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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
2014- 5- 6 | #71 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÚøÜÇá
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
íÚØíß ÇáÝ ÚÇÝíå ÕÑÇÍå ÔÑÑÍÊí ÇáßËíÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
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2014- 5- 6 | #72 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
íÚØíßã ÇáÚÇÝíå ÌãíÚÇ
Çááí ÝÇåã ÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÓÇÈÚå íÔÑÍååÇ ÚÌÒÊ ÇÝåãåÇ |
2014- 5- 6 | #73 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÍÊì ÇäÇ ãËáß íÇ ÝÑÇæáå
æÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÇáÚÇÔÑå ÈÚÏ íÇáíÊ ÇÍÏ íÔÑÍåÇ |
2014- 5- 6 | #74 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáÕÑÇÍÉ ãÇÚäÏí æÞÊ ÞÇÚÏÉ ÇÐÇßÑ ÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÈÓ áÚíæäß Èßãá ÇáÔÑÍ
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÓÇÈÚÉ Componential Analysis ÊÍáíá ÇáãßæäÇÊ ÇæÊÝßíß ÊÚÑíÝ In componential analysis, the total meaning of a word is being analyzed into a number of distinct components of meaning ( semantic features In the light of relationship such as these we can abstract components ( male ) and ( female ), ( adult ) and (non-adult), plus ( human ) ), "child" is (human), ( non-adult ) åäÇ ÑÍ ÇäÝßßß ÇæäÍáá ßáãÉ ÐßÑ æÇäËì äÈÏÇ ÈÐßÑ äÞæá (ÇäÓÇä –ÈÇáÛ –ÈÔÑ ) ÇáÇäËì (ÇäÓÇä –ÈÇáÛ –ÇäËì )ÇíÖÇ ÇáÐßÑ æÇáÇäËì ÇÐÇ ßÇä ØÝá äÞæá ÛíÑ ÈÇáÛ ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ØÝá (ÇäÓÇä –ÛíÑ ÈÇáÛ )åäÇ ÇáÈÔÑ , ( bovine ) and ( ovine ).Thus, "ewe" is ( ovine ), ( female ), ( adult äÌí ááÍíæÇäÇÊ áãá äÝßß ßáãÉ äÚÌÉ (ÇÛäÇã –ÇäËì-ÈÇáÛ) æåßÐÇ But the "come/go" and "bring/take åäÇ åÐì ÇáßáãÇÊ ãÇíãßä äÝßßåÇ ÇÐÇ äÞæá ÚäåÇ not all components are related to simple physical features)) ÇíÖÇ ÊÍáíá ÇáßáãÉ íÌí ÈÑãæÒ ãËá ÇáãæÌÈ æÇáÓÇáÈ a clear distinction ááÊãííÒ æÇÖÍ Èíä ÇáßáãÇÊ ãËáÇ ÇáÐßÑ äÑãÒ áÉ È + æÇáÇäËì – æÇáÌãÇÏ ÓÇáÈ æãæÌÈ ãÚ ÈÚÖ åäÇ ãËÇá Pregnant man )) ßíÝ äÝßßåÇ äÞæá (+male) and pregnant as (-male), ÞáäÇ Ýí ÇáÇæáÉ ÑÌá ÐßÑ ãæÌÈ Ýí ÇáËÇäíÉ ÞáäÇ ÐßÑ ÓÇáÈ áíÔ áÇä ßáãÉ (ÇáÍãá )Ýí ÇáãËÇá ÊÑÌÚ ááÇäËì ÇáÑÌá ãÇ íÍãá ÝÍØíäÇ ÓÇáÈ áÇäåÇ ÕÝÉ ÊÑÌÚ ááÇäËì Componential analysis can handle all the sense relations we have discussed, but it handles some sense relations better than others like( hyponyms and conversess ÇÎÑ Ôí äÞæá ÊÍáíá ÇáãßæäÇÊ íÊÚÇãá ãÚ ÌãíÚ ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ãäåÇ ÇáÔãæá æÇáÊÖÇÏ ÇáÊÖÇÏ ãËá ÇáæÇáÏíä æÇáØÝá ßáãÊíä ãÊÖÇÏÉ ÈÓ äÍááåÇ ÇíÖÇ ÇáÔãæá ãËá ÇáÐßÑ æÇáÇäËì ßáåã íÑÌÚæä áßáãÉ ßÇÆä Íí ÇæÍí æßæä ÊÍáíåÇ (+animate, +male/-male) ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ |
2014- 5- 6 | #75 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
Çááå íæÝÞß íÇáæÝáí æíÓåá Úáíß ÇÎÊÈÇÑß
ãÇÞÕÑÊí |
2014- 5- 6 | #76 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÚÇÔÑÉ
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ßáåÇ ÊÚÇÑíÝ Sentences & Utterances ÇáÌãáÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáßáÇãíÉ Çæ ÇáãäØæÞÉ ÊÚÑíÝ An utterance is any stretch of talk, by one person, before and after which there is silence on the part of that person An utterance is the use of a piece of language ( one or more word / phrase / sentence ) by a particular speaker on a particular occasion ÊÚÑíÝ A sentence is neither a physical event nor a physical object. It is an abstract string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. o A sentence, then, exists abstractly in the mind of language speakers before they say it or write it. o A sentence can be thought of as the ideal string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions ßíÞ äÚÑÝ äÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÌãáÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇáßáÇãíÉ ãËÇá( "There is a car coming) åäÇ ÚäÏäÇ ÌãáÉ æÍÏÉ áÇßä ÚäÏäÇ ÇíÖÇ ÚÈÇÑÊíä ßáÇãíÊíä ßíÝ áæ äÑßÒ Ôæí Ýí ÇáÌãáÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ Çä åäÇß ÓíÇÑÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ ÇÎÑì ÇáÓíÇÑÉ ÞÇÏãÉ ÇÐÇ äÓÊäÊÌ Çä ÇáÌãáÉ ÊßÊÈ æÇÍÏÉ æÇáÚÈÇÑÉ ÇËäÊíä äÞæá we have one sentence, but you made two different utterances)) ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÊÞÑíÑ ßáÇãí A constatives utterance is an utterance with which the speaker describes something which may be true or false ãËÇá ÚáíÉ I'm trying to get this box open with a screwdriver) ) ÇäÇ ÇÍÇæá ÇÝÊÍ ÇáÕäÏæÞ ÈÇáãÝß åäÇ ÇáãäØæÞ Çæ ÇáßáÇã íßæä ÕÍ ÇæÎØÇÁ íÚäí ããßä Çä ÝÊÍÉ ÈÇáãÝß ÕÍ æããßä ÛáØ ÊÚÑíÝ ßáÇã ÇÏÇÆí Çæ ãäØæÞ ÇÏÇÆí Performatives utterance is an utterance that does not report or "constate" anything and is not "true or false". ãËÇá ÚáíÉ (I name this ship Discovery)åäÇ ãÇÝíÉ äÞÇÔ áßáÇã íÚäì ãÇÚØÇäÇ ÈíÇäÇÊ Úä ÇäÉ ÕÍ Çæ ÎØÇÁ ÚáØæá ÚØÇäÇ ÇÓã ÇáÓÝíäÉ æÎáÇÕ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÝÚá ÇáÇÏÇÆí A Performative verb is one which, when used in a positive simple present tense sentence with a 1st person singular subject, can make the utterance of that sentence performative ãËÇá ÚáíÉ I thank you all for attending)) åäÇ ÇÓÊÎÏãäÇ ÝÚá Ýí ÇáßáÇã ÈÔßá ÇíÌÇÈí åäÇ ÇáÝÚá ËÇäß ÔßÑ ÇíÖÇ ããßä íÌí ÇÚÊÐÇÑ Çæ æÚÏ Performatives can be either explicit or implicit ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÇÏÇÁ ÇáÕÑíÍ . o An explicit performative contains a performative verb naming the act. E.g. I order you to go.åäÇ Ýí ÇáãËÇá íÞæá ÈÕÑÇÍÉ ÇäÇØáÈÊ ÇæÇãÑÊß ÊÑæÍ Çæ ÊÐåÈ ÌÇÊ åäÇ ÇãÑ æ ÊÌí ÈÚÏ ßÇäÉ íÍÐÑÉ ÊÚÑíÝ ÇáÇÏÇÁ ÇáÊÇã Çæ ÇáãÝåæã o An implicit performative does not contain a performative verb naming the act. E.g. Go. åäÇ ÇáãËÇá íÞæá ÈÔßá ÈÓíØ ÇÐåÈ æÈÓ Constatives Vs. Performative a performative utterance performs some act and simultaneously describes that act. On the other hand, a constative utterance does NOT perform the act ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÇÏÇÆí æÇáÊÞÑíÑí Çä ÇáÇÏÇÆí íáÊÒã ÈÇáÝÚá æíÄÏíÉ æÇáÊÞÑíÑí ÚßÓ ãÇíáÊÒã ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ |
2014- 5- 6 | #77 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
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2014- 5- 6 | #78 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
æÇááå íÇáæÝáí ãÇ ÇÏÑí æÔ ÇÞæáß
Çááå íÇÑÈí íæÝÞß æíÓÚÏß |
2014- 5- 6 | #79 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÃáÜãÜÇÓÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÚäÏí ÑÇí áß íÇ áæÝáí
ÇÐÇ ÚäÏß Çáíæã ÇÎÊÈÇÑ Îáíß ÈÇÎÊÈÇÑß æÈÚÏ ãÇ ÊÎáÕíä ÇÑÌÚí æßãáí ÔÑÍ áÇä ÑÇÍÌ íßæä Ýíå íæãíä ááãÐÇßÑå æÇáãÑÇÌÚå æáÇ ÊÌåíä äÝÓß æÊÖÛØíäåÇ ÑÈí íÓÚÏß |
2014- 5- 6 | #80 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
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ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ ÚÔÑ
Co-operative Principle ÇáÊÚÇæä ÇËäÇÁ ÇáÍÏíË Çæ ãÈÏÇ ÇáÊÚÇæä ÝíÉ ÇÓÇÓíÇÊ íÌÈ ÇáÇáÊÒÇã ÈåÇ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÏËÉ æåí In a normal conversation, a speaker tries to: 1. Give relatively specific answers to questions. 2. Give new information that the hearer doesn't already know. 3. Give information that is relevant to the topic of conversation 4. Give information in a way that is easy to understand 5. Avoid ambiguity, or potentially misleading statement ÊÚÑíÝ the Co-operative principle, the social rule which speakers try to follow in conversation. The Co-operative principle can be stated simply as " be as helpful to your hearer as you can Maxims of Grice ÇáËæÇÈÊ Çáí æÖÚÊå ÛÑÇíÓ 1. Maxims of Quality : Truthfulness – do not say what you believe to be false. ÇáÕÏÞ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈÇáÕÏÞ æãÇíÞæá Ôí æåæ ÚÇÑÝ ÇäÉ ÎØÇÁ 2. Maxims of Relation : Relevance – keep to the topic of the conversation. ÇáÕáÉ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈãæÖæÚ ÇáÍÏíË æáÇíÎÑÌ Úä ÇáãæÖæÚ 3. Maxims of Quantity: Informativeness – tell the hearer just what he needs to know, no more and no less. áÇÇÞá æáÇÇßËÑ íáÊÒã ÇáãÊßáã ÈÇáÔí Çáí íÎÕ ÇáÓÄÇá ÝÞØ ÈÏæä ÒíÇÏÉ 4. Maxims of Manner : Clarity – speak in a way that the hearer will understand. ÇáæÖæÚ ÇáÊßáã ÈØÑíÞÉ æÇÖÍå íÝåãåÇ ÇáÓÇãÚ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 14 ÝíÉ ÇãËáÉ ÊÎÕ ßá äæÚ ãä åÐì ÇáËæÇÈÊ Implicature ÇáãÝåæã Çæ ÇáÇÓÊÏáÇá ãä ÇáßáÇã ÊÚÑíÝ Implicature is a concept of utterance meaning ( as opposed to sentence meaning Implicature is related to the method through which speakers understand the indirect illocutions of utterances íÚäí äÝåã Çæ äÓÊäÊÌ ãÚäì ãä ÇáßáÇã æåæ ãÇåæ ãßÊæÈ Çæ äÝåãÉ æäÓÊäÊÌÉ ãä ßáÇã ÇáãÊßáã ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ |
ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
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