[ اللغة الانجليزية ] : Ready for the finals ? 3rd year students ONLY

[نــونــه]

first lecture




Romantic poetry is very close to us as human beings. It expresses our feelings. Its language is simple. Images are direct. We have descriptive details. The thing that is difficult about the romantic poetry is the philosophy in it.
What we are going to this semester is a continuation of what we have done the first semester.
We are going to study late 19th century. We are building on our previous knowledge.
We need to refresh our minds about the romantic poetry, what is the profit behind writing the Romantic?
Before starting reading poetry, we need to read history; the general atmosphere of the age.
One of the main historic events that helped in creating the Romantic Movement was the French Revolution. What is the influence of the French Revolution in formulating that type of poetry? How it influenced people? What did it call for? It called for equality and freedom. It touches every one as a human being. It called for the human rights of every human beings living on earth whether from the elite class or from the common class. Consequently, romantic poets started writing poetry addressed to and read by ordinary man. Consequently, this poetry that is written for all people is using the language of people= every day easy language. The French Revolution drew their minds, attention, feelings and emotions towards the unseen, the neglected human beings= the slum people, the chimney sweepers, the solitary repair , the one who is wondering lonely as a cloud, those people who have not been touched or addressed. Before, poetry was for the elite. The language of poetry was highly elevated sophisticated language. The images of poetry were dealing with science, philosophy, geography. But the language of the romantic is a language that deals with ordinary man, can be understood and read by all. At the same time it can create the life of the ordinary simple man.
We have to keep this in mind to understand how it is different when we come to 19th century and start reading poetry that is considered a jump, a leap in literature.
There is a big difference between the Romantic and the Victorian poets.
We are going to study a historical background of the Victorian poetry. What happened in England at that time is reflected on poetry as being the mirror of the society.
Politics was one of the main factors that affected poetry. It was a big step towards change.
Female writers, novelists, poets, writers of dairies used to write under male names.
It was not only on the political level, but on the human level. People managed and were after a change with very little stability on the level of identity.
We can not understand poetry without reading the history behind it. Understanding the people's relation to each other, their love to the land and to the queen helps us to understand poetry of the period.
The industry, economy also affected the whole society and consequently literature.
The romantics dealt with nature. They were worried about nature that has been destroyed. They were worried about London as a city. They were worried because people were deserting the country side and gathering in the cities. In the Victorian time, people were gathering in London. They stopped sharing their worries about the city and the country life.
One of the inventions that affected life greatly was the invention of the steam engine. It was another economical revolution on earth. It was as the idea of writing about human feelings and emotions which was revolutionary. Steam engine made revolution on the ground. A lot of factories were built. Industrial revolution took place. They used steam engine to trade their production. It made a revolution in economy.
the general atmosphere was that the middle class was the dominant class.
Read the introduction in the Norton Anthology
The most prominent event was the First Reform Bill 1832.
Then Victoria becomes a queen.
Then we have the Corn Law.
A. L. Tennyson was elected the poet laureate by Queen Victoria herself. He wrote sonnet sequence. He is part of the general image of the age. He was writing about others. Sometimes there is "I". Wordsworth was fighting for several ideas, the statement of the French Revolution. We can call the Victorian age, the Age of Tennyson. He was chosen as the best poet. One of the poem behind his choice as the poet Laureate is " In Memoriam" Victorian poets are writing about some human issues but their approaches is subjective rather than objective. The main defect of the Victorian society was hypocrisy.
There were so many changes in the Victorian Age but they were not solid changes because skepticism started. Darwin theory created a kind of skepticism in their mind led to doubting the presence of God.
There was a kind of insistence in the society on change. Education was to be reformed.
There were changes socially, politically and economically. Poetry was the outcome and reflection of the society.
The great expansion of London was purely economic change.
Darwin" The Origin of Species" was published. It led them to skepticism.
With the death of Queen Victoria 1901, it ends the Victorian Age.
Write short notes on:
v Capitalism- economic changes and its reflection on the age.
v political reform- Reform Bill
v religious doubts- skepticism- racism
v Social classes - the effect or the power of the middle class.
v scientific invention- steam engine
v philosophical theories
v Darwin
v utilitarianism
v diversity of Victorian literature – themes of doubt- alienation of the artist- escapisms- mysticism- optimism .
v main features of the age

The Victorian Era (1837 - 1901)



The Victorian era is generally agreed to stretch through the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). It was a tremendously exciting period when many artistic styles, literary schools, as well as, social, political and religious movements flourished. It was a time of prosperity, broad imperial expansion, and great political reform. It was also a time, which today we associate with "prudishness" and "repression". Without a doubt, it was an extraordinarily complex age, that has sometimes been called the Second English Renaissance. It is, however, also the beginning of Modern Times.
The social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was silently agreed that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education (preferably at Eton, Rugby, or Harrow), no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change.
Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution.
The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened.
The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes (worn by Napoleon III) were the order of the day.
The "prudishness" and "repressiveness" that we associate with this era is, I believe, a somewhat erroneous association. Though, people referred to arms and legs as limbs and extremities, and many other things that make us titter, it is, in my opinion, because they had a degree of modesty and a sense of propriety that we hardly understand today. The latest biographies of Queen Victoria describe her and her husband, Albert, of enjoying erotic art, and certainly we know enough about the Queen from the segment on her issue, to know that she did not in anyway shy away from the marriage bed. The name sake of this period was hardly a prude, but having said that, it is necessary to understand that the strictures and laws for 19th Century Society were so much more narrow and defined that they are today, that we must see this era as very codified and strict. Naturally, to an era that takes more liberties, this would seem harsh and unnatural.
Culturally, the novel continued to thrive through this time. Its importance to the era could easily be compared to the importance of the plays of Shakespeare for the Elizabethans. Some of the great novelists of the time were: Sir Walter Scott, Emily, Anne, and Charlotte Bronte, Anthony Trollope, George Eliot, Oscar Wilde, and, of course, Charles Dickens. That is not to say that poetry did not thrive - it did with the works of the Brownings, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the verse of Lewis Carroll and Rudyard Kipling.
An art movement indicative of this period was the Pre-Raphaelites, which included William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti, and John Everett Millais. Also during this period were the Impressionists, the Realists, and the Fauves, though the Pre-Raphaelites were distinctive for being a completely English movement.
As stated in the beginning, the Victorian Age was an extremely diverse and complex period. It was, indeed, the precursor of the modern era. If one wishes to understand the world today in terms of society, culture, science, and ideas, it is imperative to study this era.

Victorian Age
Historical Background

• The queen Victoria(1836-1901) ruled for 63 years, the longest in English history.

• Age of prosperity and progress
  • the richest and most powerful;
  • the 1 st urban and industrial society in the world;
  • the greatest empire ruling over 1/4 of the world،¯s landmass, over 20 nations;
  • railways, telegraphs, journalism;
  • a period of great social unrest (Chartist Movement1838-48);
  • religious doubt ( theory of evolution and positivist philosophy ) ; and
  • Reform Bill (1832) was enacted, giving right to representation of growing cities and 50% raise of electorate to middle class.

• 2 great books of the age
  • The Origins of Species(1859)
    --- Darwin،¯s evolutionary theory implied that biblical account of creation could not be literally true.
  • Das Kapital،¶×ت±¾آغ،· (1867)
    --- critique of unbridled free enterprise revealed in economic injustice and the class system

Literary Background --- A Golden Age of Novel

• 97% people able to read by 1900;
• cheaper paper;
• faster printing;
• easier circulation;
• more working readers demanding cheap literature: religious tracts, self-help manuals, reprinting of classics, penny newspapers, new prose and poetry which instructed and entertained; and
• monthly instalment became the fashion in novel publication:
  • Dickens, Thackeray, Gaskell, Collins, Trollope and Eliot organized their works in enticing, coherent morsels that kept characters and plots running from month to month
  • authors had to keep to the schedule, no final idea how to end, making adjustments based on sales and reviews
  • readers had time to follow, digest, and also to influence the outcome; affected authors as they had to change their plan to meet readers،¯ requirements, thus usu. the planning/structure bad or loose

Victorian Literature

• Poetry
  • Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892): poet laureate and the representative or spokesperson of the age
    • In Memoriam
    • Idylls of the King
    • ،°Ulysses،±
    • ،°Break, Break, Break،±
  • Robert Browning (1812-1889): the most innovative poet of the age
    • ،°dramatic monologue،±
    • The Ring and the Book
    • ،°My Last Duchess"
  • Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806-1861)
    • Sonnets from the Portuguese
  • Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)
    • ،° Dover Beach،±
  • The Pre-Rhaphaelites (the Rossettis, sacred inspiration)

What are the salient features of victorian poetry?

Best Answer - Chosen by Asker

1. Isolation - An intense preoccupation of the major poets and writers is with this problematic condition of man. Situations of betrayal, alienation, separation from life and love appear in the writings of Tennyson's poetry early and late, and in Browning's throughout his career. Charles Dickens certainly was concerned with this theme as evidenced in such novels as "Oliver Twist" and "Great Expectations." Thomas Hardy's poignant narrative, "Tess of the D'Ubervilles" explores the devastating effects of human alienation and isolation.
2. Pessimism - There is a darkness to the works of Hardy and Dickens and others
3. A moral purpose - Many works pointed to the repression of women, the corruption of those in authority, and the plight of the poor. Also, there was literature for children, written with a strong moralistic tone (e.g. Kipling's "Jungle Book," and Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland")
4. Idealism - Truth, love, justice are often themes in this literature. In Dickens's "Oliver Twist" for example, the brutal killer and burglar, Bill Sikes, and heinous Fagin receive their just rewards by being hanged. Love triumphs in "Great Expectations." Hardy's "Tess" actually shocked contemporary readers with its honesty.
5. A realistic adherence to daily life - Many of the works present the life of the lower classes, their miserable plight and lack of social mobility. As a result, Victorian literature became an instrument for social progress.
6. A mixture of Romanticism with the Gothic - novels by the Bronte sisters mix the romantic with the supernatural and also examine class and gender
7. Colonialism and Imperalism - These elements are most evident in the writings of Joseph Conrad and Rudyard Kipling whose novel "Kim" is set in India, exposing the insular society of England to the exotic land while yet presenting the reality of

[نــونــه]

second lecture

Discussion of the assignment- the given points in the last lecture

v The society was divided into the over upper class, the upper class and the middle class. The over upper class consists of the royal and rich families without being royal. The middle class was divided into the higher middle class and the lower middle class. The lower class was divided into two parts: the labors and the power. This division of the society into class influenced the whole age.
The society was divided into bits and pieces of classes. It controlled the relation between people. There were domineering class and working class. The working class keeps striving for a better situation, to develop. It created some action, movement, activity in the society. They were fighting for a political position. They acquired higher position in the society. They started having political dreams to develop their situation. This dream created a kind of activity, zest, production in the society on the political level. Literary, writers started writing about the working, middle class and how they gain power. So, this class division does make difference in the society. The lower middle class, to be higher middle class, has to get better education for their children. They would think of good schools for their children. They will push the government to work hard in reforming education. if the lower class children are working in factories and they are dreaming of a better situation in life, they should have a kind of strong demand for a better situation. It makes them to work hard to be in a better situation. All the reformation bills were issued to improve the social situation. It was due to having solid division in the society.
it also affected literature. There are poems and novels in which we find this social clashes among the classes, how people were criticizing hypocrisy in the society- like "Pride and Prejudice " . Ladies and gentlemen were not acting as they are themselves. They are showing something that is not really there. It was because they wanted to mountain a higher class.
People deserted the country side and settled in London because of business and economy. They started thinking of making themselves fit there. They started to show off. It was a society of hypocrisy. It was seen in literature. Also literature speaks bout labors and how the children were misused and abused in the factories. It also tackles human relationship of people in these different classes.
v The literature of the Victorian Age entered a new period after the romantic revival. The literature of this area expresses the fashion of pure romantic to growth realism. Though, the Victorian Age produced two great poets: Tennyson and Browning. The age is also remarkable foe excellence of its prose mainly the novel. it was the flourishing age of novel.
The discoveries of science have great affect on the literature of the age. Literature of this age tends to be closer to daily life as it reflects their particular problems , interests and moral purpose. literature of that age was reflection of time= moral problems, moral issues, critical issues, idealism.
It is also considered an age of doubts and skepticism. Though the age is characterized as being particular and materialistic, most of the writers excel a pure life.
v Darwinism played a key role in this period. People suffered skepticism and doubt. scientific discoveries shook many religious certainties- like the certainty that God is the only creator of all creation- man is on the top of God's creation and he is being privileged by so many characteristics by God – so he must obey and worship only one God- people started doubting their ancestries chain. They started to question what is there in the Bible. They started doubting everything thing, having this skeptical view concerning God. Their relation with the church was very weak. They started to question moral values including human relationship, the way of dealing with others, dealing with life, loyalty to the government. So, skepticism was a title of the age.
v Industrial Revolution started a little bit earlier than this age. The influence of this revolution exceeds to this age. It changed their attitude to commerce, to business matters. The possibility to merchandize their production was available. this was altogether with scientific inventions. it helped people and owners of factories to market their production. They built iron ships to carry their goods for trade. They established the railways which was very quick, easy and fast. It helped them in being more active and increases their production. It was the outcome of the invention of the steam engine. It was not only to export but also to import goods. The rich people are those who were possessing factories. They were controlling and having the power over the working class. The poor people were misused and abused all the time in factories. As a result of the scientific inventions, they dismissed some of the man power. Machines replaced workers. More people were losing works. They had no channels to go back to the country side. They deserted agriculture life and changed to industrial life. They started deteriorated economically as well as ethically.
v Utilitarianism (means justifies the end). This attitude destroyed the society. People became more and more interested in the materialistic world. They can use any means to reach their goals, to collect money and enjoy their life. It was danger to the ethics of the society. Ethics were not to be observed any more. One of the theory that affected the society was the Machiavellian= to do anything to reach what one wants. These principles appeared in a book written by Nicole Micaville entitled" the Prince" .
v People suffered a long period of oppression, not physical but psychological. Their freedom and needs were oppressed. They were not allowed to express themselves freely even in their relation to the church. The oppression was practiced by the church against people. They were not even free to read the Bible as it was written in Latin. So many events changed people. They started to have their own church but oppression is still there. People were diverted. Their attention was going every direction. People were heretics. Drastic and influences changed took place in the society. People started suffering these clashes and these conflicts in the society that disturbed their life. People turned their back to the church. Ethics were neglected. Human relationship started to be built on hypocrisy. There was corruption on all levels of the society. People could not avoid dealing with corruption. There was apparent seen corruption and another secretive corruption. It was weakening the surface.


Elizabeth Barrett Browning is the most outstanding literary figure in the Victorian Age. She is responsible for establishing the image of poetry in the 19th century. She suffered the corruption of her time, of her own father. He was a merchant of slaves. She suffered the oppression of her father.
She was highly and deeply educated. She was a good reader- book-worm. She managed to educate herself by reading the Bible, literature, participating in the activity of missionary of the church. She developed a lung sickness. While she was riding a horse, she fell down and she hurt her own sight. She suffered a lot both physically and emotionally.
Her family moved to London. They used to live in the country side. They suffered financial problems. She used to spend her time writing and reading. She developed a relation with Robert Browning, the man whom she married later on. They eloped to Italy and lived there. She started publishing her works very early in 1833. In 1845, she wrote her Sonnets from the Portuguese. She was very keen in choosing the name. People were not ready due to the criticism of the society and other issues; they were hesitant and reluctant to publish their books under their names. She used to translate books. She was a translator. She wrote her sonnets twice with two names. First she published it entitled Sonnets to ….. And she published them another time entitled" Sonnets from the Portuguese. This gives the impression that it is a translation from others. She was protecting herself against any directly criticism. They sonnets speak about her emotional relationship with Robert Browning.
While living in Italy, she got involved with Italian issues. She was emotionally attached to the Italian Revolution= seek of Independence. She was to criticize deeply by this.
She was to be rediscovered in the 20th centuries because of her poems written about the Italian political issues. She wrote some poems to the Italian national cause but she received a lot of criticism at that time.
She was rediscovered and her fame was established as being one of the outstanding figures in the Victorian period especially because of her national poems written in Italy.
Ethically speaking, she was very loyal to her society. She worked hard writing her poetry to change the society. She tried to make propaganda for good manners through her poetry. She was an idealistic poet.
She is the romantic poetess of the Victorian period. She is a romantic Victorian poet. She is discussing deep ethical issues in her poems.
Sonnets from the Portuguese was written in 1844. Her relation with Robert Browning was a secret relation. She never expected to have a happy end to this relation because her father stopped the marriage of any of his children. She was not sure about this relation because she used to look down upon herself comparing to Robert Browning. She never believed that he could love her. She wrote a poem entitled "How do I love thee?" It was a question given by Robert Browning himself. Due to her sickness, due to her suffering because of her father's oppression she was not hopeful about having a happy end for her love story. One incident that affected her life was the death of her brother. She lost her brother at sea. It added to her suffering. She became heart broken.
Her relation with Robert Browning took her to a new side of life. We can divide her life into two stages; one stage that is full of pain, remorse, a gloomy stage of her life because of her sickness, physical and emotional pain, oppression. She refused the way her father was working in trading with slaves. All these things added to her pain. She started to feel a kind of abuse. This is why we find her speaking about death as well as love.
Sonnets from the Portuguese is written wonderfully. It is a very nice and interesting poem.








Sonnet 1

I. "I thought once how Theocritus had sung..."


I thought once how Theocritus had sung
Of the sweet years, the dear and wished-for years,
Who each one in a gracious hand appears
To bear a gift for mortals, old or young:
And, as I mused it in his antique tongue,
I saw, in gradual vision through my tears,
The sweet, sad years, the melancholy years,
Those of my own life, who by turns had flung
A shadow across me. Straightway I was 'ware,
So weeping, how a mystic Shape did move
Behind me, and drew me backward by the hair;
And a voice said in mastery, while I strove, ---
'Guess now who holds thee?' --- 'Death,' I said. But, there,
The silver answer rang, --- 'Not Death, but Love.'

There is a kind of contrast within the poem.
There is a love affair that is clearly shown in the poem.
The idea of death is controlling her life. She is afraid that she might face the death of her emotion- that this love affair will turn into failure.
She is using easy language- everyday language.
It is full of fears, sadness and remorse. She feels lost amidst these emotions. She is emotionally suffers a conflict. But at the end of the poem, she comes to a revolution.
Elizabeth Browning and the Victorian poets revised the Italian sonnet. They mixed it together with the Shakespearian sonnet.
She considers the sonnet is another revelation of one self that is why she is very keen and cautious while writing sonnets. She was cautious that the sonnets may reveal her secrets, her personal issues. She had no choice but to write sonnets. By writing sonnets, she admits that the sonnets are revealing her life. She is cautious what to write about and how to put it in the sonnet. Writing a sonnet is enough for one for revealing his own emotions. She has to be careful about the amount of feelings to be revealed and covered and the way it should be expressed.
This group of sonnets was written in 1844. She showed it to her husband when they eloped to Italy. He lost his mother so, it was a kind of consolation for him. She tried to relax and console him. She published this group of sonnets under her name in 1850.
The name" my little Portuguese" is the name that her husband used to call her= the spoil name. The title plays two roles. It shows us that the poem is translated from Portuguese and at the same time she is referring to herself.
Sonnet= Portuguese
Portuguese= Elizabeth Browning
So, Sonnet= Elizabeth Browning
At that time, sonnet spread. They believed in the sonnet as a means to communicate their feelings. Elizabeth kept on talking about her own task as a sonneteer

I thought once how Theocritus had sung

Theocritus= a classical Greek pastoral writer. He wrote lyrics. Pastoral poetry deals with emotions.

Of the sweet years, the dear and wished-for years

It is about the past. it is a kind nostalgia to the past. She was enjoying a kind of happy life with her father in an earlier stage. She dreamt of sweet life.

Who each one in a gracious hand appears
To bear a gift for mortals, old or young:



What makes people mortal is his words- poetry. She dreams to be mortal through her poetry. Morality is a matter of being remembered.


And, as I mused it in his antique tongue,


When she started singing, writing sonnets she aimed at mortality. Mortality is gained by writing poetry. She started writing sonnets as it is an old genre, form of poetry.


I saw, in gradual vision through my tears,
The sweet, sad years, the melancholy years,


She started thinking. The act of writing sonnets brought back to her mind her own history. they were sweet memories because it is related to her childhood. They are sad because they are related to events that happened to her that made her sad- the melancholy years. She starts singing- writing sonnets, using the tongue of ancient writers. Gradually the vision of the past came to her mind reminding her, bringing to the front all her past life. They are supposed to be sweet years because they are of her childhood. Those years are sad and melancholy.
Those of my own life, who by turns had flung
A shadow across me. Straightway I was 'ware,


Her attention was brought to something that really made her alert.

So weeping, how a mystic Shape did move


it is mystic, mysterious, overwhelming, strange feeling that she never experienced. It was a mystic shape- moved behind her

Behind me, and drew me backward by the hair;


This is the only reference to her as being female. It is reference to her physicality. This shape drew her by her hair backward, taking her back to her life. She has to consider her past before getting into this relation.

And a voice said in mastery, while I strove, ---
'Guess now who holds thee?' --- 'Death,' I said. But, there,
The silver answer rang, --- 'Not Death, but Love.'

Physically, she is weak because of her illness. She was drawn by her hair. This is reference to masculine- feminine relationship. This mastery voice asks" 'Guess now who holds thee?

She is overwhelmed, sick of her father. She lived years on sadness. When this mystic shape and mastery voice asked her, she guessed that it is death that drew her by her hair. it was fear that controlled her feelings.

She describes this new thing to her life as being a mystic shape. It is not death but love. She is thinking of death as she is overwhelmed by her fears of losing or failing in this relation.

[نــونــه]

third lecture

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

The first stage of her life was gloomy. A quick and drastic change happened to her life that is falling in love with Robert Browning. It is being documented clearly in her first sonnet. She has referred to the idea of writing poetry indirectly in the first sonnet. She is writing to take us to her life. In this sonnet, she is thinking of poetry as part of her life. It is about writing sonnet. The sonnet is a genre is still living and working in the Victorian age.
The sonnet is a reference to the Italian poets. She talks about mortality praising sonnets. Sonnet gives life tom poetry. She expresses her own wish to write a sonnet is to achieve a kind of mortality. The reference to the pastoral Italian poet is also a reference to a wish, a dream of achieving mortality through her poetry.
She speaks of poetry as giving immortality. She herself is dreaming of achieving mortality through writing poetry and through writing this sonnet in particular.
The other side is of dealing with sonnet as a revelation of her feelings.
What is her approach in writing poetry in general and writing sonnet in particular?
First, she is thinking of poetry as being one means of eternity. Second, she thinks of sonnet writing as being a means of personal revelation. The whole Victorian age considered writing sonnet as being a means of personal revelation. We can find the personal life of the writer in his poetry.
The whole poems can be considered a semi biographical poem. The sonnet usually implies personal issues, but in spite of that, she always tries to hide her personal life.
She uses images, metaphorical language that helps her to get a good skip into the sonnet sequence in general.
A shape comes and be seen by her suddenly. She describes it as being mystic- mysterious, strange to her. It pulled her by her hair. It creates a kind of fear and anxiety in her life. There is a masteryأمر voice. She fears this shape. It takes her to a past stage in her life, to another sad and gloomy event in her life. She does not take this shape as something good. This mastery voice reminds her of her father, the authority of pulling her backwards to her past. She is suffering some physical pain. She is overwhelmed with the idea of being tortured, physically and emotionally. it takes her to thinking of her past. She was forced to change death for love. She has to dismiss death from her mind for a while and think of something else. This alternative is offered to her by this shape. It is emotional and physical alternative. She is worried. Thinking of her physical situation, she is not fit to this life. Physically speaking, she is not fit to have a marriage relationship with another male. Emotionally, she is completely broken. She thinks that she is not ready for such a relationship. She is controlled by her fear of facing another death. She is thinking of another death- the death of love- death of her emotions. She does not need more pain in her life. She feels that she can not go, develop this relation into a real one.
The mystic shape is a clear reference to the physical existence in her life- a new person appearing in her life. She can not miss it because she is describing it as being physical. Pulling her by her hair is a reference to the authority, to her being still desired as a woman by men. It is a kind of physical communication. Pulling her by her hair means touching her. This is a suggestion of her femininity as still being desired.
Here, the mastery voice is a reference to the authority of her father or the power of this mystic shape- that is love.
She is as if writing down her dairy about her relationship with this man.
She takes this shape as being death, not love. It practices authority over her.
This image comes out of this mystic shape, the new feeling that comes to her life. She is trying to resist. This is how she receives love. She is expressing her fears.




Sonnet 32

XXXII. "The first time that the sun rose on thine oath..."

The first time that the sun rose on thine oath
To love me, I looked forward to the moon
To slacken all those bonds which seemed too soon
And quickly tied to make a lasting troth.
Quick-loving hearts, I thought, may quickly loathe;
And, looking on myself, I seemed not one
For such man's love!---more like an out-of-tune
Worn viol, a good singer would be wroth
To spoil his song with, and which, snatched in haste,
Is laid down at the first ill-sounding note.
I did not wrong myself so, but I placed
A wrong on thee. For perfect strains may float
'Neath master-hands, from instruments defaced,---
And great souls, at one stroke, may do and doat.

The main theme of this sonnet is a kind of justifying her fears. There is negative self approach- estimation, looking down on herself. She thinks of herself as being inferior and to Robert Browning as being superior. The justification for the fear that has been given in Sonnet 1 is that she is trying to draw a comparison between herself and him- Browning.
How does she approach this difference? What is the main issue in this difference?
She thinks of her physical situation as a female. She is deteriorating to some extent. She is suffering back hurt, lung disease, she is living on pills. Her life is controlled for a long time with sadness. So, she is not the fit lady for this man. This is the general idea here.
What is attractive about the sonnet is the way she puts this comparison. She uses different images (sun- moon= feminine and masculine- day and night= brightness= clearness, happiness purity and darkness= sadness, mysterious- gloomy- full of secrets- suffering.
Both the sun and the moon are high up in the sky, but one is gloomy and sad and the other one is clear, fully recognized, fill the earth with warmth. The moon is a reference to the emotional side of man. The sun is a reference to activity. She thinks of him as being the sun. He was famous and well known.
She thinks of herself as not being fit to this man. She thinks that she does not deserve him. Physically she is not fit. She can not be a mother. She can not be a good wife. She can not support his house with female activity. Besides, she is emotionally broken because of her physical pain, the authority of her pain and the death of her brother.
She is successful in drawing another image. She draws an image of a musical instrument that is not fit for a singer. It creates an image of male-female relationship. The woman is the instrument. The singer is the man. There must be a kind of intimacy in the relation between the instrument and the singer. When the singer holds his instrument, he is sure that it will help him in giving a good song, in communicating him to the audience. She doubts that she can be the instrument that helps him in doing so. The strings of this instrument are broken, loose, and not strong enough to play on it.
Two images are controlling this sonnet. The idea behind these two images is that she is not fit for that relation. She has negative estimation of her self. She communicates this idea through the moon-sun comparison. The second one is the image of a broken instrument. Both two images convey the idea that she is not fit for this relationship with this man who is famous- well known. She is not taking his proposal seriously.
This sonnet was written as a reaction to his proposal.
She is suffering a gloomy life, darkness, sadness. This sudden light in her life- this mystic shape,
The sun is the light that she has been deprived from throughout her life. She feels that she may not be able to take this light. She was deprived from the intimate relation with her father, and losing her brother. The sun may be hope, light and warmth from which she has been deprived all her life.




Sonnet 43

XLIII. "How do I love thee? Let me count the ways..."

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.
I love thee to the level of everyday's
Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.
I love thee with a passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints, --- I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life! --- and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.

This sonnet is before the last sonnet. The main theme is love. In the first sonnet, she expressed her wish, her dream of achieving mortality and eternity through her poetry. Coming to the last sonnet of the sequence, she achieves something like that. This sonnet is famous. It is easy to memorize. The subject matter of this sonnet is not new. It is the classical question asked by a lover to his beloved How do I love thee. It is a tried question always asked by lovers. But the real good thing in that is the way she takes this question. She takes this question, builds a whole sonnet on it. What is significance about this is that building this sonnet is neat and perfect form. She is repeating the question, giving justifications, reasons. She is using perfect and beautiful language. She is insisting and underlining her own feelings. This is the significance of this sonnet. It is the way it is written technically speaking. The use of this question which is an ordinary question asked by all lovers on which she builds a very good, perfect, tight sonnet. This gives her eternity. It is well known, sung, easily memorized, and admired by all.
Elizabeth Browning was rediscovered in the 20th century because of this sonnet. This is the significance of this sonnet.
In the first sonnet she tells about her wish for eternity by writing poetry, her reaction towards this sudden relationship with Robert Browning. In the second sonnet is an estimation of herself and her beloved. In the third sonnet, she is relaxed, enjoying her feelings. She can speak frankly and easily about the man she is in love with. She is telling him the reasons why she loves him.
In this sonnet, she is not suffering from any kind of torture.
in the first sonnet she thinks of this sudden relationship as being death. she thinks of the death of this relationship more than she thinks in the growing of this friendship.
In the second sonnet, she is torturing herself with this comparison.
In the third sonnet, there is no comparison, no torture. She is relaxed and she is enjoying.

How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height

She tells him that she loves him to the depth, height and breadth= to the limits of her ability for love.

My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.

She no longer thinks of this love as being inferior. Though, she is still hiding this love, she is admitting it.

I love thee to the level of everyday's

She can not dismiss her from her life.

Most quiet need, by sun and candle-light.

He is the source of light in her life.

I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.

She moves from daily need to high needs in life. She moves from the level of daily routine to something very complicated. She is trying to tell him that she loves him and needs him. She needs him in all the daily needs to the highly big issues in her life.
Here, we have the idea of freedom, of rights. She struggles for establishing her life that is her right. It is referring to the Italian issue of the struggle of the Italian people to gain freedom. She is struggling for a stable life.
They= refer to brave men who never wait for praise. They do brave deeds because they believe in it.
That is her case. She loves him behind any praise. She does not expect any reward, any feedback of any one. She loves him freely and honestly. She really believes in this love. It is like the freedom for which people are struggling. They fight for their freedom and do not expect any praise. This is another image. She is like brave man who is fighting for his freedom; a man who is 100% sure of his right, who is not waiting for praise or reward. She thinks of this love as being an issue to fight for. This is because she was absorbed of the idea of the national causes, so she uses the image of a fighter. She is free in her choice, in her decision and she will fight for this issue.

I love thee with a passion put to use
in my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.

She loves him with all the passion she used to have to feel, to enjoy or to suffer. She loves him with the passions she used to have in her old grieves. This is a clear reference to the grieves she suffered and was overwhelming her life. This love is strong enough to control her life. It is private enough to be discussed. It is beyond question

I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints, --- I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life! --- and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.

It is another note to the Victorian period. They lost faith. They had this problem. They suffered a kind of skepticism in their life. The same power that pushed her to lose faith is pushing her to love him. It is the same power, the same intensity but directed to the opposite direction. With all the power that used to push her to lose faith, now she loves him. She is moving from a woman loving man to a human being worshipping God. His love will go deeply to increase in her life even after death- as worshiping God.

The last two lines is a clear reference to moving from conversational opening and ends up with an action of worship. This is clear in referring to (faith- God- saints) she is now submitting herself to this love. She will continue loving him even after death.
This sonnet is suitable to be next to the last sonnet. We have clear reference to her past life, reference to question whether to go or not to go in her love. There is a clear reference to better estimation of herself. There is a conclusion to her submitting her life for him.

We can not speak about the Victorian Age without speaking about Tennyson. His most famous poem is " In Memoriam" . It tells his grief over the death of his friend. It shed some shadow over his life. It means that it is a semi-biographical poem. It is a very long poem. It is an issue of discussion till now. it deals with some issues of the Victorian= the relation between the artist and his art and the artist and his society. He was awarded the poet Laureate. It means that he is the outstanding poem of his age. He was chosen as the poet laureate by Queen Victoria herself.

Tennyson is used for using so many classical themes and genres to write according to them. He takes stories from the classical literature to build on. One of these stories is used in The Lady of Shallot which has a very interesting story. It is the story of a lady on an isolated island. It is a poem that tells a story and throws light on issues of the Victorian life. It also has so many literary questions that are raised and answered concerning the Victorian Age. The story itself is interesting.
The poem is in four parts. The first part is an exposition telling us about the environment where the story takes place. The second and third part tells the story, describing the lady, her situation in the castle and her action. The last one is the conclusion- her end.
It is the story of a lady imprisoned in a castle. She is cursed to be imprisoned and not to be allowed to go out of the castle. She keeps herself busy by weaving. She is allowed to have a limited relation to the outside world rough the mirror in which she sees reflections. These reflections are of real life.
In her mirror, she sees the reflection of a man crossing the river. He was handsome, attractive to the extent that she can not help looking from the window, forgetting about the case. That time her mirror broke, her curse started to be fulfilled. She went out of the castle. She took a boat carrying a piece of paper on which she wrote she was about to die. She turned yellow and died .
There are references to classical issues that are discussed. There is reference to the issue of the artist. The lady is an artist who keeps herself busy doing her artistic work.

[نــونــه]

From the House of Life

في المرفق

[طيرالحب]

هذه المحاضره للدكتوره فوزيه؟؟
Dante Gabriel Rossetti.doc‏ (40.

وبعدين الانترودكشن معانا او لا؟؟

[Miss.LoLo]

بنات بخصوص الدراما اخر كوتيشن احس هالشرح انسب له ولا اش رايكم

Parker the servant arrives and he tells them that Mrs. Erlynne is at the door, she came to return Margret's fan which she has taken by mistake, Margret quickly invites her in and Arthur is angry he does not want her to come to his house Mrs. Erlynne comes and she tells Margret that she will live abroad , Margret talks very nicely with her and then Mrs. Erlynne criticizes the Victorian society , here when she criticizes the society we hear the voice of Oscar wild himself p.61:
Any impressionistic drama is subjective , Oscar wild is an aesthetic character , this means he use a subjective way of writing , he means to show his authorial voice , Oscar wild uses Mrs. Erlynne as his mouth piece to express his satire of the Victorian society يقول أنا ما دري الناس هم كذا ناشفين ولا الضباب هو اللي خلاهم كذا he criticizes the puritans who take life and judge people sharply as either black or white .
Before leaving Mrs. Erlynne asked Margret to give her a picture for her and her son , Margret goes upstairs to bring a the picture and there is a conversation between Arthur and Mrs. Erlynne , Arthur talks hatefully with Mrs. Erlynne , in this conversation he reveals a mystery beyond the play , this is the Dénouement , theresolution of the play.

Because it is the conclusion of the play , Arthur reveals the mystery of the play to the audience, when he confronts Mrs. Erlynne هنا فيه مواجه جامدة and he tells her that she has been a very bad mother for leaving her daughter for 20 whole years, she has left her daughter and husband for a lover and that lover disrespected her and left her after that , and after that she suffered , she disgraced herself , nobody respected her she lost social respectability since that , and then Arthur tells her that he despises her, for disgracing herself in Darlington's house, he tells her that once you knew that your daughter is married to a rich man , she decides to use him to draw money from him and Arthur tells her that it was shameful of her to keep blackmailing him for money and threatening of disgracing her daughter .

مسز ايرلين كانت حقيـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــرة until motherhood changed her and purged her soul , she has expiated her sin and sublimated by self sacrifice , which is a high spiritual experience , she experiences the sublime, which Emanuel Cont has referred to ,according to cont the sublime is so and so, which is a spiritual experience that gives pleasure through pain \
أنا كاتبالكو عن ايمانويل كونت في السبع ورأات اللي من الكوبي سنتر Arthur tells Mrs. Erlynne to take the fan with her , because he cannot bare seeing it anymore , here the fan is a symbol of what ???

It is a symbol of sin and immorality , paradoxically enough the fan is a symbol of self sacrifice for Mrs. Erlynne, she assures Arthur that she will disappear from the lives of him and his wife , she promises Arthur never to tell Margret that she is her biological mother she says that she wants Margret to live on a good memory of a sinless mother . Mrs. Erlynne tells Arthur something that shows her hedonism p:65:

MRS. ERLYNNE. [Rising.] I suppose, Windermere, you would like me
to retire into a convent, or become a hospital nurse, or something
of that kind, as people do in silly modern novels. That is stupid
of you, Arthur; in real life we don't do such things--not as long
as we have any good looks left, at any rate. No--what consoles one
nowadays is not repentance, but pleasure. Repentance is quite out
of date. And besides, if a woman really repents, she has to go to
a bad dressmaker, otherwise no one believes in her. And nothing in
the world would induce me to do that. No; I am going to pass
entirely out of your two lives. My coming into them has been a
mistake--I discovered that last night .

مش عشان إني تبت بروح اشتغل في دير ولا مستشفى أنت غلطان she wants to enjoy her life particularly because she is beautiful and she has good looking , she does not want to ruin her life in the rest of her life , then she says if a woman repents she must go to a bad dressmaker according to the Victorian, concept then she goes to a convent to stay the rest of her life then dies but she does not want to do that , she wants to enjoy the rest of her life , then she tells Arthur something really reasonable, she tells him that he repents his good deeds with her , but she is better than him because she repents her bad deeds هي بتندم على الماضي الوحش اللي عملته وهو بيندم على الخير اللي عمله معاها she has changed she has become wise and kind , she is preaching Arthur , she is giving him a lesson , at the end Mrs. Erlynne assures Arthur that she will never tell Margret about her reality , here Arthur changes he starts to think that she is a good character , he starts to respect her , when she told him that she will go away from their lives and she will ask him for no more money , no more blackmailing






وعندي سؤال السلوليكي مودرن ولا كلاسيك

[Miss.LoLo]

1-Pinero's Traditionalism

2-Pinero's Characterization

3-Pinero's Modernism -modern elements

4-Themes -Fallen Woman +Jealousy

هذي حل المدرسه للاسئله دعواتكم

What is the technique used by Pinero?
· technique of suspense
· Metatheatrical technique
· non traditional element
· symbolism
· surrealistic technique
· realism: social realism – psychological realism
· cubic technique
· impressionism

He uses the technique of suspense. Aubrey's friends are kept in suspense. They do not know the secret beyond Aubrey's decision to get married. Aubrey chooses to disclose the secret of his marriage even from Drummle. He was not willing to tell him her name. He tells him that he will marry Mrs. Jarman. Drummle tells him that he saw her with many men, having many names. Drummle is shocked that Aubrey tells him that she is not married to any man. He tells him that her real names is Miss Paula Ray.
Using epigrams and wise sayings is part of the technique of the writer.

( this part can be added to the modern elements in the play)
Pinero experiments with the Metatheatrical technique which is a non traditional technique- modern technique


DRUMMLE (putting on a neck handkerchief) And remember that, after all, I'm merely a spectator in life; nothing more than a man at a play, in fact; only, like the old fashioned playgoer, I love to see certain characters happy and comfortable at the finish. You understand?

He says that he is a spectator in life. He is a man in a play. The audiences sober and realize that they are watching a play. This is against the Aristotelian concept of dramatic illusion.

Act II happens after two months. Pinero violated the unity of time. This is non- traditional element= modern element.
The Naturalistic elements in the play are part of the technique.

Naturalism is a traditional movement that evolved in the mid 19th century. Pinero has Naturalistic tendency and this is obvious in the play. Pinero, like the other Naturalist writers hides the authorial voice as much as possible. One rarely recognizes his stand point of any of the issues he discusses whether he sympathizes with a fallen woman or not. as a naturalist writer , he adopts an objective approach to writing. Moreover, naturalistic writers suggest that social conditions, heredity and environment shape the character's social manner. They are influenced by the Naturalist scientist Darwin who illustrated his theory of Evolution in the 19th century. In the play, Aubrey tells Paula and Drummle that his daughter Ellean is like her mother in shape and manner. She is religious, conservative and cold like ice. So she has inherited coldness from her mother. Besides, Paula is vulgar, rash and of loose manner because she comes from the poor middle class.
Like Darwin, Schopenhauer promotes doubts in God's mercy, many people lost faith, turned skeptic or pessimistic. According to his idea of predestination, man has no choices because God predestines everything for man.

Paula is speaking to Aubrey in a vulgar way. It shows that she comes from lower class. This is an example of a Naturalistic influence in the play. Darwin was a Naturalistic scientist. He said that one's environment affects one's social behaviour. As Paula comes originally from the lower class and now she goes to the upper class, still she behaves like the lower class people. Here, we have this example of her conversation with Aubrey after 2 months of marriage. She proves to be vulgar. She speaks in a very daring way. She is indecent and shows no elegant. She mocks him whenever he says a word. She is bored of living with him because he is always silent and cold. Whenever he talks, he talks about Ellen, his daughter. This makes Paula jealous.
Paula is pessimistic. She will kill herself if Aubrey does not marry her.
Here, we have the influence of naturalism- Arthur Schopenhauer

Aubrey tries to find excuses for Ellean for being cold with Paula saying that she was raised in a convent and that she is as cold as her mother.
This shows the influence of the Naturalistic Scientist Charles Darwin. He talked about the influence of genies from one generation to another. According to Naturalism, the daughter must resemble her mother or her father. Now, Ellean is copying her mother whom she does not see. But because of the genetic influence, she is acting like her mother and she is as cold as her. Drummle has said that the First Mrs. Tanqueray was like an ice berg. Here, Paula suffers from Ellean's coldness.
Paula. If Ellean cared for me only a little, it would be different. 1 shouldn't be jealous then. Why doesn't she care for me ? Although Paula is raised to the upper class society, her behavior does not change. She still talks the same way she is raised on. Environment is reflected on her. This is the naturalistic element in the play.
Surrealistic technique:
Paula tells Ellean that she is jealous of her.
This is not real. It is surrealistic. Pinero employs the surrealistic technique to incarnate Paula's verbal fight to Ellean. Surrealism is an anti realistic technique. It is used in drama to make an oppressed character to fight her presence against a utilitarian form.
The play after being realistic, it becomes dream like.
Surrealism is an anti-realistic technique that was point at the beginning of the 20th century. It is used in drama to make an oppressed character fight for her freedom against a utilitarian form. The fight is like a dream or a nightmare. One of the surrealistic leaders says that violence should be limited on language. This is what happens in this scene. However, another surrealistic leader believed that violent should be shown in both language and action. Pinero employs the surrealistic technique to incarnate Paula's verbal fight with Aubrey. Paula tells Ellean that she is jealous of her.
The play after being realistic, it becomes dream like.

Realism in the play - Victorianism

Pinero is known by employing realism in his plays. He is described as being realistic. However, he uses some Impressionistic technique- like the impressionistic monologue.
Here, he is using surrealism.

There is class distinction, class conflict in the play. We see the working class. Aubrey has servants and he is the master. This is the influence of socialism in the play as a modern them. According to Carl Marx- 19th century philosopher- he said that the society should be classless society to cancel social oppression and replace it with social justice. Socialism was for social justice, but it made to justice. It made poor getting poorer. It makes the poor people rule the country. They turned thieves. They had social envy, they started ruling as the masters. Socialism created master and slaves.
This is social realism.
In the play, there is realism. The writer talks about his own society and criticizes it.
· This is an example of realism in the play. It is known that Pinero is a realistic writer. He is influenced by Henrik Ibsen. He is realistic but he employs some experimental techniques in his works. But mainly, he is a realistic writer.
(This part can be also used in answering the technique of the writer- using epigrams)
It is a wise saying, epigram mentioned by characters. Characters every now and then utter wise sayings or epigrams. "Marriage often cools friendship' this is realistic. When people get married, they have no time for their friends. The partner takes the place of a friend. This is part of realism in the play. Jayne thinks that Aubrey is having unmatchable marriage. He wants to isolate himself with his friends. His friends think that his marriage will not satisfy society" A horrible mesalliance! "He thinks that he might marry a dairy maid or a shop girl. This shows that Jayne is a classicist. He despises people of the lower class.
· In the 19th century, the natural revolution created a society of capitalist. People are divided into either rich or poor. The poor envy the rich and the upper class despises the lower class because there is a wide gap between both of them.
· " in 9 cases out of ten, a man's marriage severs s for him more close ties than it form"

Another example of epigrams

DRUM~LE Ah! L age critique! +
MISQUITH A dangerous age yes, yes.
DRUMMLE When you two fellows go home, do you mind leaving me behind here?
MISQUITH Not at all.
JAYNE By all means.
DRUMMLE All right. (Anxiously) Deuce take it, the man's second marriage mustn't be another mistake!

· " I must go the way my wife goes" he can sacrifice having friends for the sake of his wife. This is the way the Western man thinks. He changes himself to make his wife happy. He tries to make anything that might make his wife happy and satisfied. He can sacrifice having friends for the sake of his wife.

DRU.MMLE Certainly, in the worst sense. He's married Mabel Hervey.
DRUMMLE You don't--? Oh, of course not. Miss Hervey Lady Orreyed, as she now is was a lady who would have been, perhaps has been, described in the reports of the police or the Divorce Court as an actress. Had she belonged to a lower stratum of our advanced civilisation, she would, in the event of judicial inquiry, have defined her calling with equal justification as that of a dressmaker. To do her justice, she is a type of a class which is immortal. Physically, by the strange caprice of creation, curiously beautiful; mentally, she lacks even the strength of deliberate viciousness. Paint her portrait, it would symbolise a creature perfectly patrician; lance a vein of her superbly modelled arm, you would get the poorest vin ordinaire! Her affections, emotions, impulses, her very existence a burlesque! Flaxen, five-and-twenty, and feebly frolicsome; anybody's, in less gentle society I should say everybody's, property! That, doctor, was Miss Hervey who is the new Lady Orreyed. Dost thou like the picture?
they are making fun of a prostitute

Drummle is telling them about George Orreyed who is one of the upper classes who got married to a fallen woman.
They are making fun of a prostitute. They are typical Victorian characters. They have severe judgment of people. People are good or bad, black or white. They are narrow- minded. this is Victorianism. They are typical Victorian characters. They do not sympathize with a fallen woman even if she repents. If she repents, they do not forgive her. God forgives a prostitute if she repents, but they do not forgive.
) this part can be added to the characterization of Aubrey)
Aubrey is the one who sympathizes with the lady. He is anti- Victorian.

AUBREY (laying his hand on Drummle's shoulder) You'd scarcely believe it, Jayne, but none of us really know anything about this lady, our gay young friend here, I suspect, least of all.
He thinks that some ladies who are poor and need to live, they are obliged to work as prostitutes. They do not choose this position but the circumstances put them in such situation. He sympathizes with the. He does not make fun of this lady like the others. He thinks of her as a human being. He is a socialist. He believes that all people are equal. He does not despise the prostitute. Like Carl Marx he believes that having a classless society is a good idea. All people should be the same. There should not be division between classes.
Drummle is a classicist person. He does not want his friend to marry a woman from society. Aubrey is defying the society. He is challenging the society. He knows that he is doing something against the Victorian society. He knows that he will be blamed and he is ready for that.
AUBREY Thanks. I've heard you say that from forty till fifty a man is at heart either a stoic or a satyr.
AUBREY I am neither. I have a temperate, honourable affection for Mrs. Jarman. She has never met a man who has treated her well intend to treat her well. That's all. And in a few years, Cayley, if you've not quite forsaken me, I'll prove to you that it's possible to rear a life of happiness, of good repute, on a--miserable foundation.

There is psychological realism. Paula said to Aubrey that they had better live with each other without marriage. She wanted dearly to be a married woman. For her, there is no a plight to be a married woman between married women. None of her neighbors come to visit her. She is bored of the daily routine of their life. There is nothing new. She is isolated, alienated as if she is ostracized from the people. None of the neighbors' want to talk to her.
(This part should be used in answering the question of characterization)
In a problem play there is psychological realism in characterization. Psychological realism is associated with Freud and his theory of dreams and Henry Louise Person.
The Theory of time of the French philosopher Henry Louise Person is applicable to Pinero's plat The Second Mrs. Tanqueray. He asks the writers to emphasize duration or time of consciousness. One always remembers things from the past. People from the past come to his present and future to remind him with the past. Things from the past are poping out into the present. He means that the character's memories should be stressed because they psychologically affect their behaviour. Person's concept of duration shows that memories affect one's life at present and in the future.
In the play, Ardale comes from the past to ruin Paual's present life. She found the key of her apartment where she used to live in with Ardale in London in her purse. This key reminds her with her past with Ardale.
Person says that man has two kinds of memories; first, man's habit memory that helps him to memorize easily some past events, Second, man's pure memory stores unpleasant past events in a deep spot of the mind. These events are forgotten. Man hardly remembers them because they lay deep in his unconscious mind. Man often gets nightmare because of these forgotten memories which causes conflict. Paula keeps on remembering things from the past. In this play, Paual's habit memory is active. when Drummle visit Paula and Aubrey , she unconsciously remind him of their good old days on Peter Jarama's yacht. Should not mention these days after her marriage. Later she tells Ardale that she has recently come across the key of their old apartment in an old purse. After a while, Paula recovers and stops. Paual's slips of tongue show that her habit memory, which keeps her past, chases her against her will at present and in the future.

Paula's fight with her husband is realistic. She tells him that she thinks that Ellean will not come to live with her again. She believes that Aubrey wants to keep his daughter away because he considers Paula not a decent companion for Ellean. He thinks that she might corrupt her. Aubrey does not deny that. He offends Paula. He is always insulting, offending her all the time. She gets angry. She wants to leave. He confines her to

[نــونــه]

اخر محاضرة تبع د. حصه ..

بنت الله يجزاها الجنه ارسلتهم لي وارسلت كمان اسئلة الدراما ..

الله ينجحها وينجحنا جميييييييييييييييييع يارب




اذن في المرفقات .. << فجأة رياضيات ههههههههههههاي

اخر محاضرة ل د. حصة

اسئلة الدراما محلولة :)

[dready days]

الله ينجحك نونه وحنا كلنا third year معاك

[نــونــه]

بنات هذي الشغلات اللي عندي عن الدراما .. تبع بتول



+ اللي ارسلته من اول تبع منى (( حل الاسئله ))