has gone, will stay, very rich, too big. ?Z *the destroy (V+DET), *very arrive (DEG +V), *will destruction (AUX + N). åäÇáß ÈÚÖ ÇáßáãÇÊ Êßæä ãÔæÔå ãÑå Êßæä ÇÓã æãÑå ÝÚá åßÐÇ ãËá Ex : Comb and Near One source of confusion is that one word can belong to more than one category. Ex : Comb and Near: The woman found a comb (N) The boy should comb (V) his hair The boy stood near (P) the fence The runners neared (V) the finish line The end is nearer (A) than you think INFLICTION ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ?h NOUNS Inflect for plural -s and possessive -'s ÇáÇÓãÇÁ Ýí ÚáÇãÇÊåÇ Ýí ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ÇäåÇ ÊÞÈá s ÇáÌãÚ ãËá books æ s Çáãáßíå ãËá eg, , John's [ VERBS Inflect past tense -ed, progressive -ing and third person singular –s eg, arriv-ed, arriv-rig, arrive- ÇáÇÝÚÇá Ýí ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ÚáÇãÇÊåÇ ed Þí ÇáãÇÖí ing ÇáÊÞÏãíå æÇáÝÚá ÇáãÖÇÑÚ áãÇ íßæä ÇáÝÇÚá ãÝÑÏ íÖÇÝ áå ÇÓ ÇáÝÇÚá ÇáËÇáË ADJECTIVE inflect for the comparative -er and superlative –est eg, tall-er, tall-est, fast-er fast-est ÇáÕÝÇÊ er ÇáãÞÇÑäå es ÇáãÝÇÖáå ?? X’ SchemaÇáãÎØØ x ããßä íßæä ÝÚá Çæ ÇÓã ÇæÕÝå Çææææ HEAD, a SPECIFIER, and a COMPLEMENT åÐí ÇÓãÇÁ ÇÌÒÇÁ ÇáãÎØØ x íÚäí ÇáÑÇÓ jÊÐßÑæÇ ÇáãÍÇÖÑå Çááí ÝÇÊÊ æÇáÑÇÓ åäÇ Ýí ÇáæÓØ Ýí ÇáãÎØØ ÇáåÑãì x' åæ ÇáÚÈÇÑå ÇáæÓØì ÇáÊí ÊÊßæä ãä ÇáÑÃÓ æÇáÊßãáå ÇáãÑå Çááí ÝÇÊÊ ÔÑÍäÇåÇ ãËá eat lunch ÇáÌãáå ÇÓãíå áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÇÓã lunch ÇÐä åæ ÇáÑÃÓ ÇäÊÈåæ Çä åÐÇ ÇáßáÇã Ýí ÇáæÓØ ÇáÊÎØíØ ÇáÔÌÑí íÚäí Ýí æÓØ ÇáÚÈÇÑå áÇä ÇáÊÑÊíÈ ÑÇÍ íÎÊáÝ áãÇ ÑÇÍ äÌí Úáì ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßÇãáå xp åí ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßÇãáå æ p ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáÚÈÇÑå æx ããßä íßæä ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çææææææ áÇ ÍÙæÇ Ýí ÑÇÓ ÇáãÎØØ ãÑå ÚæÖäÇ ÚäåÇ ÈÝÚá ãÑå ÈÇÓã ÇáÎ ãËá ÐÇ ÇáãÎØØ [IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image2.gif[/IMG]apicture of the ocean ÇáãÎØØÇÊ ãæ ÑÇÖíå ÊÖÈØ ãÚí áßä ÇäÊã ÇÑÌÚæÇ áåÇ ÈÇáÔÑÇíÍ Çæ ãáÎÕ ÈíÓÇä ÑÇÍ ÊáÞæä ÇáÔÑÍ ÚáíåÇ æÇäÊÈåæ ÊáÎÈØæÇ Èíä Ìãáå ÇáÑÇÓ æÇáÌãáå Çáãßãáå ãËá [IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image3.gif[/IMG] a picture ÌãáÉ ÇáÑÇÓ of the ocean ÌãáÉ ÇáÊßãáå [IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image4.gif[/IMG]eat a hamburger Ýí ÇáãÎØØ ÇÑÇÓ ÇáåÑã ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá ÚÈÇÑå ÊÑßíÈåÇ vp áÇäåÇ ÈÏÃÊ ÈÝÚá eat áßä ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáÑÇÓ åäÇ Çááí åí ÈÇáæÓØ a hamburger ÇäåÊ ÈÇÓã åãÈÑÌÑ hamburger Ýåí NP æ a ãä ÇáãÍÏÏÇÊ det ÇáÌãáå ÇáËÇäËå in the house at night ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá Ýí ÑÃÓ ÇáåÑã åí ÚÈÇÑå ÝíåÇ ÖãíÑ íÑãÒ ááÖíÑ È p æíÑãÒ ááÚÈÇÑå Èp ÝÇáÚÈÇÑå pp áßä Ýí ÇáÚÈÇÑå áãÇ äÔÑÍ ÈÇáäÕ in ÖãíÑ p æ the house æåÐí ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáÑÇÓ ÊÓãì ÇÓãíå N áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ È ÇÓã house æ the ãä ÇáãÍÏÏÇÊ det æ ÇáÌãáå Çáãßãáå at night ÇáãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜßÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜãáÇÊ COMPLEMENTS ÇæáÇ / ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÌãáå Ýí ÇááÛå ÇáÇäÌáíÒíå : ÝÇÚá (ÇÓã Çæ ÖãíÑ ) + ÝÚá ( ÝÚá ÕÑíÍ Çæ ÝÚá ãÓÇÚÏ is. will, shoud , æ åÇÝ ÇÐÇ ÇÊÊ Ýí Òãä ÇáÊÇã æáíÓ ßÝÚá ÚÇÏí ÈãÚäí íãáß ) +Êßáãáå ÇáÌãáå íÑãÒ áåÇ È c æåí ÇáãÝÚæá Èå ÇáãßãáÇÊ ãßæäÇÊ ÇáÒÇãíå íÍÏÏåÇ ÇáÑÃÓ æåÐÇ ÇáÑÃÓ íãßä Ãä íßæä ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çæ ÕÝå Çæ ÍÑÝ ãËÇá : cat eat haungrilyedible cat ÝÇÚá eat haungrily ÇáÝÚá ÊÈÚå Êßãáå Çæáì æÇáÍãáå ßáåÇ åí Ìãáå ÇáÑÃÓ æáßä ÇáÑÇÓ Çíä åæ åæ haungrilyÝáåÐÇ ÇáÌãáå Ðí íÑãÒ áåÇ È NP æhaungrily Ðí åí ÇÕáÇ Êßáãáå Çæáí áíÔ ßáãå åäÌÑí ÈÌæÚ áÇä ÇáÝÚá Çßá áÈÏ Çä íÊÈÚå ãÇ íäÇÓÈå æ edible ÔíÆ íÃßá Êßãáå ËÇäíå ÇáãßáÇÊ ÊÍÏÏ ãä ÇáäÇÍíå ÇáäÍæíå æÇáÏáÇáíå ÇáäÍæíå ÇáÊÑßíÈ æÇáÏáÇáíå ÇáãÚäì íßæä ãÞÈæá ãËá : * The boy devoured. ÇáæáÏ ÇáÊåã ÛíÑ ãÞÈæáå ÏáÇáíå æäÍæíÇ áÇ íæÌÏ ãÝÚæá Èå The boy devoured the sandwich åäÇ ãÞÈæáå ÏáÇáíå æäÍæíÇ ÚäÏãÇ Êßæä ÇáãßáÇÊ ãä ÇáäÇÍíå ÇáäÍæíå Ýåí ÊæÕÝ È SUBCATEGORIZATION ãËá ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÊí ÊÑãÒ Çáì ÇáÊÑßíÈ ÇáÏÎáí ááãÚÇÌã )ÇáÑÃÓ ÇáÇÚÌãí ) Çááí åí ÇáÝÚá æÇáÇÓã ææææææÇáÎ æ SUBCATEGORIZATION ÇØÇÑ íÔãá ÇáÎÕÇÆÕ ÇáÕæÊíå ÍÞ ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÊÐßÑæä phonological, ÇáÏáÇáíå semantic ÇáäÍæíå syntactic ÌãíÚ Çá ( X P ) ÞæÇäíäåÇ ÊäÞÍ ÈËáÇË XP ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá ãä Çáì X' åí Çááí ÈÇáäÕ ãÚ Ìãáå ÇáÑÃÓ X ÝæÞåÇ Òí ÇáÎãÓå åí ÇáÊßãáå ØÈÚÇ áãÇ ÊÍØíä ÇáÑÓã ÇáÔÌÑí ÑÇÍ ÊÚæÖíä ÚäåÇ È C Complements options for the verb ÇáÎíÇÑÇÊ ÇáãßãáÉ ááÝÚá The librarian put [the book] [on the table ] áÇÍÙæÇ ÇáÌãáå åäÇ ÕÍíÍå ÐÇÊ ãßãáíä áßä áæ ÞÓãäÇåÇ äÕÝíä * The librarian put on the table. æÖÚÊ ÃãíäÉ ÇáãßÊÈÉ Úáì ÇáØÇæáÉ * The librarian put the book. æÖÚÊ ãßÊÈÉ ÇáßÊÇÈ áÇÍÙæÇ áÇíÓÊÞíã ÇáãÚäì íÚäí ÏáÇáíÇ áÇÊÌæÒ áßä äÍæíÇ åí ãßæäå ãä åí ÕíÍå ÝÇÚá + ÝÚá + Êßãáå Çááí åí ÇáãÝÚæá Èå ÇÐÇ åäÇ ÇáÝÚá áå ãßãáÇÊ ÞÏ Êßæä æÇÍÏå Çæ ÇËäíä ÍÓÈ ÍÇÌå ÇáÝÚá ãËá ÇáãËÇá ÇáÓÇÈÞ ÇáÎíÇÑÇÊ ÇáãßãáÉ ááÝÚá 1- Some more examples of verb complements ÇáãÒíÏ ãä ÇáÃãËáÉ áãßãá ÇáÝÚááãÇ äÓÎÊåÇ ãÇ ÇÖÈØÊ ãÚí ÇÑÌÚæÇ ááÞÇÆãå Ýí ÇáÔÑÇíÍ COMPLEMENT OPTION VERBS EXAMPLE ÇáãËÇá ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá Φarrive, die The rabbit vanished NP cut, The professor proved the theorem AP be, become The man became very angry PP dash , talk John talked to his daughter NP NP hand, give She handed the man a map NP PP hand, give She gave the map to the man NP PP loc put, place He put the book on the table PP to PP about talk, speak I talked to the doctor about Sue NP PP for PP with open, fix He opened the door for Andy with a knife áÇÍÙæÇ åäÇ ÝÇÚá ÒÇÆÏ ÝÚá ÒÇÆÏ ãÑå ÕÝå ãÑå ÇÓã ãÑå ÝÚá Complements of other lexical categoriesComplementation is not a property of verbs alone. Other lexical categories, namely nouns, adjectives and prepositions, also subcategorize for specific complements. 1. ãßãáÇÊ ãä ÝÆÇÊ ãÚÌãíÉ ÇáÃÎÑì ÇáãßãáÇÊ áíÓ ÎÇÕÉ ááÃÝÚÇá æÍÏåÇ. ÇáÝÆÇÊ ÇáãÚÌãíÉ ÇáÃÎÑì ãËá ÇáÃÓãÇÁ¡ ÇáÕÝÇÊ¡ æÍÑæÝ ÇáÌÑ¡ ÃíÖÇ ÊÕäÝ ÝÑÚíÇ áãßãáÇÊ ãÍÏÏÉ. OMPLEMENT OPTION NOUNS EXAMPLEÇáãËÇá ÇáÃÓãÇÁ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá Φcar, boy The car is new PP of memory, failure The memory of a friend PP of PP to presentation, donation The presentation of a medal to the winner PP with PP about argument, discussion an argument with Stella about politics COMPLEMENT OPTION ADJECTIVES EXAMPLE ÇáãËÇá ÇáÕÝÇÊ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá Φtall, green, smart He is very tall PP about curious, glad I am curious about China PP to apparent, obvious It is obvious to the teacher PP of fond, tired She is fond of chocolate COMPLEMENT OPTION PREPOSITIONS EXAMPLE ÇáãËÇá ÍÑæÝ ÇáÌÑ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá Φaway, down He walked away NP in, on , near on the table áÇÍÙæÇ åäÇ Çä ÇáÌãá ÇÓãíå Çæ æÕÝíå ÊÈÏà ÈÝÇÚá áßä áíÓ ÒÇÆÏ ( íÊÈÚå ) ÝÚá ÕÑíÍ ÝÍá ãÍáå ÝÚá ãÓÇÚÏ Çæ ÍÑÝ ÌÑ Çæææææ Complement clauses 3. ÇáÌãá ÇáãßãáÉÇáÌãá¡ åí æÍÏÇÊ ÃßÈÑ ãä ÇáÚÈÇÑÇÊ¡ æíãßä ÃíÖ Ç Ãä ÊÚãá ßãßãá The psychic knows [that / whether / if the contestant will winÌãáå ãÕÝæÝå if the contestant will win Ìãáå ãßãáå åÐí ÇáÌÒÆíå ãÇäí ãÊÃßÏå ãäåÇ ÈÓ åÐÇ ÇÛáÈ ÇáÙä Çááí ÝåãÊå Verbs taking CP complements a. They believe that Eric left. [ V, ____ CP ]b. They told Mary that Eric left [ V, ____ NP CP ] c. They admitted to Mary that Eric left. [ V, ____ PP CP ] ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÊí ÊÃÊí ãÚ ÚÈÇÑÇÊ ãßãáÉ åäÇß ÃäæÇÚ ãÎÊáÝÉ ãä ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÊí ÊÃÊí ãÚ Ìãá ãßãáÉ. æÝíãÇ íáí ÈÚÖåÇ: (9) íÚÊÞÏæä Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ. ] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ [ ÞÇáæÇ áãÇÑí Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ. ] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ÅÓãíÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ [ ÇÚÊÑÝæÇ áãÇÑí Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ. ] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãÌÑæÑÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ áÇÍÙæÇ ÌãáÉ Eric left åí Çáãßãáå ãËÇá: ÍÓÈ ÑÌá } Ãä ÇãÑÃÉ ÞÇáÊ ] Ãä Óæ ÐßÑÊ ) Ãä ãÑíã ÊÚÊÞÏ ........ 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