Englsh اولــى متعثرات ومحولااات (ارجو التثبيت)

[سيمو20]

هــــــــــــــلآآ جيسكااااا اسفررررت وانوووورت ارحبوووووووو،،،،،

يااااارب تسعد هالفيــــــــــــــس ياااعاااالم ربنا مااايحرمنااااش منك

لقد اعدتي البسمه علا شفاااتي والامل بدأ يشع من راسي >>>اما من راااسك


لباااااااااااااااااك احنا هنا ومااااااابنرووووووح كل شوي بدخل ’’ بس انتي خذي رااااااحتك

وقسمااااات يااابنت اني لادعيلك مو بس تنجحين الاتجيبين الفل مااارك

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

جيسي انا معايا اوراء مدرسه خصوصيه من بتوع السنه الفايته
وزياده على كدا بدور من النت على حاقات تفيدني
وكونت بكتب مع الدكتوره الحاقات اللي بتئولها
بس الكتاب هو اللي موش معايا دلوئتي
اصل مفتاح السندوء بتاعي اتسرء يوم الاربعا وكتابي قواه
واعدت اعييييييييييط
بس دلوئتي ما بئتش اعيط
اصلي فكرت واولت لنفسي انتي بتعيطي على ايه يا بت
ده الكتاب مافيوش حاقه تتزاكر
>> اهم شي اللي متفاهمه مع نفسها

[سيمو20]

اي اهم شيييييي انك متفااااهمه مع نفسسسسك

الله يررجك ياااابنت مااااسكه معك لغه المصااااريه لقيت نفسي فجأه عم بحكيهااا>>ماتفرق بينها وبين اللبنانيين


زيييين عندك شي احسسسسسسسن من اممممممم الفغرررررره >>>ماتقصد نفسها ولاشي

[سيمو20]

يااااااااقلبي عليييييييك ياام ضحكه>>>قصدهاا لاتغرك


كييييف انسررررق مفتااااحك


مفتاح الصندوء علا قوووووولتك


دانتي فااااغره زيي اووووووي





اصلا مااارح تستفيدين منه شي هذا انا عندي وكل شووووي قاااعده اتصووور معه كغ ماستفدت منه ولااااااااااشي


بس كل شوووووووي اقرا عشااان اريح ضميري لاني ماااذاكرت ماااعنديييش

[حكايا الورد]

بنـآآآآآآآآت بليز هليب ..
الي كتبت شرح قصيده on his blindness تكتبه لي .. من السطر 5 الى النهايه مش عندي
دورت في النت بس الشرح طويييييييييل .،

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

Chapter 7 Figurative Language 3
Paradoxical, Overstatement , Understatement

1 - A Paradox
Example 1 In this line we talk about death . All as a human being will die . Death is a truth for everyone but there is an eternity , we live eternally and forever . It’s a contradiction . The contradiction could be in a situation or a statement . It’s sometimes not true & imaginative .The value of paradox is to serve the truth .
Example 2 Sometimes we have it as a verbal paradox when Pop wrote :-
“how can a man damn by praising ?’’
Example 3 “Much madness is divine sense” The speaker is talking about madness & how the madness is something great . so Paradox is Contradiction . What is the value of paradox ?
It is its shock value . Its seeming impossibility startles the reader into attention .



2- Overstatement or Hyperbole
It is an exaggeration and it serves the truth . For example “ The Eagle ‘’’
“ close to the sun in lonely lands ‘’’ The sun is very far ,so the speaker is exaggerating in this line . The eagle can fly highly but can’t be close to the sun . Sometimes the exaggeration telling the truth & the facts . It has many effects , it may be humorous , or sad ( grave ) , fanciful or restrained , convincing or unconvincing . Example , Wordsworth reports in his poem “ I wandered lonely as a cloud ‘’’ “’stretched in never-ending line”
It means no ending until the end of the earth . The poet exaggerates the facts because the romantic poets are fanciful and imaginative . He noticed the flower in endless number and he exaggerates the scene
3 – Understatement
It is the opposite of overstatement or saying less than one means , may exist in what one says or merely in how one says it . Example : -
That man who holds his hand for half an hour in a lighted fire will experience “ a sensation of excessive and disagreeable warmth’
When you put your hand in the fire it is similar to more heat .
What is ethic ?
It is the first literary English work . Beoulf is an earliest English ethic . It was written in Dutch not in English .



Incident
By Countee Cullen (1903-1946)
The poet is Countee Cullen , he is an American modern poet who lived in the early 19th century .
Who is speaking ?
He is a young boy , he is 8 years old . He is telling us about his incident .
The 1st stanza
What’s Baltimore ? It’s a city .
What happened to the boy ?
We have two boys , one is black & the other is white in color . The black boy is a visitor , he came to visit Baltimore . He smiled to the white boy but this boy poked out his tongue to him . He corns him & looks down to him . The poet is telling something that happened in the past .
“Once ‘’ its like narrating a story
“ riding “ may be he rides a bicycle .
How does the black boy feel firstly ?
He feels glee & happy . His heart was full with happiness & enjoy .
“ Heart – filled, head-filled with glee “
“ I saw a Baltimorean “ it means he saw another boy from the city .
“Keep looking straight at me ‘ he is saying that the white boy looked at him carefully & staring at him . In the first stanza , the black boy visited the city for the first time , he was so excited & happy .


The 2nd stanza
The speaker says he was eight years old and he was very small in size .
“ very small “ means small in size & in the mind , he is innocent , naïve , he doesn’t know the difference between white & black people in that time , but the other boy knows very well this difference .. The white Baltimorean is like him in the age , size & gender . , so there is an equality .
Is this equality applied in the society in that time ? No
It is a spontaneous reaction of a child in such age . He looked at me & I smiled , I shocked when he called ma a nigger .
The white boy committed many abuses , what are they ?
1- He was looking straight at the black boy .
2- The black boy smiled to the white , instead of smiling to me . he poked out his tongue .
3- He called “Nigger “ to the black boy .
It’s very clear that the society was against the black people during that age .
The poet uses a comma & capitalize “ Nigger “ in the fourth line to show us the horrible act , so there is an inequality , the white boy is against him .

The 3rd stanza
The black boy stayed in Baltimore from May to December , during all these eight months he saw a lot of things , but he never forgets this event . it’s always in his mind .
‘’’’Of all the things that happened there’’
There is an overstatement in this line .

“That’s all that I remember “ there is an understatement in this line .
The last line links the title . The title is very strong and effective because it refers to that event or incident for the black boy .
The 2nd stanza is the crucial & climatical stanza . The fourth line in it is the climatic line in the poem , the speaker tells us how he was innocent & naïve . This memory & experience were very powerful . The blacks have no rights but all the whites have all the rights in the society , they are cruel because of the slavery .
What is the theme , the issue , the general idea or the main idea in this poem?
The racial discrimination or the inequality is the issue in this poem .
What’s your own response after you read this poem ?
There is more understanding to the way we should treat each other because we all should respect each other not insult each other .
What’s the technique or technicality or the structure in this poem ?
The poems consists of three stanzas , each of four lines ( quatrain )
Quatrain is a stanza of four lines .
Couplet is a stanza of two lines .
Verse is more than four lines . This kind of verse we call it ballade .
Ballade is a narrative poem & lyrical poem . (lyre is an instrument to produce music )
What are the kinds of poems?
1- Lyrical 2- Narrative ( telling a story )


The poem is a ballade , consists of three quatrains . There is a variation in the rhyme scheme to show the inequality . It’s not arranged because he wants to show us the theme . This because there is a relationship between the rhyme & the theme . So there is a racial discrimination in the society .
Figure of speech
Overstatement in “ Of all the thing that happened there “
Understatement in “That’s all that I remember”.

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

سيمووووو & كل البناااااااات
هذي اول محاضره + قصيدة incident
وبنزل الحين المحاضره الثانيه وفيها قصيدة
the chimeny sweeper
والقصيدتين الباقيات بحاول اجمع لكم معلومات عنهم من النت
وبنزلهم هنا ..


BRB :g4:

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

BACK :g11:


Poetry2
Chapter 7
4- Irony
What’s meant by irony ?
It’s a literary term or a device or a figurative language which serves the sarcasm or ridicule or may not . . Sarcasm means fun of something , making fun or ridicule . Irony is a situation by using the language . We have two kinds of irony dramatic irony & irony of situation .

The verbal irony : is saying the opposite of what one say means . We always confuse with sarcasm & satire . Sarcasm most of the time is bitter , harsh & hurt the feeling . The hurt , the injury & the pain which are caused by sarcasm in order to make & fix a thing . sarcasm , satire & irony are under one umbrella . Sarcasm is always using words to make fun of something . There a similarity between irony , satire & sarcasm . Irony is a situation or a use of language in incongruity .It’s a literary device that services the sarcasm or ridicule , but irony isn’t bitter or cruel like sarcasm & satire , so sarcasm is satirizing anything cruelly . In verbal irony it’s important to understand the meanings of the words . If you don’t understand the words , you will not understand the irony . so Irony gives verbal irony then sarcasm & satire .

Dramatic irony ( from drama or an action ) : It is a device in which the author implied a different meaning ,also it shows us shocking situation & horrible action, for example Oedipus is a tragic irony . We use this kind mostly in novels & plays .

Irony of situation : It is the difference between the actual circumstances & those that would seem appropriate , for example in Ancient Mariner by Coleridge “ water , water , everywhere “ but not a drop to drink” . All of these kinds of irony ( dramatic irony & irony of situation ) are powerful literary devices which used in literature , they make the word more effective & help the reader to understand better . ((she said read the definitions from the book ))












The Chimney Sweeper
by William Blake ( 1757 – 1827 )
This poem is about a young orphan child , his mother
died when he was very young . He was a chimney sweeper who lived in the late of the 18th century . . In that time people used to built their houses with a fire to warm them , these fires had chimneys to let the fumes get out the black substances not the ashes because the ashes still inside . The chimneys were made of bricks , inside the chimney there was a kind of protection by using mud or cement , So it must be cleaned , otherwise the wood will not burn . In that time those who cleaned these chimneys were called a chimney sweepers . They were young children , there ages were about 5 years old . This is a kind of slavery of children . These go out & cry “weep , weep” to advertise the people to clean their chimneys . The chimney sweeper was without clothes , they wore their underwear because the chimneys were full of dirt & black substances .They carry bags & small brushes to sweep and clean . They go down through a chimney by using a robe . Sometimes they die or suffocate or their arms or legs are broken because they aren’t protected by a man to help them or by clothes . It was one of the horror of that period . They used to make light by fire to clean finish quickly . So the chimney sweeper is a young child who works at an early age a dangerous work .

1st stanza
The child tells that he is an orphan young child , his father sold him in an early age . “ my father sold me ’’usually the poor people in that time send their children to work for a sweep master , they thought that this master would be kind with their children & would take care of them , but he didn’t .
What do you understand from the poem ? The chimney sweeper is an orphan young child . he is the speaker , he sold by his father in order to work & lives in a bare room without beds , he sleeps on the floor . The children advertised themselves by saying weep , weep , weep . So the people listen & get them to clean their chimney .
In the 1st stanza , there is a kind of a biography of the speaker , he tells us about his conditions .
Do you feel any sadness from the speaker ? NO , we feel the irony . He tells a fact that he is an orphan & he works , so we feel sad about him .

The child narrates “ when my mother died I was very young “’’ ( I ) refers to the speaker . “ my father sold me”it’s an irony , the father sold him to a master to do some work as in ****************ile factories or chimney sweeping . These kinds of work are very dangerous , this is the miserable condition of the children .
“ yet my tongue …Could scarcely cry “weep !, weep ! , weep ! , weep ! It’s a verbal irony , the young child can’t pronounce the word (weep ) . The quotation mark show us that he can’t pronounce . The child was sold as a slave when he was very young . The children advertised themselves by saying ( weep, weep ) , so the people listen & get them to clean their chimneys . “your “’’he is addressing the adults or the grown up , I clean your chimney , the speaker doesn’t talk to the children .
“soot I sleep it’ a ****************phor he sleeps in dirt .
2nd stanza
There is another sweeper , he didn’t cut himself but he was shaved by the master sweep . The master sweep when he received a new child , he shaved his hair . The hair will not entangled by the inside protection of the chimney so the child will get quickly , so that they shave their heads . Tom Dacre cried because his long hair was shaved . The speaker told him “Hush Tom , never mind it …. “”, if you haven’t hair (bare head ) , the soot can’t spoil your white hair . When you have no hair , your hair will not be dirty . This is a justification of the speaker , the child is more mature & in the same age , he told to his friend this innocent justification .
In the 2nd stanza , the speaker is like a narrator , the narrator tells us a story of another person . Now he is telling us about Tom Dacre who was a young new comer & who cries when his head was shaved by his master , He is attentive or a trainee .
“That curled like a lamb’s back” “ like “” is a simile , he compares his hair with a young lamb . “ lamb “ is very significance because it is from the Bible , it’s symbolic because it refers to the innocence , purity & quietness . Tom Dacre is compared by the lamb , he is like a baby innocent & pure . His hair is like the lamb’s hair . The narrator tells Tom to stop crying & to calm him down . The speaker is young , but he acts like his parents & say don’t cry because your hair will be dirty when you work .
“can’t spoil your white hair “” is an irony & hyperbole , the narrator try to protect the child & acts like his father . He is more mature & older than him .


3rd stanza
Then he stopped crying & had a dream ( a sight ) . Thousands of sweepers , they have different names ( Dick , Joe , Ned , & Jack ) they were all in coffins . Coffins means the box where died bodies were put in . In the Christianity , the Christians put in coffins when they died .
We have thousands of children are locked up in coffins .
In the third stanza , “ And so he was quite …..” it’s a justification , when he stopped crying & he was comforted by another one , he had a dream ( sight ) . This dream tells a story about many children were imprisoned & locked in black coffins , it’s a ****************phor . The children were covered by black substances these black dirt like coffins .
“’ coffins “”it is a symbol of their miserable life because they are over work . The whole sentence is a ****************phor .

Line 11 is the beginning of the dream , line 20 is the end of this dream .
Who has the dream ? What’s a dream ?
4th stanza
The dream is when the children were in black coffins , they lived , laughing , happy , & jumping . They were happy & playing in a green field & they will shine in the sun .
In the 4th stanza , the image of the angel is bright & white , the angel have a bright key , he opened the coffins & get them all free . The image of the angel with his bright key relieves them after there were locked in coffins . Then they run to a green field jumping , laughing & they wash .
‘ wash “ is a biblical reference to the Bible , when the child is born , they wash him as a kind of purity . They get in the river & remove their dirt 7 they shine in the sun , so they become white & clean . In the 4th stanza there is a continuity of a dream .

5th stanza
How can he be a good boy ?
If he doesn’t cry , do his work , never complains, he’ll be always happy.
In the 5th stanza , they will leave their bags which they keep on , they will be disconnected from the work , they will rise upon clouds like spirits & play in the wind . The angel tells Tom if he ‘d a good boy
& behave well , he ‘d God of his father , so the figure of the father is God & he’ll never suffer ( never want joy ) , he’ll be always happy & satisfied . This is the end of the dream .


.6th stanza
What happened to Tom after waking up ? Did he cry ?
No , he had awaken happily from his dream , satisfied & smiled . Then the children start a new day of work . Although the morning is very cold , but the child is happy & warm .
In the 6th stanza , if children rise up early , they are ready to start their work by taking their bags & brushes . The weather is cold in the morning but Tom was warm & happy because he had a dream .
If all the children work , they will not be harmed 7 not afraid from any harm . It’s a moral lesson in the last line , they accept the reality & sustain or endure their work . This moral lesson is in their minds .

What’s the story in this poem ?
The speaker is an orphan young child . He isn’t the poet , he is a chimney sweeper who is narrating his story & his incident . Tom Dacre is the one who saw the dream & the speaker is the one who tells us about this dream .

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

ملاحظه ..
كلمة ميتافور تطلع ناقصه مدري ليه
بتلاقونها طالعه على شكل نجوم + phore

[لاتغرك ضحكتي]

BACK AGAIN :150:

عن قصيدة THE CHIMENY SWEEPER

the poem speaks of irony of situations between what is happening and what would be appropriate to happen . there is a sharp contrast between the actual reality and what should happen the poet drew 2 opposing situations.

William Blake wrote (The Chimney Sweeper) of (Songs of Innocence ) in 1789 . in the next to last line of the first stanza , the cry " weep !weep! weep ! " is the child's attempt at saying " sweep !sweep ! which was the Chimney sweeper's street cry . this poem shows that the children have a very positive outlook on life . They make the best of their lives and do not fear death .

This is quite the opposite in it's companion poem in "Songs of Experience" which was written in 1794 . In this poem, the child blames his parents for putting him in the position he was in . He is miserable in his situation and he also blames " God & his Priest & King " .This point of view is different from that of its companion poem because the chimney sweeper has been influenced by society and has an " experienced " point of view

Poetic Devices :
Blake uses various poetic devices ? including ****phor , repetition , anaphora, metonymy, alliteration , onomatopoeia, and multiple meaning ? to bring his readers into the terrible existence of all chimney sweeper . Blake denies his readers , or his young subjects , a happy ending unless they realize they must ? do their duty ? as given by God . While the poem seems to literally assert that there is hope for sweeps only in heaven , reading for spiritual , symbolic , and moral significance provides multiple
conflicting meanings behind this short poem . The innocent , hopeful narrator , a young sweep , seems to dare his readers to assist in preventing the moral decay of the lower class ' painful existence.

the first stanza introduces the narrator , a young sweep , and the family background which caused his unfortunate , lowly position :
weep ? in the third line holds an IRONIC DOUBLE MEANING: while it could be read literally as the cry of a young child unable to pronounce his ? s,? it also symbolizes the weeping ? or lack thereof ? of the little sweep . thrown into work so young , the sweep may not have realized the horror of his position until just recently . this double meaning stems from the metonymy of a tongue crying : the reader thinks of words as well as tears . Also , the alliteration of the consonant ? s? (sweep ? soot ? sleep ) sound like a brush repetitiously scraping a chimney wall . The dirty sweep cannot avoid condition , even in sleep .

Blake has the sweep address his readers' morality in line four ? your chimneys ? (Italics mine ) ? because they assist in his current ? soot ? filled existence by hiring him to clean their chimneys . through this , Blake places the blame for the social epidemic of sweepers onto his readers for not stopping the cruelty.

Blake's use of the passive ? was shaved ? in line six begs the question , ? who shaved his head ?? he does not give us someone to blame for this taking of innocence. However , it does recollect that Tom's head must be shaved to be a chimney sweeper , and chimney sweepers are present to sweep ? your ? chimneys . The moral guilt Blake wants his readers to feel is also increased in this stanza because the reader can now see Tom , an individual young boy , crying at the loss of his beautiful white hair . They now have a name , and there the reader visualizes one more bare-headed sweep crying and aside from his fellow sweep comfortless.