ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã

ÇáÚæÏÉ   ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ æØÇáÈÇÊ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá,ÌÇãÚÉ ÇáÏãÇã > .: ÓÜÇÍÜÉ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ (ÇáÇäÊÓÇÈ):. > ãáÊÞì ØáÇÈ ÇáÊÚáíã Úä ÈÚÏ ÌÇãÚÉ Çáãáß ÝíÕá > ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ > ÇááÛÉ ÇáÃäÌáíÒíÉ > E6
ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ  

E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum

ãæÖæÚ ãÛáÞ
 
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 4   #51
cadycandy
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ cadycandy
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 137264
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sat Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 191
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 19242
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
cadycandy ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ ÇáÃÕáíÉ ßÊÈÊ ÈæÇÓØÉ batoo04 ãÔÇåÏÉ ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ
ÝÌÑ ÇáÎíÑ

íÇáíÊ ÇÍÏ íÔÑÍ áäÇ `x

head

æÔäæ ÓÇáÝÉ `n
`v
`p
`a

æÇäÇ ÈÚÏ äÝÓ ÓÄÇáß äÝÓí ÇÍÏ íÔÑÍ åÇáäÞØå
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 4   #52
Doremi
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 128887
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Dec 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 3,196
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 192300
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 0
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÂÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ~
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Doremi ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

æÇááå íÇ Batoo æ candycandy åÇáäÞØå ÇááÆíãå ãÇÞÏÑÊ ÃÝåãåÇ ÅáÇ ÈÚÏ ãÇÔÝÊ åÇáãÞØÚ æØÈÞÊ ÇáÊãÇÑíä Çáí ÈÇáÑÇÈØ ÈãÔÇÑßÊí Ýí ÕÝÍå 2


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/12699035-post20.html


æÝíå ãáÝ pdf ÊØÈÞæä Úáíå ÈÚÏ ãÇ ÊÝåãæäåÇ ÚáÔÇä ÊÑÓΡ ãÚ ÇáÊØÈíÞ ÊäÝåã ÃßËÑ æÃßËÑ
ÃÙä ÕÝÍå 3 Ãæ 4 ÍØíÊå ÈÇáÑÏ
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 4   #53
Doremi
ãÔÑÝÉ ÓÇÈÞÉ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 128887
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Mon Dec 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 3,196
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 192300
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 0
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÂÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ~
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Doremi ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÊÝÖáæ ÇáÊÏÑíÈ ÚáíåÇ

http://www.ckfu.org/vb/12700369-post23.html
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 5   #54
Batoo04
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Batoo04
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 138006
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Thu Mar 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 326
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 14566
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 65
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÇÏÈ ÇäÌáíÒí
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Batoo04 ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ ÇáÃÕáíÉ ßÊÈÊ ÈæÇÓØÉ Doremi ãÔÇåÏÉ ÇáãÔÇÑßÉ
æÇááå íÇ Batoo æ candycandy åÇáäÞØå ÇááÆíãå ãÇÞÏÑÊ ÃÝåãåÇ ÅáÇ ÈÚÏ ãÇÔÝÊ åÇáãÞØÚ æØÈÞÊ ÇáÊãÇÑíä Çáí ÈÇáÑÇÈØ ÈãÔÇÑßÊí Ýí ÕÝÍå 2


http://www.ckfu.org/vb/12699035-post20.html


æÝíå ãáÝ pdf ÊØÈÞæä Úáíå ÈÚÏ ãÇ ÊÝåãæäåÇ ÚáÔÇä ÊÑÓΡ ãÚ ÇáÊØÈíÞ ÊäÝåã ÃßËÑ æÃßËÑ
ÃÙä ÕÝÍå 3 Ãæ 4 ÍØíÊå ÈÇáÑÏ

Doremi
íÓáãææææ
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 6   #55
cadycandy
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ cadycandy
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 137264
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sat Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 191
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 19242
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 68
cadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond reputecadycandy has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ßáíÉ ÇáÃÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
cadycandy ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

Doremi
ÑÈí íÓÚÏß æííÓÑ ÇãæÑß
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 10   #56
Evelyn
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Evelyn
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 128652
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Dec 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 809
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 3892
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 60
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÏÇÈ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Evelyn ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

Çááå íæÝÞäÇ ÌãíÚÇ æäÚÏíåÇ Úáì ÎíÑ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ ÈÍÝÙåÇ ÞÏ ãÇÞÏÑÈÓ ÇáãÔßáå ÇáÞæÇÚÏ
ãËÇá
this rule S...<NP VP'VP=Vl adg generates this sentrnce¿



ÇÍÊÇÌ ãÓÇÚÏÊßã
ßíÝ ÇÞÏÑ ÇÍá ãËá åÐÇ ÇáÇÓÄÇá




æÔßÑÇ ááßá
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 16   #57
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Ei11 ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÊÌãÚ Çáí ÑÇÍ ÈÇÓã Çááå äÈÏÃ

.
.
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:

Çåã ãÇÐßÑ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÑÇÈÚå ÇáÇÎíÑå áãÇÏÉ ÇáäÍæ ..

ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ

ÇáÏßÊæÑ ÐßÑ ÇåãíÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 14

æÔÑÍ ãËÇá Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 12
the police arrested the thife

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 9 ÔÑÍ
john ate an apple

Íá ÓÄÇá 5 ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 13

EXERCISE 5: Circle the correct answer in the following multiple choice questions:
(1) The study of word structure is done in
a. Phonology
b. Syntax
c. Phonetics
d. Morphology
(1) The association between the sound of a word and its meanings is purely ……….....
a. Controversial
b. Conditional
c. Central
d. Conventional
(3) Suppletion occurs when a lexeme is represented by two or more ……………… roots.
a. Different
b. Similar
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above
(4) When we derive one word from another, we ………………
a. Change its class, for example, from being a Verb into a Noun
b. Change its tense, for example , from being Past into Present
c. Both of the above
d. None of the above

.
ãäÞæá ãä ÊÌãÚ ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÑÇÈÚå .




ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáÇæá

he description of how words, phrases and clauses are constructed and combined in a language is-1
b. Syntax

2)the parts of words (i.e. Stems, prefixes, and suffixes
a. Morphemes

3)the three major families of words are
a. Lexical words, function words and inserts


ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇäí



1) They fill the position of a noun or a whole noun phrase.
a. Pronouns

2) ' be, have and do' are:
a. Primary auxiliary

3) ' The monkey saw a leopard' generates this rule:
a. S -----> NP V NP


ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇáË

1)The noun phrase in ' Tarzan saw a lion' generates this rule:
b. NP -----> Np

2) The verb phrase ' The monkey died' generates this rule:
a. VP -----> VI

3) The verb phrase in ' Tom was persistent' generates this rule:
b. VP -----> VL Adj

4) This rule ' S -----> NP VP ' VP= V NP PP generates this sentence:
b. Larry opened the oyster with a hammer.



åÐí æÇÌÈÇÊ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ ßÇãáÉ ããßä ÊÓÇÚÏßã Ýí ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ






 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 16   #58
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
ßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Thumbs down ÇáÒÈÏÉ 2

.
.


ÔÑÍ ÍÕáÊå ßáí Ããá ÈãäÊÏì ËÇäí áÑÄì ÍÇáãå ÈíÝíÏßã


ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊå

ÍÈíÊ ÇÝíÏßã ÈÇááí ÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊå ãä ÇáÔÑÍ áãÇÏÉ ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ
æÈÍÇæá Çäí ÇÔÑÍ áßã ÈÇáÚÑÈí ÇáäÞÇØ Çááí ÇäÇ ÝÇåãÊåÇ ÝÇä ÇÕÈÊ Ýãä Çááå æÇä ÇÎØÃÊ Ýãä äÝÓí æÇáÔíØÇä
ØÈÚÇ ÇáÊÚÇÑíÝ áßá ãÕØáÍ ãæÌæÏå ÈÇáãÍÊæì äÈÏà ÈÇáÚãáí ÝÞØ
ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÝÑæÚåÇ
1-ÇáÕæÊíÇÊ phonetics
2-Úáã ÇáÇÕæÇÊ phonology
3-Úáã ÇáÏáÇáÉ semantics
4-ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß pragmatics
5-ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÇáÇÌÊãÇÚíÉ sociolinguisttics
6-ÇáÕÑÝ morphologg-ÈäÇÁ ÇáÌãáÉ
7-(ÇáÞæÇÚÏ)syntax-


Çááí ÎÇÕ ÝíäÇ ÇáÕÑÝ morphology æ ÈäÇÁ ÇáÌãáÉ (ÇáÞæÇÚÏ)syntax

Morphology ãÃÎæÐ ãäåÇ ÇáãæÑÝíã
æÇáãæÑÝíã íäÞÓã Çáì ÞÓãíä
(ÍÑ free morphems) (ãáÇÒã bound morphemes)
ÇáÍÑ ßáãå ãÓÊÞáå Act,go , time

ãáÇÒã ÚÈÇÑå Úä ÇÍÑÝ áÇÊÚäí ÔÆ
ÈÏæä ÇÖÇÝÊåÇ Çáì ßáãå
Re –ive-io…



ãËá ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÎ
Carelessnes
Car-less-ness
áÇÍÙæÇ carãæÑÝíã ÍÑ ãÚäÇ Çáßáãå ÚäÇíå

LessãæÑÝíã ãÞíÏ áãÇ ÇÖÝäÇå Çáì car ÇÕÈÍ ãÚäÇ Çáßáãå ÛíÑ ãÈÇáí æåÐÇ åæ ÇáÕÑÝ íÛíÑ ÇáãÚäì ÚäÏ ÇáÇÖÇÝå
Ness ãæÑÝíã ãÞíÏ æßáãÉ carelessnesãßæäå ãä ËáÇË ãÞÇØÚ

LEXEMES AND WORD-FORM
ÇááßÓíã åæ ÇáæÍÏå ÇáãÚÌãíå íÚäí áãÇ ÊÌíä ÊÈÍËíä Úä ßáãå Ýí ÇáãÚÌã ÊÑÌÚíäåÇ áÇÕáåÇ ãËá áãÇ ÊÈÍËíä ÈÇáãÚÌã ÇáÚÑÈí
ãËá
BE åí ÇáÇÕá áÜÜÜ am-are –is-was-…………….
Have ÇÕá have-has,had
Do ÇÕá do-does-did-done…….





ÊÇÇÇÇÇÇÈÚ ÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå

ÑÇÍ ÈÇÐä Çááå ÇÓæí áßã ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ Ðí Úáì Ôßá ÞÕå (ãÚáíÔ áÇ ÊÖÍßæä ÈÓ Úáì ÔÇä ÇÞÑÈ áßã ÇáãÚäì )
ÇÍäÇ ÇÊÝÞäÇ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì Çä ÇáãæÑÝíãÇÊ ãäåÇ ÍÑ æãäåÇ ãÞíÏ æáåÇ ÚÏå ÇÔßÇá
form íÓãì ßá Ôßá ãäåÇ (ãæÑÝí )

ÇÎæäÇ ÇáãæÑÝí Çááí ãÚÇäÇ Çáíæã ÌÇÈ ÇÑÈÚ (4) ÇæáÇÏ ßá æÇÍÏ ãäåã ÓãÇå ãæÑÝí ãíÒå ÈÇÔÇÑÉ (íÚäí ÇáãæÑÝí åæ ÇáãÑÝíã )
ÇáÇä ÈÔæÝ ÇæáÇÏå ÇáÇÑÈÚ æÔ ÓÇáÝÊåã :
1-ÇáÇæá æÇÖÍ æÚãáí æåæÇÔÇÑÊå ÇáÜ (
S)íÊÍÑß ÍÓÈ ÇáÍÇÌå íÚäí ãÑä

-ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ (
d ,g , n)íáÝÙ ZãËá :pads -dogs-hens ......

-ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ (
s,z)íáÝÙ ÒÏ (z)ãËá : bosses-hose .....

-
ÇÐÇ ßÇä ÌÇí ÈÚÏ (t, k ,p ) íáÝÙ (s) ãËá : books, bits, tip .....

2-ÇáæáÏ ÇáËÇäí Þáíá ÓäÚ ÇáÇ íÚÏá áå (ãÚÏá ãÚÌãíÇ íÚäí ãÇáå ÞÇÚÏå ËÇÈÊå )(
lexical)

ßá ãÇ íÍÇæá íÌãÚ áå íáÞÇå ãÇÝí ÝÇíÏå ÝÕÇÑ íÚÏá áå ÍÓÈ ãÇ Çãßä
ãËá
ox ÌãÚåÇ oxen,sheep teeth ,fish åí äÝÓåÇ ãÝÑÏ æÌãÚ áßä åÇáßáãÇÊ Þáíá ÈÇááÛå

3-ÇáæáÏ ÇáËÇáË ãÓÇáã æãÊÓÇãÍ ÚØíå ÇÎÐ ÇÎÐæÇ ãäå áÇ ãÔßáå ãÇ íÖÑå Çáãåã ÚäÏå Çä ÇÕáå ËÇÈÊ (ÇáÌÐÑ ÇáÇÓÇÓí ááßáãå ) æåÐÇ íÙåÑ Ýí ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ æãÇ ÔÇÈååÇ
ãËá :
receiver+able =receivable æÇÚÊÞÏ Çáßá ÚÑÝ ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ æãÇ ÔÇÈååÇ

4- ÇáæáÏ ÇáÑÇÈÚ ãÒÇÌí (
suppletion)áæ áÝÙÊå ßÃäß ÊÞæá ÞÑíÈ ãä ßáãÉ ÇáÈáÔå ááÊÞÑíÈ ØÈÚÇ ÝÞØ

æãÇ áÞíÊ áå ÊÑÌãå ÍÑÝíÇ ÈÇáÖÈØ Çáãåã
æåæ ÇßËÑ ãÇ íÙåÑ Ýí ÕíÛå ÊÍæíá ÇáÇÝÚÇá ãä ÇáãÖÇÑÚ (ÇáãÕÏÑ)Çáì ÇáãÇÖí
ãËá :
go--went

good---better ---best
æÚäÏßã ÈÇÞí ÇáÇãËáå ÈÇáãÍÊæì æíÚÊãÏ ßËíÑ Úáì ÍÕíáÊß ÇááÛæíå
æÈÇáÊæÝíÞ






ÊÇÈÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå


ÇáÓáÇã Úáíßã æÑÍãÉ Çááå æÈÑßÇÊå
1-
Affixation ÚãáíÉ ÇáÊÛííÑ ÚäÏ ÇÖÇÝÉ ÇááæÇÍÞ ÝáåÐÇ ÑÇÍ ÊáÞæä Ýí ÊÚÑíÝåÇ ÇäåÇ ÊÍÏË Ýí ÇßËÑ ãä ßáãå æåí ãæÑÝíãÇÊ ãÊáÇÒãå

2-
Prefixes ÇáÈæÇÏÆ ÚÇÑÝíäåÇ

3-
Affixes æåí ÇááæÇÍÞ ÚÇÑÝíäåÇ

4
- Infixes ÇáÊÏÇÎá

ÇáÊÏÇÎá íÚäí ÊÌí ßáãå Èíä ãÞØÚ Çáßáãå æÊÞÓãåÇ æåí Þáíáå Ýí ÇááÛå ÇáÇäÌáíÒíå æåí ÛÇáÈÇ ÊÌí ãËá áãÇ íßæä ÇáæÇÍÏ ÚÖÈÇä íÞæã íÚß æíÑÈØ ÇáÓÇäå ãä ÇáÛÖÈ ãËá : ßáãÉ
absogaddamlutly áæ ÔáäÇ gaddam ÑÇÍ Êßæä absolutly ãÚäÇåÇ ÈÏæä Ôß

 
ROOT
íÚäí ÇáÌÐÑ Çí Çáßáãå ÈÚÏ ÇÒÇáå ßá ÇáÈæÇÏÆ æÇááæÇÍÞ (ÓæÇÁ áæÇÍÞ ÇÚÑÇÈíå Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå )

íÚäí Çáßáãå ÇáãÌÑÏå ãËá
book - cat -bag -happy ÇáÎ

STEEM
íÚäí ÇáÌÐÑ ÒÇÆÏ ÇááæÇÍÞ áÇÍÙæÇ ÇááæÇÍÞ ) áíÓ ÇáÈæÇÏÆ )ÓæÇÁ ßÇäÊ áæÇÍÞ ÇÚÑÇÈíå Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå

ãËÇá :
happy
happy(root) --------happy+ness =happiness)steem)

play
play( root) -------- play+ed =played ( steem )

Çä æÌÏÊ ÈÇ ÏÆå ãÚ áÇÍÞå Ýí Çáßáãå ÇíÖÇ Êßæä steem
steemãËá unbleiveable áßä Çä ßÇä ÈÇÏÆå ÝÞØ ãÚ ÌÐÑ Çáßáãå root ÝÞØ Êßæä áíÓÊ steem ãËá unbelieve áÇÍÙæÇ áãÇ ÔáäÇ able ÇáãÞØÚ ÇáãÑßÈ ááßáãå ÇÕÈÍÊ ÈÇÏÆå ÝÞØ æáíÓ steem

Çá
root ãÚÌãí ( lexical )åæ Çááí áãÇ ÇáæÇÍÏ íÈÍË Ýí ÇáãÚÌã Úä ãÚäì ßáãå íÈÚË Úä Çáßáãå ÈÇÕáåÇ ÇãÇ Affix åí ãÌÑÏ ÇÍÑÝ áÇ ãÚäì áåÇ ÈÏæä ÇÖÇÝå áá root

ÇáßáãÇÊ ßáãÇ ÇÖÇÝ áåÇ áæÇÍÞ ÇßËÑ ÇÕÈÍÊ ÇßËÑ ÊÚÞíÏÇ (
complex word )

ÇááæÇÍÞ äæÚíä ÇãÇ ÇÚÑÇÈíå æåí ÇáËãÇä ÇáÎÇÕå ÈÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ãËá (
s ) ÇáÌãÚ Çæ Çæ ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå ãËá ÇááæÇÍÞ

ÚäÏ Êßæíä Çáßáãå ÚäÏãÇ íÖÇÝ áåÇ áæÇÍÞ Èßæä ÇáÇÔÊÞÇÞíå åí ÇáÇÞÑÈ ááÌÐÑ
root)) æÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå Êßæä ÈÇáÇÎÑ

ãËá
blackened
ÇÓæÏÊ

black
(root )+ (áÇÍÞå ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå derivationa en ) + ( áÇÍÞå ÇÚÑÇÈíå ed inflectional )

ÌÊ ed ÈÇáÇÎÑ áÇäåÇ ÇÚÑÇÈíå



 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 16   #59
MR.HARD
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ MR.HARD
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 135585
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Sun Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 176
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÐßÜÜÑ
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 1197
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 50
MR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enoughMR.HARD will become famous soon enough
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ØÇáÈ ÌÇãÚí
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÇáÇÐÇÈ áÛå ÅäÌáíÒíÉ
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáÓÇÈÚ
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
MR.HARD ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÐÇßÑÉ ÌãÇÚíÉ (ÇáäÍæ æÇáÕÑÝ) ááÃÓÊÇÐ ÚÈÏÇáÑÍíã ÌãÇÑí ง'̀-'́)ง)

Íá ÇáæÇÌÈ ÇáËÇáË ÇáÛæíÇÊ ÇáÊØÈíÞíÉ ¿¿¿¿¿
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 16   #60
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
ßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Thumbs up ÇáÒÈÏÉ 3

.
.

ÊÇÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå

ÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå æÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÔÊÞÇÞíå

 
ÇááæÇÍÞ ÇáÇÚÑÇÈíåinflectional
åí ËãÇäíå
1-
S ÇÓ ÇáÝÇÚá ÇáËÇáË ÇáãÝÑÏ (she -he-it ) Ýí Òãä ÇáãÖÇÑÚ ÇáÈÓíØ Ýí ÇáÒãä ÇáãÇÖí Çáßá ÓæÇÓíå ãÝÑÏ Çæ ÌãÚ

ãËá
goes to school -He

2-
s ÇÓ Çáãáßíå ãËá Her's bag -Ali's book

3
-ÇÓ ÇáÌãÚ boy -boys

4
- er ÇáãÞÇÑäå ãËá taller--tall

5
-est ÇáãÝÇÖáå ãËá tallest

6
-en ááÊÕÑíÝ ÇáËÇáË ááÝÚá past participle

7
-ed Ýí ÇáãÇÖí ááÇÝÚÇá ÇáãäÊÙãå walk -walked æáíÓ ááÔæÇÐ go-went

8
-ing Ýí ÇáÝÚá ÇáãÓÊãÑ going

æÇáÇÚÑÇÈíå Ðí ÊÌí áæÇÍÞ ÝÞØ æåí áÇ ÊÛíÑ ãä ãÚäì Çáßáãå ÈÓ ÊÏá Úáì ÇáÒãä Çæ ÇáÌãÚ ááãÝÑÏå æåßÐÇ
 

áÇÍÞå ÇÔÊÞÇÞíå
derivationa

æåí ÊÃÊí áæÇÍÞ æÈæÇÏÆ
æÊÛíÑ Ýí Çáßáãå ãä ÍíË ÇáãÚäì ÊÛíÑ ÇáãÚäí ÕÝå Çáì ÍÇá Çæ Çáì ÝÇÚá æ ÇÍíÇäÇ íßæä ÇáÊÛíÑ ßáí Ýí ÇáãÚäí ÚäÏ ÇÖÇÝå ÇááæÇÍÞ Úáì ÇáÌÐÑ
ãËá arm ÐÑÇÚ disarm äÒÚ ÇáÓáÇÍ

Compounding
ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ

æåí ÇáÊí ÊÊßæä ãä ßáãÊíä Çæ ßËÑ
N N

/ \ / \ / \

N N, A N ,V N

fire engine, green house, jump suit

 

äáÇÍÙ Ýí åÐå ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ ßáåÇ ÊÓãì ãÑßÈÇÊ ÇÓãíå íÑãÒ áåÇ(N( áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÇÓã ãÚ ÇäåÇ ÇÊÊ ãÑå ãÚ ÇÓã æãÑå ãÚ ÕÝå æãÑå ãÚ ÝÚá áßä ßáåÇ ßÇäÊ Çáßáãå ÇáËÇäíå ÇÓã áåÐÇ ÓãíÊ ÇÓãíå

V V V

/ \ / \ / \

N V ,A V, V V

spoon feed, dry clean, break dance

äáÇÍÙ åäÇ Çä ÌãíÚ ÇáãÑßÈÇÊ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÝÚá áåÐ íÑãÒ áåÇ V

æåßÐÇ A ÇÐÇ ÇÊäåÊ ÈÕÝå æíÑãÒ áåÇ P ÇÐÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÖíÑ

 

æÇáãÑßÈÇÊ áåÇ ÎÇÕíÊíä

Properties of compounds

 

Endocentric

áßä åí ÇáÊí ÊÊÑßÈ ãä ßáãÊíä ÊãÒÌÇ áÊÓãíå ÔÆ

ãËá ßáãÉ ÈÇÎÑåsteamboatáæ ÌÒÃÊåÇ ÑÇÍ Êßæä boat ÞÇÑÈ steam ÈÎÇÑ

ÇíÖÇair field ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáãØÇÑ Çæ ÇáãåÈØ

áæ ÌÒÃÊåÇ ÑÇÍ Êßæä ÇáÍÞá air ,field ÇáåæÇÁ

exocentric compounds

ÛÇáÈÇ åÐÇ ÇáÊÑßíÈ ãä ßáãÊíä áæÕÝ ÔÎÕ Çæ ãßÇä

Redhead åäÇ ØÈÚÇ áæÕÝ ÔÎÕ ÈÇä ÔÚÑå ÇÍãÑ æáíÓ ÑÃÓå ÇÍãÑ

redneck ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáåäÏí ÇáÇãÑíßí æáíÓ ÇáÑÞÈå ÇáÍãÑÇÁ ßáãÇÊ ÊÌãÚ áÊßæä ÕÝå Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ÇíÖÇ

green house





ÊÇÈÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÚ áÔÑÍ ÑÄì ÍÇáãå







THE ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE

ÊÍáíá ÇáÌãá
ÚäÏ ÇáÈÍË Ýí ÇáãÚÌã
LexicalÝÇäß áÇÈÏ Çä ÊÈÍË Úä ÇÍÏ ÇäæÇÚ ÇáßáãÇÊ ÇáÊÇáíå :ÇãÇ ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çæ ÕÝå ÇáÎ

The Lexical categories are nouns (N), verbs (V), adjectives (A), and prepositions (P) and Adverbs.
Ex. Noun: John, Ali, courage, book ;
Verb : come, go, discuss,
Adjective: good, bad, tall;
Preposition: to, in, near;
Adverb: badly, quickly, hard.
 
The Functional categories are Determiners (Det) ÇáãÍÏæÏÇÊ , Auxiliary verbs ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇáãÓÇÚÏ Aux ), åConjunction ÍÑæÝ ÇáÚØÝ (Con),and Degree words (DEGÇáãæÇÝÞå . etc. åÐí ßá æÍÏå æÑãÒåÇ
Ex. DET: a, the, this;
DEG: too, so, very. more, quite;
AUX (Modal) will, would, could. etc; ÇáãÔÑæØå ÈÒãä ãÚíä
AUX (non-modal): be, have; ÛíÑ ãÔÑæØå
CONJ: and, or, but, etc.
 
For ex. Nouns appear with a DET, Verbs with an AUX, and Adjectives with DEG adverbs.
Ex. A car, the book, has gone, will stay, very rich, too big.
 
?Z *the destroy (V+DET),
*very arrive (DEG +V),
*will destruction (AUX + N).
 
åäÇáß ÈÚÖ ÇáßáãÇÊ Êßæä ãÔæÔå ãÑå Êßæä ÇÓã æãÑå ÝÚá åßÐÇ ãËá
Ex : Comb and Near

One source of confusion is that one word can belong to more than one category.
Ex : Comb and Near:
The woman found a comb (N)
The boy should comb (V) his hair
The boy stood near (P) the fence
The runners neared (V) the finish line
The end is nearer (A) than you think
INFLICTION ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ
?h NOUNS Inflect for plural -s and possessive -'s ÇáÇÓãÇÁ Ýí ÚáÇãÇÊåÇ Ýí ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ÇäåÇ ÊÞÈá s
ÇáÌãÚ ãËá books æ s Çáãáßíå ãËá eg, , John's

[
VERBS Inflect past tense -ed, progressive -ing and third person singular –s
eg, arriv-ed, arriv-rig, arrive-
ÇáÇÝÚÇá
Ýí ÇáÇÚÑÇÈ ÚáÇãÇÊåÇ ed Þí ÇáãÇÖí ing ÇáÊÞÏãíå æÇáÝÚá ÇáãÖÇÑÚ áãÇ íßæä ÇáÝÇÚá ãÝÑÏ íÖÇÝ áå ÇÓ ÇáÝÇÚá ÇáËÇáË

 
ADJECTIVE inflect for the comparative -er and superlative –est
eg, tall-er, tall-est, fast-er fast-est
ÇáÕÝÇÊ er ÇáãÞÇÑäå es ÇáãÝÇÖáå
 
 
?? X’ SchemaÇáãÎØØ
x ããßä íßæä ÝÚá Çæ ÇÓã ÇæÕÝå Çææææ
 
HEAD, a SPECIFIER, and a COMPLEMENT åÐí ÇÓãÇÁ ÇÌÒÇÁ ÇáãÎØØ

x
íÚäí ÇáÑÇÓ jÊÐßÑæÇ ÇáãÍÇÖÑå Çááí ÝÇÊÊ æÇáÑÇÓ åäÇ Ýí ÇáæÓØ Ýí ÇáãÎØØ ÇáåÑãì

x'
åæ ÇáÚÈÇÑå ÇáæÓØì ÇáÊí ÊÊßæä ãä ÇáÑÃÓ æÇáÊßãáå ÇáãÑå Çááí ÝÇÊÊ ÔÑÍäÇåÇ ãËá eat lunch ÇáÌãáå ÇÓãíå áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ ÈÇÓã lunch ÇÐä åæ ÇáÑÃÓ ÇäÊÈåæ Çä åÐÇ ÇáßáÇã Ýí ÇáæÓØ ÇáÊÎØíØ ÇáÔÌÑí íÚäí Ýí æÓØ ÇáÚÈÇÑå áÇä ÇáÊÑÊíÈ ÑÇÍ íÎÊáÝ áãÇ ÑÇÍ äÌí Úáì ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßÇãáå

xp
åí ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßÇãáå æ p ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáÚÈÇÑå æx ããßä íßæä ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çææææææ áÇ ÍÙæÇ Ýí ÑÇÓ ÇáãÎØØ ãÑå ÚæÖäÇ ÚäåÇ ÈÝÚá ãÑå ÈÇÓã ÇáÎ

ãËá ÐÇ ÇáãÎØØ
[IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image2.gif[/IMG]apicture of the ocean
ÇáãÎØØÇÊ ãæ ÑÇÖíå ÊÖÈØ ãÚí áßä ÇäÊã ÇÑÌÚæÇ áåÇ ÈÇáÔÑÇíÍ Çæ ãáÎÕ ÈíÓÇä ÑÇÍ ÊáÞæä ÇáÔÑÍ ÚáíåÇ
æÇäÊÈåæ ÊáÎÈØæÇ Èíä Ìãáå ÇáÑÇÓ æÇáÌãáå Çáãßãáå ãËá
[IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image3.gif[/IMG]
a picture
ÌãáÉ ÇáÑÇÓ

of the ocean ÌãáÉ ÇáÊßãáå
 
 
 
[IMG]http://www.***********/vb/Image4.gif[/IMG]eat a hamburger
Ýí ÇáãÎØØ ÇÑÇÓ ÇáåÑã ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá ÚÈÇÑå ÊÑßíÈåÇ
vp áÇäåÇ ÈÏÃÊ ÈÝÚá eat

áßä ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáÑÇÓ åäÇ Çááí åí ÈÇáæÓØ
a hamburger ÇäåÊ ÈÇÓã åãÈÑÌÑ hamburger Ýåí NP æ a ãä ÇáãÍÏÏÇÊ det

ÇáÌãáå ÇáËÇäËå
in the house at night

ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá Ýí ÑÃÓ ÇáåÑã åí ÚÈÇÑå ÝíåÇ ÖãíÑ íÑãÒ ááÖíÑ È
p æíÑãÒ ááÚÈÇÑå Èp ÝÇáÚÈÇÑå pp

áßä Ýí ÇáÚÈÇÑå áãÇ äÔÑÍ ÈÇáäÕ
in ÖãíÑ p æ the house æåÐí ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáÑÇÓ ÊÓãì ÇÓãíå N áÇäåÇ ÇäÊåÊ È ÇÓã house æ the ãä ÇáãÍÏÏÇÊ det

æ ÇáÌãáå Çáãßãáå
at night






ÇáãÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜßÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜÜãáÇÊ
COMPLEMENTS

ÇæáÇ / ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÌãáå Ýí ÇááÛå ÇáÇäÌáíÒíå : ÝÇÚá (ÇÓã Çæ ÖãíÑ ) + ÝÚá ( ÝÚá ÕÑíÍ Çæ ÝÚá ãÓÇÚÏ
is. will, shoud , æ åÇÝ ÇÐÇ ÇÊÊ Ýí Òãä ÇáÊÇã æáíÓ ßÝÚá ÚÇÏí ÈãÚäí íãáß ) +Êßáãáå ÇáÌãáå íÑãÒ áåÇ È c æåí ÇáãÝÚæá Èå

ÇáãßãáÇÊ ãßæäÇÊ ÇáÒÇãíå íÍÏÏåÇ ÇáÑÃÓ æåÐÇ ÇáÑÃÓ íãßä Ãä íßæä ÇÓã Çæ ÝÚá Çæ ÕÝå Çæ ÍÑÝ

ãËÇá
:

cat
eat haungrilyedible

cat
ÝÇÚá

eat haungrily
ÇáÝÚá ÊÈÚå Êßãáå Çæáì æÇáÍãáå ßáåÇ åí Ìãáå ÇáÑÃÓ æáßä ÇáÑÇÓ Çíä åæ åæ haungrilyÝáåÐÇ ÇáÌãáå Ðí íÑãÒ áåÇ È NP æhaungrily Ðí åí ÇÕáÇ Êßáãáå Çæáí áíÔ ßáãå åäÌÑí ÈÌæÚ áÇä ÇáÝÚá Çßá áÈÏ

Çä íÊÈÚå ãÇ íäÇÓÈå æ
edible ÔíÆ íÃßá Êßãáå ËÇäíå

ÇáãßáÇÊ ÊÍÏÏ ãä ÇáäÇÍíå ÇáäÍæíå æÇáÏáÇáíå
ÇáäÍæíå ÇáÊÑßíÈ æÇáÏáÇáíå ÇáãÚäì íßæä ãÞÈæá
ãËá :
*
The boy devoured. ÇáæáÏ ÇáÊåã ÛíÑ ãÞÈæáå ÏáÇáíå æäÍæíÇ áÇ íæÌÏ ãÝÚæá Èå

The boy devoured the sandwich
åäÇ ãÞÈæáå ÏáÇáíå æäÍæíÇ

ÚäÏãÇ Êßæä ÇáãßáÇÊ ãä ÇáäÇÍíå ÇáäÍæíå Ýåí ÊæÕÝ È
SUBCATEGORIZATION ãËá ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ ÇáÊí ÊÑãÒ Çáì ÇáÊÑßíÈ ÇáÏÎáí ááãÚÇÌã )ÇáÑÃÓ ÇáÇÚÌãí ) Çááí åí ÇáÝÚá æÇáÇÓã ææææææÇáÎ

æ
SUBCATEGORIZATION ÇØÇÑ íÔãá ÇáÎÕÇÆÕ ÇáÕæÊíå ÍÞ ÇááÛæíÇÊ ÊÐßÑæä phonological,

ÇáÏáÇáíå
semantic

ÇáäÍæíå
syntactic

ÌãíÚ Çá (
X P ) ÞæÇäíäåÇ ÊäÞÍ ÈËáÇË

XP
ÇáÚÈÇÑå ßßá ãä Çáì

X'
åí Çááí ÈÇáäÕ ãÚ Ìãáå ÇáÑÃÓ

X
ÝæÞåÇ Òí ÇáÎãÓå åí ÇáÊßãáå ØÈÚÇ áãÇ ÊÍØíä ÇáÑÓã ÇáÔÌÑí ÑÇÍ ÊÚæÖíä ÚäåÇ È C

Complements options for the verb
ÇáÎíÇÑÇÊ ÇáãßãáÉ ááÝÚá
The librarian put [the book] [on the table
] áÇÍÙæÇ ÇáÌãáå åäÇ ÕÍíÍå ÐÇÊ ãßãáíä

áßä áæ ÞÓãäÇåÇ äÕÝíä
*
The librarian put on the table. æÖÚÊ ÃãíäÉ ÇáãßÊÈÉ Úáì ÇáØÇæáÉ

*
The librarian put the book. æÖÚÊ ãßÊÈÉ ÇáßÊÇÈ

áÇÍÙæÇ áÇíÓÊÞíã ÇáãÚäì íÚäí ÏáÇáíÇ áÇÊÌæÒ áßä äÍæíÇ åí ãßæäå ãä åí ÕíÍå ÝÇÚá + ÝÚá + Êßãáå Çááí åí ÇáãÝÚæá Èå
ÇÐÇ åäÇ ÇáÝÚá áå ãßãáÇÊ ÞÏ Êßæä æÇÍÏå Çæ ÇËäíä ÍÓÈ ÍÇÌå ÇáÝÚá ãËá ÇáãËÇá ÇáÓÇÈÞ
ÇáÎíÇÑÇÊ ÇáãßãáÉ ááÝÚá
1-
Some more examples of verb complements
ÇáãÒíÏ ãä ÇáÃãËáÉ áãßãá ÇáÝÚá

áãÇ äÓÎÊåÇ ãÇ ÇÖÈØÊ ãÚí ÇÑÌÚæÇ ááÞÇÆãå Ýí ÇáÔÑÇíÍ

COMPLEMENT OPTION VERBS EXAMPLE
ÇáãËÇá ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá
Φarrive, die The rabbit vanished
NP cut, The professor proved the theorem
AP be, become The man became very angry
PP dash , talk John talked to his daughter
NP NP hand, give She handed the man a map
NP PP hand, give She gave the map to the man
NP PP
loc put, place He put the book on the table
PP
to PP about talk, speak I talked to the doctor about Sue

NP PP
for PP with open, fix He opened the door for Andy with a knife

 
áÇÍÙæÇ åäÇ ÝÇÚá ÒÇÆÏ ÝÚá ÒÇÆÏ ãÑå ÕÝå ãÑå ÇÓã ãÑå ÝÚá
Complements of other lexical categories
Complementation is not a property of verbs alone. Other lexical categories, namely nouns, adjectives and prepositions, also subcategorize for specific complements.
1. ãßãáÇÊ ãä ÝÆÇÊ ãÚÌãíÉ ÇáÃÎÑì
ÇáãßãáÇÊ áíÓ ÎÇÕÉ ááÃÝÚÇá æÍÏåÇ. ÇáÝÆÇÊ ÇáãÚÌãíÉ ÇáÃÎÑì ãËá ÇáÃÓãÇÁ¡ ÇáÕÝÇÊ¡ æÍÑæÝ ÇáÌÑ¡ ÃíÖÇ ÊÕäÝ ÝÑÚíÇ áãßãáÇÊ ãÍÏÏÉ.
OMPLEMENT OPTION NOUNS EXAMPLE
ÇáãËÇá ÇáÃÓãÇÁ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá
Φcar, boy The car is new
PP
of memory, failure The memory of a friend
PP
of PP to presentation, donation The presentation of a medal to the winner
PP
with PP about argument, discussion an argument with Stella about politics
COMPLEMENT OPTION ADJECTIVES EXAMPLE
ÇáãËÇá ÇáÕÝÇÊ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá
Φtall, green, smart He is very tall
PP
about curious, glad I am curious about China
PP
to apparent, obvious It is obvious to the teacher
PP
of fond, tired She is fond of chocolate
COMPLEMENT OPTION PREPOSITIONS EXAMPLE
ÇáãËÇá ÍÑæÝ ÇáÌÑ ÇáÎíÇÑ Çáãßãá
Φaway, down He walked away
NP in, on , near on the table
áÇÍÙæÇ åäÇ Çä ÇáÌãá ÇÓãíå Çæ æÕÝíå ÊÈÏà ÈÝÇÚá áßä áíÓ ÒÇÆÏ ( íÊÈÚå ) ÝÚá ÕÑíÍ ÝÍá ãÍáå ÝÚá ãÓÇÚÏ Çæ ÍÑÝ ÌÑ Çæææææ
 
Complement clauses
3. ÇáÌãá ÇáãßãáÉ
ÇáÌãá¡ åí æÍÏÇÊ ÃßÈÑ ãä ÇáÚÈÇÑÇÊ¡ æíãßä ÃíÖ Ç Ãä ÊÚãá ßãßãá
The psychic knows
[that / whether / if the contestant will winÌãáå ãÕÝæÝå

if the contestant will win
Ìãáå ãßãáå

åÐí ÇáÌÒÆíå ãÇäí ãÊÃßÏå ãäåÇ ÈÓ åÐÇ ÇÛáÈ ÇáÙä Çááí ÝåãÊå
 
 
Verbs taking CP complements
a. They believe that Eric left. [
V, ____ CP ]
b. They told Mary that Eric left [
V, ____ NP CP ]
c. They admitted to Mary that Eric left. [
V, ____ PP CP ]
ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÊí ÊÃÊí ãÚ ÚÈÇÑÇÊ ãßãáÉ
åäÇß ÃäæÇÚ ãÎÊáÝÉ ãä ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇáÊí ÊÃÊí ãÚ Ìãá ãßãáÉ. æÝíãÇ íáí ÈÚÖåÇ:
(9) íÚÊÞÏæä Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ. ] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ [
ÞÇáæÇ áãÇÑí Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ. ] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ÅÓãíÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ [
ÇÚÊÑÝæÇ áãÇÑí Ãä ÃÑíß ÛÇÏÑ.
] ÝÚá¡ ____ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãÌÑæÑÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ãßãáÉ

áÇÍÙæÇ ÌãáÉ
Eric left
åí Çáãßãáå

 
áíÓ åäÇß ÍÏ áÊÑÓíÎ ÚÏÏ ÇáÌãá ÇáÊí íãßä Ãä ÊÙåÑ Ýí ÇáÌãáÉ¡ ßãÇ ÍÏË ãËáÇ Ýí )
ãËÇá:
ÍÓÈ ÑÌá } Ãä ÇãÑÃÉ ÞÇáÊ ] Ãä Óæ ÐßÑÊ ) Ãä ãÑíã ÊÚÊÞÏ ........ ([ {
Úáì ãÓÊæì ãä ÇáßÝÇÁÉ ¡ íãßä ááÌãáÉ Ãä Êßæä ØæíáÉ ÈáÇ ÍÏæÏ. íÊã ÇÍÊÓÇÈ åÐå Ýí ÞæÇÚÏ ÇááÛÉ áÏíäÇ æÝÞ Ç ááØÈíÚÉ ÇáãÊßÑÑÉ ãä ÇáãÎØØ
X
'
. æÞÏ ÃÕÈÍ åÐÇ ããßä Ç ãä ÎáÇá ÍÞíÞÉ Ãä íÊã ÇÓÊÎÏÇã äÝÓ ÞÇäæä ÇáãÎØØ ãÚ ÌãíÚ ÃäæÇÚ ÇáÚäÇÕÑ ÇáÃÓÇÓíÉ

íÚäí Çä ããßä Çä Êßæä ÇáÌãá ÛíÑ ãÍÏÏå ÇáÚÏÏ ÊÞÚÏ ÊÒíÏ ÝíåÇ ÈáÇ äåÇíå íÚäí ÇáÌãá Çáãßãáå



 
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