[ مذاكرة جماعية ] : النقد الأدبي تلخيص على شكل اسئلة

[أسيرة المشاعر]

الله يجزاك خير بس عندي ملاحظه هنا مدري صح او لا في سؤال 9

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة ayosha

lecture 7 part1

what is the russian formalist movement ?
a school of literary scholarship that originated and flourished in russia

2) when did they flourish?
the second decade of the 20th century (1920’s)

3)when were they suppressed ?
in the 1930’s

4)who was it championed by ?
unorthodox philologists and literary historians

5) give examples of people who championed the russian formalist movement ?
boris eichenbaum, roman jakobson, viktor shklovsky, boris tomashevsky, and yuri tynyanov

6) what were its centres?
the moscow linguistic circle founded in 1915
the petrograd society for the study of poetic language (opoyaz) formed in 1916

7) what was opoyaz?
petrograd society for the study of poetic language

8)their project were stated in what books?
poetics: Studies in the theory of poetic language (1919)
modern russian poetry (1921)

9) who wrote modern russian poetry?
modern russian poetry أخت عايشه مو المفروض الجواب يكون roman jakobson


10)when did the bolshevik revolution happen?
1917

11)how did russia view literature prior to 1917 ?
it romanticized literature and viewed literature from a religious perspective

12) what happened after 1917?
literature began to be observed and analyzed

13) what did the formalist perspective encourage?
the study of literature from an objective and scientific lens

14)who labeled the opoyaz group as the "formalist"
its opponents

15)what did the opoyaz group prefer to be called ?
the "morphological" approach or “specifiers”

16) who ere the most important formalist critics?
viktor shklovsky, yuri tynianov, vladimir propp, boris eichenbaum, roman jakobson, boris tomashevsky, grigory gukovsky

17) these names revolutionized literary criticism between when and when ?
between 1914 and the 1930s

18) how did they do that ?
by establishing the specificity and autonomy of poetic language and literature

19)russian formalism exerted a major influence on thinkers like who?
mikhail bakhtin and yuri lotman

20)the formalist project had two objectives , what were they ?
the emphasis on the literary work and its component parts
the autonomy of literary scholarship

21) formalism wanted to solve what ?
the methodological confusion which prevailed in traditional literary studies

22)what did they want to establish?
literary scholarship as a distinct and autonomous field of study

23) formalists were not interested in what ?

the psychology and biography of the author.
The religious, moral, or political value of literature.
The symbolism in literature.
Formalism strives to force literary or artwork to stand on its own
people (i.e., author, reader) are not important
the formalists rejected traditional definitions of literature. They had a deep-seated distrust of psychology.
They rejected the theories that locate literary meaning in the poet rather than the poem – the theories that invoke a "faculty of mind" conducive to poetic creation.
They had little use for all the talk about "intuition," "imagination," "genius," and the like


24) in the subject of literature it was necessary to the formalists to do what ?
to narrow down the definition of literature

25) who said "the subject of literary scholarship is not literature in its totality but literariness (literaturnost'), i.e., that which makes of a given work a work of literature.” ?
roman jakobson

26) who said "the literary scholar ought to be concerned solely with the inquiry into the distinguishing features of the literary materials.” ?
eichenbaum

27) russian formalists argued that literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language

28) what did they purpose?
fundamental opposition between the literary (or poetic) use of language and the ordinary (practical) use of language

29)ordinary language aims at what?
communicating a message by reference to the world outside the message

30)literature was what ?
a specialized mode of language. It does not aim at communicating a message and its reference is not to the world but to itself.

31)literariness, according to jan mukarovsky, consists in what ?
“the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance,”

32) what is “the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance”?
the foregrounding of “the act of expression, the act of speech itself.”

33) what does to foreground mean?
to bring into high prominence.

34) what is the result of backgrounding the referential aspect of language ?
poetry makes the words themselves palpable as phonic sounds

35) by foreground its linguistic medium the primary aim of literature is what ?
is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange

36) who said is to estrange or defamiliarize or make strange ?
victor shklovsky

[ayosha]

lecture 9


who is Structuralism usually designates to ?
group of French thinkers

2) what were they influenced by?
Ferdinand de Saussure’s theory of language

3) when were they active ?
the 1950s and 60s

4) what concepts did they apply?
structural linguistics to the study of social and cultural phenomenon, including literature

5) where did Structuralism developed first ?
in anthropology with Claude Levi-Strauss

6) where did it develop after that ?
in literary and cultural studies with Roman Jackobson, Roland Barthes, Gerard Gennette

7) where did it develop after that ?
in Psychoanalysis with Jacques Lacan

8) where did it develop after the ?
Intellectual History with Michel Foucault and Marxist Theory with Louis Althusser.

9) what school did they form?
these thinkers never formed a school but it was under the label “Structuralism”

10) when did their work circulate?
their work circulated in the 1960s and 70s


11)what is structuralism interested in with literary studies?
the conventions and the structures of the literary work (the text itself not the author)

12) structuralism does not seek to produce new interpretations of literary works , but what ?
understand and explain how these works can have the meanings and effects that they do

13)what is semiotics ?
the general science of signs
the general study of signs in behaviour and communication that avoids philosophical speculation and cultural critiques that marked Structuralism.

14) who was Roland Barthes ?
one of the most prominent figures in French Structuralism

15)what was his work about?
the function of the author in literature

16) who wrote “The Death of the Author”?
Roland Barthes

17) where did he write it ?
his book Image, Music, Text

18) who translated his book?
Stephen Heath

19) Barthes reminds the reader in this essay that the idea of the “author” is what ?
a modren invention

20) when did the author emerge ?
It emerged with English empiricism when society discovered the prestige of the individual,

21)Literature is tyrannically centred on what ?
the author, his life, person, tastes and passions

22) where is the explanation of a text sought ?
in the person who produced it

23)In ethnographic societies, the responsibility for a narrative is never assumed by a person but ?
by a mediator, a relator

24) where is the explanation of a work always sought ?
in the man or woman who produced it

25) who reigns supreme in histories of literature biographies of writers, interviews, magazines ?
the author

26) Literary criticism and literature in general are enslaved to ?
the author

27)The reader, the critic, the historian all read the text of literature only to try to discover ?
the author, his life, his personality, his biography, psychology etc.

28)Barthes proposes that literature and criticism dispose of ?
the author

29) what happens once the author is removed?
the claim to decipher a text becomes quite futile

30) what happens to the professional critics who claims to be the guardian of the text ?
he looses his position. All readings become equal

31) what does Roland Barthes question?
the traditional idea that the meaning of the literary text and the production of the literary text should be traced solely to a single author

32)Structuralism and Poststructuralism proved what?
d that meaning is not fixed by or located in the author’s ‘intention.’


33)Barthes rejected the idea that literature and criticism should rely on what?
“a single self-determining author, in control of his meanings, who fulfils his intentions and only his intentions

34)according to Roland Barthes, who speaks ?
it is language that speaks and not the author who no longer determines meaning

35) why does barthe want literature to move away from the idea of the author ?
to discover the reader, and more importantly, in order to discover writing

36) a text is not a message of an author but?
“a multidimensional space where a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash.”

37)a text is made of what?
multiple writings, drawn from many cultures and entering into mutual relations of dialogue, parody, contestation

38) who should be the focus of interpretation ?
the reader not the author

39)what doe we mean by the text is plural?
“a tissue of quotations,” a woven fabric with citations, references, echoes, cultural languages

40)the author is always conceived of as ?
the past of his own book

41) book and author stand automatically on a single line divided in to what?
into a before and an after

42) what do we mean but he author is thought to nourish the book ?
he exists before it, thinks, suffers, lives for it, is in the same relation of antecedence to his work as a father to his child


43) when is the modern scriptor born ?
simultaneously with the tex

44) who is the modern scriptor ?
the hand cut off from any voice. He is borne by a pure gesture of inscription (and not of expression)

[ayosha]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة أسيرة المشاعر

الله يجزاك خير بس عندي ملاحظه هنا مدري صح او لا في سؤال 9

جزاك الله خير
كلامك صحيح

[فتاة الخبر]

كلمات الشكر والتقدير لا تفي بحقكم اخت عيوش ونهر العطا جعلها الله في موازين حسسناتكم ويرزقكم اكثر مما تتمنون

[ayosha]

المحاضرات من 1-9

[ayosha]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة فتاة الخبر

كلمات الشكر والتقدير لا تفي بحقكم اخت عيوش ونهر العطا جعلها الله في موازين حسسناتكم ويرزقكم اكثر مما تتمنون

الله يجزاك خير

[نهرالعطا]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة فتاة الخبر

كلمات الشكر والتقدير لا تفي بحقكم اخت عيوش ونهر العطا جعلها الله في موازين حسسناتكم ويرزقكم اكثر مما تتمنون

معليش اختي انا ابدا ما سويت شي


المستوى هذا كله ع اكتاف ayosha انا ابدا ما سويت شي ولا شاركت بشئ


الله يكتب اجرها ويوفقها

[شذى الورد 22]

جزاك الله الف خير

[ayosha]

lecture 10


1) who wrote "What is an Author?”?
Michel Foucault

2)what does Foucault questions ?
the most basic assumptions about authorship

3) who said It "came into being,” he explains, at a particular moment in history, and it may pass out of being at some future moment ?
Michel Foucault

4) what is he talking about ?
authorship

5)how does Foucault describe the way we see authors?
as individuals, heroic figures who somehow transcend or exist outside history

6) who urged critics to realize that they could "do without [the author] and study the work itself ?
Barthes

7) what did Foucault think of that?
it’s not realistic.

8)Foucault suggests that critics like Barthes and Derrida never really get rid of the author but do what ?
instead merely reassigns the author's powers and privileges to "writing" or to "language itself

9)Foucault doesn't want his readers to assume that the question of authorship has what ?
already been solved by critics like Barthes and Derrida.

10)Foucault says the names of authors often serve as what ?
a "classifactory" function.

11) how is an average bookstore is organized ?
by author

12) who introduced the concept of the "author function “?
Foucault

13)what is the "author function”?
It is not a person and it should not be confused with either the "author" or the "writer." it’s more like a set of beliefs or assumptions governing the production, circulation, classification and consumption of texts.

14)Foucault identifies and describes how many characteristics of the "author function” ?
4

15) what are they ?
1. The "author function" is linked to the legal system
2. The "author function" does not affect all texts in the same way
3. The "author function" is more complex than it seems to be
4. The term "author" doesn't refer purely and simply to a real individual

16) what do we mean by linked to a legal system ?
There is the need here to have names attached to statements made in case there is a need to punish someone for transgressive things that get said.

17)explain does not affect all texts in the same way?
it doesn't seem to affect scientific texts as much as it affects literary texts. If a chemistry teacher is talking about the periodic table, you probably wouldn't stop her and say, "Wait a minute--who's the author of this table?" If I'm talking about a poem, however, you might very well stop me and ask me about its author

18)what do we mean by doesn't refer purely and simply to a real individual ?
The "author" is much like the "narrator," Foucault suggests, in that he or she can be an "alter ego" for the actual flesh-and-blood "writer.”

19)Foucault shows that the "author function" applies not only to individual works but what ?
larger discourses

20)who raises the possibility of doing a "historical analysis of discourse “?
Foucault

21) what has operated differently in different places and at different times ?
the "author function"

22) how did Foucault begin his essay?
by questioning our tendency to imagine "authors" as individuals isolated from the rest of society

23) who argues that the author is not a source of infinite meaning, but rather part of a systemof beliefs that serve to limit and restrict meaning ?
Foucault

24) what does Foucault agree with Barthes on?
that the "author function" may soon "disappear

25) what does he disagree with him ?
that instead of the limiting and restrictive "author function," we will have some kind of absolute freedom

26) what does he think will happen ?
one set of restrictions and limits (the author function) will give way to another set there must and will always be some "system of constraint" working upon us

[ayosha]

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة نهرالعطا

معليش اختي انا ابدا ما سويت شي


المستوى هذا كله ع اكتاف ayosha انا ابدا ما سويت شي ولا شاركت بشئ


الله يكتب اجرها ويوفقها

إنتي ماتقصرين والله يجزاك الف خير على كل الي تسوينه

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة شذى الورد 22

جزاك الله الف خير