[ اللغة الانجليزية ] : second year " old plan " 2nd term

[Re Re]

اللي فوق poetry 1-2

وهذي poetry 3-4





Norton Anthology The
Page 1049-1050
Read 1st paragraph- 2nd paragraph
- The beginning of the 17th century.
The Restoration period is from the coronation of James 1601 to the coronation of Chares II 1660.
The Puritan Revolution 1640-1660= Puritanism
During the Elizabethan Age, England was ruled by Queen Elizabeth- people lived in peace. There were social problems built they did not come to the surface, in front of the public. They were not expressed by the people. The queen was very clever at that. She used to use the writers and the people of the kingdom, clever speeches by her great power. People could not tell about any problematic or moral issues there. The court was controlling the public, all the affairs of all the people. Nothing was personal at that time. At that time, there was a group of people consisted of few people. Those people had a doctrine and a philosophy that they should have individual liberty, to speak about their own self by their own self. They rejected to be controlled and powered by other person. This was the base of Puritanism. By the passage of time, when the queen era ended, the Jacobean period started 1603-1625- King James ruled the country. A small group of people became intensified. It was not based on justice or on logic. Few people were added to this movement. People started feeling doubt about religion. It started calling for the liberty of man, then religion was added to it. They started questioning religion- Christianity- how to improve Christianity. They started talking to people about it. It became a movement. It was not very strong up till now. Later, in the Caroline Period- the reign of Charles 1, this movement became like a party. It became like a pressure, like a volcano that was about to burst. The reason was that more and more people were becoming part of this movement.
Puritanism was based on that there should not be any entertainment, any colors in life. All life should be pure. Instead of songs, there should be sermons. Instead of theatre and drama, there should be religious sermons. All things should be taken to religious aspects. Their philosophy was that all people should submit to God. They were very extremists. The good thing about their philosophy is that after a period of time, people started not thinking about their relation to God, but they started thinking about their sins. Because of that, science was explored at that period. There were observations on the human being. They started being dominated not by emotions but by facts and ideas.
The 16th century was very imaginative. There were love, women, and emotions. All these things were related to imagination. There was peace, stability. When people started thinking about religion, they started thinking about their stranded of life. They started taking help from science. There was a shift from individual liberty to religion to science. The main features of the 17th century is the liberty of man, science and religion= a mixture of all these.
Before 1660, England passed two wars. There were two civil wars led by the Puritans. These two civil wars took almost 5 years. They were not wars of bloodshed, of killing the people. They were wars of clashing the ideas of the people. They were speech wars. It was like attacking other people with different philosophy. They became so extremists in religion.
After these two civil wars, by 1649, Puritans were able to make their own doctrine that lasted for 20 years. They ruled for 10 years. After the war, the Republic became like a dictatorship. It was ruled by Oliver Cromwell. it continued after the death of Cromwell. So, the reign of the Puritans lasted for 20 years.
In 1660, Charles II was restored. He was crowned. His period started with slow movement, different development, with contrasting ideas. There was peace there. So, the hard period in the 17th century was before 1660. There was restoration of ideas, of different living standards. There were different influences in the restoration period. New ideas were made. Money increased there. Before that, the source of money was the court. After the restoration period, there were lots of professions. New systems of professions were introduced in the restoration period. Rich people started to develop their own philosophy. Each group of the society had its own philosophy. Different sects= religious groups were made. Before restoration, there was controlled religion. After restoration, everybody had liberty to have a standard of religion. So, there was no peace, no development in society.
The literature of that period, as a result of Puritanism, people started criticizing the opposite sects, people who were not good in religions. People started keeping diaries to tell about their own selves, their own analysis of the world, to write down their own point of views. People started writing biographies= the lives of people. People used to write journals, to take the support of the public to the puritans because theatres were banned. There was no prose. Prose was only limited to pamphlets that were published by Puritans. It is a general outlook of the century.
Concerning 17th century literature, it was religious. It was a biased kind of literature. Literature is a reflection of society. Society was dominated by religion, liberty and science. Literature that flourished in the 17th century was basically poetry.
Poetry flourished in the 17th century but not to a considerable extent. There was no drama because there were no theatres. Prose was not a developed kind of writing. It was related and used only in writing pamphlets by the puritans to get the support of the public. There was no considerable prose writer. There were few prose writings. It was all about poetry that was there.
What is poetry? How is poetry different from drama and prose?
The language of poetry is different. There is a difference between the language of drama, prose and poetry. Expressions used are also different. In a novel, we have a lot of details and dialogue. In poetry we have rhyme, meter. It is symbolic, uses symbols. in drama there are a lot of characters and dialogue. Poetry is a reflection of what the poet wants to say.
What is so important about poetry? What do we need to know when studying poetry?
The theme of the poem is the most important thing about a poem. The theme is the main subject, the underlined concept= the main concept.
The language is there, symbols are there, concept is there and theme is there in poetry.
17th century poetry:
Poetry in 17th century is divided into two types. There were two groups.
• The metaphysical group of poets:
Metaphysical poets are those poets who followed John Donne. It is scientific, full of analysis and criticism of human.
• The Cavalier poets.
Cavalier poets are those poets who followed Ben Jonson.
The difference between the poetry of these two groups was that the poetry of the metaphysical poetry was full of wit, religious themes. There was also love poetry but in a very restricted sense, not actual love poetry.
Cavalier poetry was full of joy, fun. It basically focused on women.
There was a difference in the doctrine of John Donne and Ben Jonson.
John Donne is a land mark of the 17th century. He wrote the masterpiece of the 17th century. It is Paradise Lost. His other remarkable works are his sonnets.
He has a literary ear. He used to listen to songs. He used to develop his ideas in poetry. At the age of 30 he got blind after the time of the civil wars. Right after the civil wars he wrote Paradise Lost. He wrote it when he was blind.
In the Elizabethan age, the court was controlling. It was the centre of all activities it the reign of James I and Charles I. It was the court that was controlling the affairs of men. Poets used to write poetry to please the courter. It was the sole purpose for writing poetry. Most of the poetry created at that time was religious.
There was a person who used to give person money to produce a work of literature on his livelihood. Most of the poetry at that time was courtly poetry= it was all about religion. There was no publication of poems. Common people did not have access to poetry at that time. Some people were writing poetry but they did not have access to the court.
Definitions of some literary terms:
Masque: it is a play that is written in verse- poetry often with music and dancing
Madrigal: it is a song with music sung by many singers. It was famous in the 16th century.
Satire: it is to make fun. Most of satire is done in poetry, in couplets= two lines.
Burlesque: it is a kind of a piece of writing in poetry to ridicule, make fun of other person by presenting him in a ridiculous way.
Antagonist: the enemy of the opponent.
Most of the poetry written in the 17th century was in sonnet form. In the 16th century, there was no epic poetry that tells the story of person. It is very long poem. In the 16th century, there were no masques or madrigals. Masque was there at the beginning of the 16th century. It disappeared from poetry in the 17th century.
The other most important thing about poetry was satire. The purpose of satire is to criticize the opponent. Because at that time, there were a lot of sects, they used to criticize each other.
The most common forms of poetry in the 17th century were satire, sonnets, and burlesque. Except of Paradise Lost that is an epic, most of the poetry was sonnets.




Finished
All the Best

What is metaphysical poetry?
The language used in metaphysical poetry is argumentative simple and witty. They used strange and difficult images. Using conceit is the main feature of metaphysical poetry. The Subjects, main themes, main ideas in metaphysical poetry are life and death, the world around. Meta = means beyond physical. It is beyond the physical presences of ideas. It talks about the ideas in a very complicated manner. Only few people can understand it. That is the reason why many people criticized metaphysical poetry. The language is simple, but the ideas hidden in it, metaphors used in metaphysical poetry were great and not easy to understand.

He was the third child of a family of 6 children. He was born in the middle of the 16th century. Most of his family members were Catholic. They were executed. His brother and his father were sent to exile. These circumstances affected John Donne. He suffered the enmity of society. All around him, there was a movement of Protestants. At the age of 16, church had announced that any university student should swear an oath to Protestantism. All Catholic students were sent to other countries by their families. It was the first time he was deprived from joining the university just because of his religion.
The second thing was the death of his father. His mother when he was confused whether to adopt Orthodox or Protestantism. She married another man and it affected him a lot. He started believing that no woman can be loyal. He thought that all women are sinful and deceitful. In his poetry, he keeps on telling these things. A man can not find a woman who is insincere. It was because of the experience of his mother.
He found that if he remained Catholic, he would be deprived from all his rights in England. He was confused whether to turn into Protestantism or remain Catholic. He was immature towards religion.
He was an adventurer. He went to different areas. He had a great career. He became a Protestant. He worked as the secretary of Thomas More who had a daughter. He fell in love with her. He married her. In this period, he wrote love poetry. He found a woman who is sincere. He changed his ideas. Her father sent him to prison. After some time, he came back. He was not able to cancel the marriage. He suffered financial problem because of his marriage. He started thinking of religion. Thomas More accepted the marriage after many years and started giving him money. He kept on trying to enter the Parliament. In 1613, he got a seat in the Parliament. After that was made a dean divinity of St. Paul Church.
During the last year of his life, he wrote remarkable religious poetry.
He has a very tragic life. He has the effect of his life on his ideas, on his language. He is sometimes very serious, very skeptical about life, doubtful about the people. All this affected his poetry. His ideas about God became very clear in his religious poetry that he wrote in the last ten years of his life. He was a preacher at the churches. He wrote hymns and sermons asking God for forgiveness.
Metaphysical poetry is of two kinds; love poetry and religious poetry.
In the first half of the life of John Donne, he wrote love poetry. His love poetry was very few. He is talking about the chastity of a woman. He said that a good woman is a woman who is chaste, purified. In the religious period, he wrote sonnets asking God for forgiveness.
Metaphysical poetry was criticized in the 18th and 19th century. No body was taking John Donne as a remarkable poet. In 20th century, people started realizing that metaphysical poetry is something graceful.
Cavalier poets- Ben Jonson criticized metaphysical poetry. He thought that John Donne had to use a language that is understandable, he needed to be innovated.
The features of Metaphysical poetry:
• It is opposite to Elizabethan or Petrarchian poetry that was love poetry about the mistress, beloved, lovers, the attitude of the mistress. John Donne opposed this idea that poetry should not be all about this. Petrarchian poetry was artificial, conventional and very traditional. The only thing that was there is the sweetness of the verse. It was written in a very sweet language. John Donne opposed this kind of poetry. He wrote metaphysical poetry. It was of passionate thinking. It was realistic. Even when writing love poetry, he has passionate thinking. He uses similes and metaphors. He is asking God for forgiveness in his love poetry. It combines love and religion. It is about the love of God, not about the love of a woman. It is very intellectual. It has a very high standard while talking about life, God and death. It is full of wit= clever expression expresses the idea of antithesis by giving one word. He also uses conceits= comparison between two opposing ideas- for example the conceit of life and death, country and city, reality and unreality. He used to make comparison between two opposing things. It is also full of illusion = not real- about emotions.
• His basic qualities were driven from two important sources; his knowledge of philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. He was inspired by the form of poetry by Italian poets, but not by Petrarchian poets. He was writing most of his poetry in reaction to Petrarchian poetry, opposite to Petrarchian poetry.
• Sources of metaphysical poetry were religion and love.
• Learning in metaphysical poetry, because of language, similes, metaphors, expressions, Eliot said that they can make a big book of similes and metaphors made by these metaphysical poets. The metaphors used by them were not the same as they were used in the poetry before metaphysical poetry. They had new similes and metaphors.
• Obscurity: Metaphysical poetry is obscured. It is full of difficult ideas, opposing ideas. Most of Donne's poetry underlines many conceits and images. his images were very strange
• Affectation and pretension: he used to pretend a lot of things. The criticism directed to the metaphysical poetry was because of the use of a lot of similes, metaphors and hyperbole= exaggeration
• Diction: language; it was rough and coarse language. It was not the language of the upper class. It was the language of the lower class- slang عاميةlanguage.
• Versificationنظم الشعر= the manner of poetry. It was not difficult to understand. He used to use prosaic words.
Batter My Heart
Batter my heart, three-person'd God, for you
As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;
That I may rise and stand, o'erthrow me, and bend
Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me new.
I, like an usurp'd town to'another due,
Labor to'admit you, but oh, to no end;
Reason, your viceroy in me, me should defend,
But is captiv'd, and proves weak or untrue.
Yet dearly'I love you, and would be lov'd fain,
But am betroth'd unto your enemy;
Divorce me,'untie or break that knot again,
Take me to you, imprison me, for I,
Except you'enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me.

It was written in the religious period of his poetry. It is a sonnet of 14 lines.
What is the main theme of the poem?
What is the tone of the poem?
What kind of language is used?
Are there metaphors? Are there similes?
What kind of style is used? Is it simple or complicated?
Batter= beat= hit forcibly
He is ready to be hit to gain forgiveness from God. He is ready for any kind of punishment.
he is talking to God straightaway. he is very straight and clear.
three-person'd God,= father- Son = Christ and the Holy Ghost .
The beginning of the poem shows that the poet is not very hopeful. He is very desperate. He wants any kind of punishment just for the sake of forgiveness.
As yet but knock, breathe, shine, and seek to mend;
he is asking God to deal with him violently. He wants God to wake him up. He asks God to let His light to overwhelm him, to repair him, to deal with his heart violently, to be aggressive with him to mend and repair his soul.
That I may rise and stand,
He may rise, wake up. He needs to realize his presence. He needs to make his relation with God stronger. He has to forget about the world.
o'erthrow me, and bend
He wants God to punish him, do anything to him. He is ready for that. He feels himself a sinful person. He is ready for any kind of punishment.
Your force to break, blow, burn, and make me new.
God can do anything to him. He wants to purify his soul from sin, to wash away his sins. . His heart is hard because of his sins. He wants to be a new one.
I, like an usurp'd town to'another due,

He is like a piece of land that is occupied by the other person illegally, not according to law. He is talking about the past. He was a person whose heart was powered and ruled by another person. His sincerity, love and devotion were to another person who was occupying his heart= Satan. His heart was supposed to be occupied by God.
Labor to'admit you, but oh, to no end;

He tried hard to get rid of this person. He is working hard to be devoted to God, but he is unable. He could not get peace of mind or peace of heart.
Reason, your viceroy in me, me should defend,

He used that power in him that is reason. But it was so weak, not very strong. God had set reason in his heart as His messenger, but Satan did not leave his sincerity to God.



But is captiv'd, and proves weak or untrue.

His reason is captivated because of his weakness. It became very weak. It could not stop him from what he was doing.
Yet dearly'I love you, and would be lov'd fain,

It was his task, what he should have been doing. He wants to be loved by God. He realizes now that he loves God.
But am betroth'd unto your enemy;

The enemy of God is Satan
Betrothed= to be engaged by someone
He was engaged to Satan. It should be used to refer to the relationship between man and woman= to be engaged. Here, he is using it to refer to the relation between him and Satan.
Divorce me,'untie or break that knot again,

He asks God to free him from Satan.
Divorce is also a word that is used in marriage. He gives us the image of a woman who wants to be divorced to marry another person.
Here he uses this word to be untied, separated from the enemy to be devoted, loyal to God.

Take me to you, imprison me, for I,
Except you'enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me.

These three lines are very important.
This is his quest to God. It is like the language of a woman.
He tells God that he loves him so much; he wants to be closer to God. He wants God to set him free from all the problems.
Here we have two images of prisoned person and a free person. he wants to be free from Satan to be the slave of God. if God did not make him His servant, he will never be free.
chaste= purified ravish= capture
He can never be purified unless God posses him.

The conceits used in the poem:
three-person'd God
you'enthrall me, never shall be free,
Nor ever chaste, except you ravish me. = he is using two opposing ideas. He will be free if God posses him.
The poem is a sonnet. It is divided into 4 lines, 4 lines, and 6 lines.
The first 4 lines we have the image of a hard coarse heart that needs to be repaired and mended.
The next 4 lines- we have the image of the usurped town. It is his heart that is controlled by Satan. It is an illegal owner of the heart. It is a paradox. We have the image of a usurped town and a usurped person= a sinful person. Even if he is a sinful person, he wants to have a good relation with God. Like a usurped woman who wants the divorce from her husband to be engaged to another person. He was engaged to Satan. Now, he wants to untie from him and to be in the possession of God.
The language:
Some words in the sonnet have very deep meanings. it tells about passionate thinking like( usurped- batter- ravish) they give a lot of ideas and images.








The roots of metaphysical poetry are basically found in the seventeenth century, when a group of poets, co-incidentally shared some common features of metaphysical wit. The term Metaphysical poetry was used for the first time by Samuel Johnson in his book "Life of Cowley".
The reason for calling these poets as metaphysical poets is the use of wit and far fetched imagery. They yoke together two entirely opposite ideas together and that too with a lot of conviction and authority.
As far as John Donne is concerned, he is probably the most famous of all the metaphysical poets. John Dryden says about John Donne, "He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love."
The imagery used by John Donne is his various poems comprises of far-fetched images.
The metaphysical poets were a small group of English lyric poets of the 17th century who had similar styles and concerns. Their fresh and sophisticated approach to the writing of lyrics was marked by an intellectual quality and an inventive and subtle style, with the use of the metaphysical conceit (a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images). Of this group of poets the work of only two will be covered in this short course: John Donne (1572-1631) and Andrew Marvell (1621-1628). Some of the others were Crashaw, Cleveland, Cowley and Vaughan.
The term "metaphysical poets" was first used by Samuel Johnson (1744), who said that "the metaphysical poets were men of learning, and to show learning was their whole endeavour." He also said of their poetry that "the most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together; nature and art are ransacked for illustrations, comparisons, and allusions…."
Donne, regarded as one of the chief poetic innovators among the metaphysical poets, was reacting against the 16th century (Elizabethan) love lyrics, which embodied courtly-love conventions which idealized women. Donne did not use the sonnet form for his love lyrics He used colloquial language, he abandoned (and sometimes satirized) the courtly mode and focused on individual experience in a way that offered a less static notion of love than many previous poets. However, his view is often a somewhat egotistical view, with the stress on male ownership of women, defining "maleness" against "femaleness" and suggesting the primacy of the man rather than an equal partnership in love. In a sense, the achievement of Donne was to resituate the love poem outside the boundaries of the palace, as it were - that is, outside the courtly tradition.
The emphasis on individual experience mentioned above in relation to love poetry was also an important element of Protestant religious experience. The religious controversies in England (and elsewhere) revolved around matters of the individual conscience in religious matters, as opposed to the supremacy of the Church's authority.
In the work of a key metaphysical poet such as Donne religious poetry and love poetry were not mutually exclusive, and each might contain elements of the other.
Not surprisingly, the themes of rebellion and instability are prominent in 17th century English poetry. Many of the metaphysical poets wrote against the backdrop of revolutionary political developments: continuous internal conflict, the impeachment and beheading (1649) of King Charles I, and the Civil War which followed this and produced, for a while, a radically changed form of government which excluded kingship (1642-1660).

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بالتوفيق لنا جميعا

الله يوفقك وين ما رحتي... ولا يحرمك ما دعيت لك :"")

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بلييز بنات

[Re Re]

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re re ربي يسهل عليك ويحقق امانيك ونجحك في كل المواد يارب

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آمين يارب أجمعين

لا باقي, بس هذا اللي وصلني للحين

[منتدياتي]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة munee.s

بناااات النثر متى نسلم الدكشنري؟؟ وسمعت ان في بحث !!! طيب عن ايش هذا البحث

هو قال ع اساس يوم الاثنين بس بنت قالت لي الاحد مدري الله اعلم

اما البحث تقدري اسلميه بعدين ماقال انسلمه

اخذي اي موضوع من المواضيع اللي اخذناها وتكتبي عنه

مثل البلوث او الايروني اواي شي اخذناها

موفقين

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بالتوفيق لنا جميعا

اللهم يا رحمن يا رحيم يا سميع يا عليم يا غفور يا كريم إني أسألك بعدد من سجدلك في
حرمك المقدس من يوم خلقت الدنيا إلى يوم القيامة أن يطيل عمرك على العمل الصالح وان يحفظ أسرتك وأحبتك وان يبارك عملك ويسعدقلبك وأن يفرج كربك وييسر أمرك وأن يغفر ذنبك ويطهر نفسك وان يبارك سائر ايامك ويوفقك لما يحبه ويرضاه
اللهم أمــين يا رب العالمين

[Stella]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة fatimah ahmad

تفضلي

drsalnef@yahoo.com

ربي يوفقكـ ويسهل لكـ أموركـ

جزاك الله الـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــف خييييييييييييييير
الله يوفق الجميع وييسر علينا

[Roony bnt 7sony]

ري ري الله يوفقك ويسعدك ويسهل عليك ي ررررررررررررررررررررررررب > من قلب وربي ق1


من جد حليتي ازمممممه


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بس مكن سؤال اخير


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يعني عددوها لي للتأكد بس

[رنومه..]

بقولك اياهم بالعربي،،
الي اخذناهم مع عارفه اتوقع نفس الشي،،
باتر ماي هارت/قوود مورو/التر/دايلوق بيتوين سول آند بدي،،