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ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáßæíÒÇÊÅÖÇÝÉ ßæíÒãæÇÚíÏ ÇáÊÓÌíá ÇáÊÚáíãÜÜÜÇÊ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ  

E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum

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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÐßÑ Çááå Ýí Íáß æ ÊÑÍÇáß
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English language
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ:
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ÇáãÔÇÑßÜÇÊ: 346
 
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ÕÈÇÍ ÇáÎíÑ -
ÈãÇ Çä ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÞÑíÈÉ ÝÞáÊ ÈÝÊÍ ãæÖæÚ ÚáÔÇä ãÇÏÉ ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß áÇä ÕÑÇÍÉ ãÇ ÍÓíÊ ÈãÔÇÚÑ æÏ ÊÌÇååÇ
æ ÇÔÑÔÍåÇ Ôæí íãßä ÊÏÎá Ýí ÇáãÎíÎ ÈÚÖ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ


äÔæÝ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì æÔ ÊÈí ãäÇ ÈÇáÖÈØ
ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÇÁ
ÊÞæá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ
Both Semantics and Pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully
ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß æ ÇáÏáÇáÉ ãÚäÇåÇ ÞÏÑÉ ÇáäÇÓ Úáì ÇÓÊÚãÇá æ ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇááÛÉ æ ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇáãäÇÓÈ æÇáãÝåæã ÈæÇÓØÉ Êáß ÇááÛÉ (æÎíÑ ÇáßáÇã ãÇ Þá æ Ïá )


semantics is mainly concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system
ÇáÏáÇáÉ ÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáÔÎÕ ÈãÚäì Çäå ãÊãßä æ ÚäÏå ßÝÇÁÉ Ýí ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇááÛÉ (ÇáÏáÇá Çááí Ýí ÓæÞ ÇáÍÑÇÌ ) áÇÊäÓæä åÐí ÇáäÞØÉ
pragmatics is a person’s ability to derive meaning from specific kinds of speech situations
åäÇ ãÑÈØ ÇáÝÑÓ
æÔ åæ ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß _ åí ÊÑßíÒ ÇáÔÎÕ Úáì ÇÓÊäÊÇÌ ÇáãÚäì ( ÇäÓÇä áÈíÈ ) íÚÑÝ íÓÊäÊÌ ÇáãÚäì ãä ÇáßáÇã
ãËáÇ áæ ÇÞæá ÈßÑÉ ÑÇÍ ÇÔÊÑí ØÞã ÐåÈ __åäÇ ÇáÇäÓÇä ÇááÈíÈ ÑÇÍ íÓÊäÊÌ Çä ÚäÏí ÝáæÓ Çæ Çäí ÛäíÉ æ ÑÇÍ ÇÔÊÑí åÏíÉ áÇÍÏ ãËáÇ Çæ ÇÍÊÝÙ Ýíå áãäÇÓÈÉ Çæ ÇÍÏ ãæÕíäí ÇÔÑí áå ÇáØÞã Ýßá ÇáÍÇáÇÊ Èíäåã ÚÇãá ãÔÊÑß Çááí åæ ÇáÐåÈ ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝÊ ÇáÇÛÑÇÖ _ÇáÇåÏÇÁ _ÇáÇÞÊäÇÁ_ÊäÝíÐ ÇãÑ ÔÑÇÁ áÇÍÏ ãä ÇáÇÎæÇÊ
----------


Utterance vs. Sentence
ÇáßáÇã æ ÇáÌãáÉ
ÇáßáÇã åæ ÇáÍÏË íÚäí ßáäÇ äÊßáã æ íäÊåí ßáÇãäÇ ÈãÌÑÏ ÊÍÞíÞ ÇáåÏÝ ãä ÇáßáÇã
ÇáÌãáÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÑßíÈ ÇáßáãÇÊ ÈÔßá ãÊÓáÓá æãÝíÏ ãËáÇ ÝÇÚá æ ÝÚá æ ãÝÚæá Èå ÇáÎ
ãÚäì ÇáßáÇã åæ äÝÓå ãÚäì ÇáÌãáÉ
äÚÑÝ ãÚäì ÇáÌãáÉ ãä ÎáÇá ßáÇã ÇáÔÎÕ æ ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÌãáÉ äÍæíÇ
ãËáÇ ÇåÏíÊ áß íÇ ÕÏíÞÊí ØÞã ÇáÐåÈ __áÇäåÇ ÌÇÈÊ ãæáæÏ
ÑÇÍ ÇááÈÓ ÇáØÞã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÇáÌÇí __áÇä Ýí ÍÝá æ Çä ãä ÒãÇä ãÇ áÈÓÊ ÐåÈ
--------


Implicature
ÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáÇÖÇÝÉ
áæ ÇÍÏ íÊßáã ÊáÞÇÆíÇ ÇáÓÇãÚ ÑÇÍ íÖíÝ Ýí Ðåäå ãÚáæãÇÊ ÇÖÇÝíÉ áÇ ÇÑÇÏíÇ
ãËÇá
Barbara: How did you do on the examination
Adam: I think I’ll just drop this course.
Jim: Would you like to go shopping tomorrow night
Laura: We have guests coming from out of town

ÈÇáÚÑÈí ÇáÝÕíÍ
äæÑÉ : ÊÚÇáí ááÞåæÉ ÇáÚÕÑ (ÊÑÏ äæÝ )
äæÝ: ÑÇÍ ÇØáÚ ááãÔÛá
äæÑÉ ÝåãÊ ãä åÐÇ ÇáÑÏ Çä äæÝ ãÇ ÑÇÍ ÊÌí áåÇ
______________


Prosody: A spoken utterance consists of more than just words. In speech, meanings are communicated not only by what is said but also by how it is said. For example,
ÇáßáÇã ãæ ÈÓ ßáãÇÊ 0 ØÑíÞÉ ÇáßáÇã æ ßíÝ äÊßáã åí ÇíÖÇ ÊÚØí ãÚäì æ åÐÇ íÓãì ÇáÚÑæÖ ãËáÇ
Non-verbal communication ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÛíÑ ÇááÝÙí
ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÕæÊ ãËá ÇáÖÍß Çæ ÇáÈßÇÁ æ íÓãæäåÇ paralanguage
gestures
ÇáÅíãÇÁÇÊ¡ " áÛÉ ÇáÌÓÏvisual signs
Nodding the head in response to an utteranc
ÇáÇíãÇÁ ÈÇáÑÇÓ
Pretending to yawn, with finger tips in front of mouth.
ÇáÊËÇÄÈ
Holding up a thumb from a closed fist.
ÑÇÝÚ Ç ÇáÅÈåÇã ãä ÇáíÏ æåí ãÞÈæÖÉ
Pinching one’s nose closed with thumb and forefinger
ÅÛáÇÞ ÇáÃäÝ ÈÞÑÕå ÈÇáÅÈåÇã æÇáÓÈÇÈÉ.
Shoulders are moved upward and down again, possibly repeated (‘shrugging shoulders’
ÊÍÑíß ÇáßÊÝíä ááÃÚáì æááÃÓÝá
The palm of one hand is brought up and slaps smartly against the forehead
ßÝ ÅÍÏì ÇáÃíÏí íÑÝÚ æíÕÝÚ ÈÓÑÚÉ ÈÇÊÌÇå ÇáÌÈåÉ.
The hand, slightly cupped, is pulled across the forehead as if wiping something away
ÇáíÏ¡ ãÞÚÑÉ ÞáíáÇð¡ íÊã ÓÍÈåÇ ÚÈÑ ÇáÌÈåÉ ßãÇ áæ ßÇä íãÓÍ ÔíÆÇð ÚäåÇ



æ ÎáÕäÇ ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ äæäå ÇáÍáæÉ ; 2015- 11- 30 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 08:35 PM
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 2   #2
Sitah.Alotaibi
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ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Sitah.Alotaibi
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÐßÑ Çááå Ýí Íáß æ ÊÑÍÇáß
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English language
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
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Sitah.Alotaibi ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...

Lecture 1

Semantic Relations Among words




Synonyms
are two or more forms with very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, interchangeable in sentences
ãËá broad/wide, almost/nearly
ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáßáãÇÊ Çááí ãÊÞÇÑÈÉ Ýí ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ãæ ÏÇíã
There is no “total sameness
íÚäí ÇáßáãÉ ÇÐÇ ÌÊ ÇÍíÇäÇ Ýí ÌãáÉ ãÇ ÊÖÈØ ãÚåÇ ãËá ßáãÉ reply ãÇ íäÝÚ ÊÍá ãÍá ßáãÉ answer áÇä Ýí ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÇæáì ÊÌí ÈãÚäì áÇíäÇÓÈ ÓíÇÞ ÇáÌãáÉ


Cathy had only one answer correct on the test




antonyms
Two forms with opposite meanings
íÚäí ÇáßáãÉ æ ÚßÓåÇ
ãËá quick/slow, rich/poor
--------
Gradable antonyms
åÐÇ íÓãì ÊÖÇÏ ÇáãÞÇÑäÇÊ


bigger than/smaller than
ÇßÈÑ ãä - ÇÕÛÑ ãä


The negative of one member of the pair does not imply the other: He is not old does not imply He is young.
ãÇ åæ ÚßÓ ãä ÃÍÏ
ÇáÒæÌíä áÇ íÚäí ÇáÂÎÑ: åæ áíÓ ÈÚÌæÒ áÇ íÚäí Ãäå ÔÇÈ.
ãÚ ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ

With non-gradable antonym, the negative of one does indeed imply the other: He is not dead means He is alive.


ãÚ ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ ÇáÛíÑ ÞÇÈáÉ ááÊÞÏíÑ¡ ÚßÓ ÃÍÏåã íÚäí Ýí ÇáæÇÞÚ ÇáÂÎÑ: åæ áã íãÊ íÚäí Ãäå Úáì ÞíÏ ÇáÍíÇÉ.
Reversives
mean not negative but to do the reverse
áÇ íÚäí ÇáäÞíÖ æáßä ÇáÞíÇã ÈÇáÚßÓ


tie/untie


hyponym means the meaning of form is included in the meaning of another, e.g., tulip is hyponym of flower, dog/animal, Chihuahua/dog, carrot/vegetable


ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáßáãÉ æÕäÝåÇ íÚäí íÊã ÊÖãíä ãÚäì ÇáäãæÐÌ Ýí ãÚäì ÂÎÑ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ¡ ÇáÎÒÇãì åæ ãä ÇáÒåÑÉ
When two or more different written forms have the same pronunciation, they are homophones, e.g., meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, sew/so, see/sea, bare/bear.


ÚäÏãÇ íßæä ÇËäíä Ãæ ÃßËÑ ãä ÃÔßÇá ãÎÊáÝÉ ÈÇáßÊÇÈÉ æáßä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ¡ Ýåí homophones .
meat ãíÊ ÊÚäí áÍã / meet ãíÊ ÊÚäí áÞÇÁ ¡ flower ÝáÇæÑ ÊÚäí ÒåÑÉ / flour ÝáÇæÑ ÊÚäí ØÍíä.

When one form has two or more unrelated meanings, they are homonyms, e.g., bank (of a river) – bank (financial institute), bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sport), race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group), mole (on skin-animal)
1.ÚäÏãÇ íßæä Ôßá æÇÍÏ áå ãÚäííä Ãæ ÃßËÑ áÇ ÚáÇÞÉ áåãÇ ÈÈÚÖ¡ Ýåæ homonyms ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ Èäß )äåÑ( - Èäß
)ãÄÓÓÉ ãÇáíÉ(¡ ÈÇÊ )ÎÝÇÔ( - ÈÇÊ )ÇáÚÕÇ ÇáãÓÊÎÏãÉ Ýí ÇáÑíÇÖÉ(¡ ÑíÓ )ãÓÇÈÞÉ ÇáÓÑÚÉ( - ÑíÓ )ãÌãæÚÉ ÚÑÞíÉ



When one form has multiple meanings that are all related by extension, it is polysemy, e.g., head (the top of your body/the top of a company), foot (of a person, of bed, of mountain), run (person does, water does, color does).
3.ÚäÏãÇ íßæä Ôßá æÇÍÏ áå ãÚÇäí ãÊÚÏÏÉ æÊÑÊÈØ ÌãíÚåÇ ÇãÊÏÇÏ Çð¡ ÝÅäå polysemy ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ head ) ÇáÌÒÁ
ÇáÚáæí ãä ÌÓãß / ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÚáæí ãä ÔÑßÉ ( æ foot ) ÞÏã¡ ãÞÏãÉ ÇáÓÑíÑ¡ ãä ÇáÌÈá (¡ run )ÔÎÕ íÑßÖ ¡ æÇáãíÇå
ÊÌÑí ¡ Çááæä íÓíÍ(
How do you distinguish between homonymy and polysemy? Via dictionary.
Date (a point in time) -Date (fleshy fruit)
So they are homonyms.
Date)on a letter)
Date)an appointment)
Date)a social meeting with someone)
So they are polysemy.
ßíÝ íãßäß ÇáÊãííÒ Èíä ÇáÊÌÇäÓ æ ÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäí ¿ Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáÞÇãæÓ
date ÊÇÑíÎ( - date )
Ýåæ homonyms )áÃä ÇáßáãÉ äÝÓåÇ áßä ÇáãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ ÊãÇã Çð
date ÊÇÑíÎ Úáì ÑÓÇá
date ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáãæÚÏ
date ÊÇÑíÎ áÞÇÁ ÅÌÊãÇÚí ãÚ ÔÎÕ ãÇ
Ýåæ polysemy áÃä ÇáßáãÉ äÝÓåÇ æÇáãÚäì ÇáÚÇã ÃíÖÇð äÝÓå

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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ØÇáÈå ãä Çááå ÇáÊæÝíÞ ÇäÌáÔ
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÌÇÑí ÇáÊÎÑÌ ÈÓáÇã
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
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ããÊÇÒÉ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...

ãÚáæãÇÊ ÞÏ ÊÝíÏ ááãÍÇÖÑÉ 10



ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇááÛæíÉ ááßáÇã

åæ Çä äÓÊÎÏã ÇááÛÉ áÅäÌÇÒ Çæ ÊÍÞíÞ Ôí ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÓíÇÞ ÇáÐí äÓÊÎÏãå ..æÊäÞÓã ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇááÛæíÉ ááßáÇã Åáì ÚÏÉ ÇÞÓÇã æåí :


asserting ÇáÊÃßíÏ
Questioning ÇáÃÓÆáÉ
Ordering ÇáÃæÇãÑ
Threatening ÇáÊåÏíÏ
Promising ÇáæÚÏ
Requesting ÇáØáÈ
Advising ÇáäÕÍ


ÇãÇ ãä ÍíË ÇáäØÞ ÝÊäÞÓã Åáì :

Locutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ßáÇãíÉ the surface meaning
Illocutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ÊßáøãíÉ the intended meaning
Perlocutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ÊßáíãíÉ the effect of an utterance on the listener or hearer

ãËáÇ Þæáß :

"Don't go into the water" ÇáãÚäì ÇáÙÇåÑ locutionary ÈãÚäì : áÇ ÊÕá Åáì ÇáãÇÁ
áæ äÃÎÐå Úáì Çäå "ÊÍÐíÑ" íßæä ÇáãÚäì illocutionary ÈãÚäì : áÇ ÊÕá Åáì ÇáãÇÁ ..ÑÈãÇ áÚãÞ ÇáãÇÁ æÇáÎæÝ ãä ÇáÛÑÞ ..
áæ íÓÊÌíÈ ÇáãÓÊãÚ ááÌãáÉ íßæä ÇáãÚäì perlocutionary ÈãÚäì: Çä ÇáßáÇã "ÇËÑ" Ýí ÇáãÓÊãÚ æÌÚáå áÇ íÞÑÈ ÇáãÇÁ ..





 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 4   #5
Sitah.Alotaibi
ãõÊãíÒÉ ááãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Sitah.Alotaibi
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 111359
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Wed Jun 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 3,008
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 348564
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 429
Sitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÐßÑ Çááå Ýí Íáß æ ÊÑÍÇáß
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English language
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Sitah.Alotaibi ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SMaNGweLPyo

ÇÚÌÈÊäí ÏÑæÓå æ ÔÑæÍÇÊå .....åäÇ íÊßáã Úä ÇáÚäÇÕÑ ÇáãæÌæÏÉ Ýí ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ13
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 4   #6
Sitah.Alotaibi
ãõÊãíÒÉ ááãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ Sitah.Alotaibi
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 111359
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Wed Jun 2012
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 3,008
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 348564
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 429
Sitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond reputeSitah.Alotaibi has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: ÇÐßÑ Çááå Ýí Íáß æ ÊÑÍÇáß
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: English language
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÎÑíÌ ÌÇãÚí
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
Sitah.Alotaibi ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...

ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 12 Úä metaphor


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0BYLpwSM6E

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Sitah.Alotaibi ; 2015- 11- 4 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 12:51 PM
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 12   #7
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
ßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Lightbulb ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÊÌãÚ ÇáãÇÖí

.
.


ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÓíäÇãÊíß æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß:



ÇáÝÑÞ æÇÖÌ ÈÞæáß ÇáÇä


ÇáÏáÇáå ÊÑÊÈØ ÈßÝÇÁÉ ÇáãÊÍÏË íÚäí ÇÓÊÎÏÇãå ÇáÌíÏ ááÛå

While semantics is mainly concerned with speakers competence to use the language system



ÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß = Ýåã ÇáãÚäì
the chief focus of pragmatics is a person’s Ability to derive meaning from specific kinds of speech situations





æÚäÏ ÏãÌ ÊÚÑíÝ Úáã ÇáÏáÇáå æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß = ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ßÝÇÁå ááÛå æÝåãåÇ(Ýåã ÇáãÚäì)

both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully









ãÍÇÖÑå 12

Unhappiness
and
ill health
could mean
tiredness and inactivity
which involve being on one’s back (physically
down
.

åí ÇáÇÓÊÚÇÑÉ ÇáãßÇäíå
spatial metaphor



happiness
and
good
health are often correlated with
energy and movement
, which involve being on one’s feet (physically
up


åí ÇáÇÓÊÚÇÑÉ ÇáãßÇäíå
spatial metaphor







Ýí äÞØÉ ÞÇáåÇ ÇáÏßÊæÑ æÇÝÇÏÊäí
ßíÝ äÝÑÞ Èíä semantics and pragmatics
semantics
: ÏÇíãÇ ÊÊÚáÞ È literal word meaning
pragmatics
:ÏÇíãÇ ÊÊÚáÞ È intended meaning of the context
íÚäí ÇáÇæá ãÚäì ÍÑÝí áßá ßáãÉ æÇáËÇäí ÇáãÚäì ÇáãÞÕæÏ ãä ÇáÌãáÉ ßáåÇ

 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 12   #8
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
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ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
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ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Exclamation Íá ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ 14 ãÚ ÇáÏßÊæÑ

.
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
.


(1) Semantics is:

a) The study of words origins.

b) The study of words meaning.

c) The study of how words are structured in sentences.

d) The study of meaning that a word or a sentence has in a particular context

(2) Language speakers can say one thing and mean another thing through

a) The usual meaning of a word or a sentence.

b) What words mean in the dictionary.

c) The meaning that a word or a sentence has in specific contexts or circumstances
d) What sentences mean without looking at the context.

(3) All the followings are examples of paralanguage except for:

a) Nodding


b) Laughing

(4) The meaning of a word is included in another word, In the case of:

a) Polysemy

b) Synonymy

c) Hyponymy

d) Entailment

(5) What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here?

a) story & tale → Synonyms

b) heavy & light→ antonyms

c) fruit & banana → hyponymy

d) peace & piece→ homophony

(6) What does “prototype” mean? Illustrate your definition with an example
the most characteristic instance of the category
e.g:robin is the prototype of birds
(7) Waiting impatiently for food at a restaurant, the man said: “I can eat a horse right now.”

Explain the meaning of this quotation in some details.

it is an utterance not require literal meaning
so he mean that he is hungry so he can eat any thing
(8) Identify the semantic roles of the seven noun phrases in this sentence

With her new golf club, Fatimah whacked the ball from the woods to the grassy area near the hole

, .and she suddenly felt unbeatable
with her new golf =instrument
Fatimah = agent
the ball=them
the woods = source
the grassy area =goal
she suddenly (she refers to Fatmah )=experiencer

(9) Use semantic features to explain the reason these sentences sound odd. 3

a) The chicken studies mathematics.

chicken = make this sentence semantically odd
+human
b) The train will marry Jessica.

Train = make this sentence semantically odd
+human ,+male ,+adult
(10) Tell which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive.
a) fill it / empty it → reversive

b) absent / present →non-gradable

c) old / young → gradable

d) fair / unfair →non-gradable

(11) What kind of inference is involved in interpreting each of these utterances?

a) Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare.
Mean person
b) Waiter: The ham sandwich left without paying.
mean a person who asked for ham sandwich
c) Nurse: The hernia in room 5 wants to talk to the doctor.
Mean person
d) Dentist: My eleven4hirty canceled so I had an early lunch.
Mean person
they all inference

(12) Which of these utterances contain “performative verbs” and how did you decide?

a) I apologize.
performative verbs - apologizing
b) i bet you $20.
performative verbs –promise
c) She won the bet.

d) I drive a Mercedes.

e) You must have a lot of money.

f) I testify there is no God but Allah...
performative verbs – ÔÑÍåÇ Çäå ÈÚÏåÇ íÕÈÍ íÊÕÑÝ ßãÓáã

(13) What would you call two or more words that often go together, as in the word blond usually

going with hair?

Give two more examples to illustrate
coolocations
fast food
quick glance

(14) The Co-Operative Principle was suggested by the philosopher
Gricean

(15) Each of B’s utterances below would probably flout (ignore) one of the four maxims

Say what maxim the speaker is flouting, and give a possible reason for this ignorance.

A. Do you want to go to the movies tonight?

B. My little sister is coming for a visit.

The maxim flouted? A possible reason?
a)relation maxim

A. Where are you going?
B. Out

maxim flouted? A possible reason?

quantity maxim






ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
1. Semantics is:
The study of words origins.
The study of words meaning.
The study of how words are structured in sentences.
The study of meaning that a word or a sentence has in a particular context.

2. Language speakers can say one thing and mean another thing through
The usual meaning of a word or a sentence.
What words mean in the dictionary.
The meaning that a word or a sentence has in specific contexts or circumstances.
What sentences mean without looking at the context.

3. All the followings are examples of paralanguage except for:
Nodding
Laughing
Giggling
Crying

4. The meaning of a word is included in another word, in the case of:
Polysemy
Synonymy
Hyponymy
Entailment

5. What is the basic lexical relation between each pair of words listed here?
story & tale…..
synonyms

heavy & light……
antonyms

fruit & banana ……
hyponyms

peace & piece ……
homophones


6. What does “prototype” mean? Illustrate your definition with an example.

the best example for a certain category ....for example the robin--->birds


7. Waiting impatiently for food at a restaurant, the man said: “I can eat a horse right now.” Explain the meaning of this quotation in some details.

it's an utterance related to the an event witch means he is so hungry he could eat anything in front of him

.

10. Tell which of the following opposites are gradable, non-gradable, or reversive.
fill it / empty it
reversives

absent / present
non gradable

old / young
gradable

fair / unfair
non gradable


ÈÚÖ Íáæá ÇáãÍÇÖÑå 14
ÇáÏßÊæÑ ÍáåÇ ßÇãá ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑå ÔæÝæåÇ áÇä ÈÚÖ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ ÝíåÇÔÑÍ





ÑÏ ãÝíÏ áÊÛÑíÏ ÇáÚÊíÈí

()





.


ÊæÖíÍ æ ÊÈÓíØ á Semantic/Thematic roles

Agent: ÈÔÑí Ãæ ÛíÑ ÈÔÑí Human or non-Human
theme: ÌãáÉ ÅÓãíÉ æ íÃÊí ÈÚÏ ÇáÜ Agent Ãæ Experiencer ( Ú ÍÓÈ ÇáãËÇá)
Instrument: ÏÇÆãÇ ÞÈáåÇ with
Experiencer: ÅÐÇ ßäÇ äÓãÚ Ãæ äÑì ÔÚæÑ ã ÍæáäÇ ãËá ÇáÜ Agent .. æ ÃÍíÇäÇ ÔÚæÑäÇ äÍä .. ãËÇá Did you hear the noise
Location: ÚÇÏÉ ð ÞÈáåÇ ÍÑÝ ÌÑ
Source: ÞÈáåÇ from
Goal: ÞÈáåÇ to

ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ ; 2015- 11- 12 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 03:01 AM
 
ÞÏíã 2015- 11- 12   #9
ßÇÑÒãÇ
ããíÒÉ ãÓÊæì 8 E
 
ÇáÕæÑÉ ÇáÑãÒíÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ
ÇáãáÝ ÇáÔÎÕí:
ÑÞã ÇáÚÖæíÉ : 136633
ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáÊÓÌíá: Fri Feb 2013
ÇáãÔÇÑßÇÊ: 6,004
ÇáÜÌäÜÜÓ : ÃäÜËÜì
ÚÏÏ ÇáÜäÞÜÇØ : 426557
ãÄÔÑ ÇáãÓÊæì: 534
ßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond reputeßÇÑÒãÇ has a reputation beyond repute
ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáØÇáÈ:
ÇáßáíÉ: !!! U l00k lost follow Me
ÇáÏÑÇÓÉ: ÇäÊÓÇÈ
ÇáÊÎÕÕ: ÚäÞáíÒí !♠
ÇáãÓÊæì: ÇáãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä
 ÇáÃæÓãÉ æ ÌæÇÆÒ  ÈíÇäÇÊ ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÈÇáÚÖæ  ÇÎÑ ãæÇÖíÚ ÇáÚÖæ
ßÇÑÒãÇ ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÌÏ ÍÇáíÇð
Arrow ..

.
.



ãÍÇÖÑå 13

As speakers of a language, we are able to draw inferences about what is meant but not actually said.
› Information that is conveyed in that way is implicature.

ãÊÍÏË ÇááÛå áãÇ íßæä ÞÇÏÑ Úáì ÑÓã ÇáÇÓÊäÊÇÌ Íæá ÇáãÚäì æÇáãÚáæãÇÊ Çáí ÇäÞÇáÊ áå Ýí ÇáãÍÇÏËå ÝåÏí ÇáØÑíÞÉ ÊÓãì implicature.
æåí ãÚäÇåÇ ÊáãíÍ




ÇÎÊÕÇÑ ÇáËæÇÈÊ ÌÑíÓãÍÇÖÑå 13

1 The Maxim of
Quantity
: ËÇÈÊ Çáßãíå ( íßæä ÇáÑÏ Úáì ÞÏ ÇáÓÄÇá áÇ ÒíÇÏÉ æáÇ äÞÕÇä )

2 ËÇÈÊ ÇáÌæÏÉ Çæ ÇáäæÚíå

The Maxim of
Quality
requires that the statements used in a conversation have some
factual
basis .
(ËÇÈÊ ÇáÌæÏå íßæä ÕÍíÍ æ æÇÞÚí Òí ãËÇá Ìæ ÇáÑíÇÖ ãÇ Ýíå ËáÌ )


3 The Maxim of
Relation
: ËÇÈÊ ÇáÚáÇÞå ( ãÇ íßæä ÇáÓÄÇá Ýí æÇÏí ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÈæÇÏí ËÇäí )


4 The Maxim of
Manner
ËÇÈÊ ÇáÇÓáæÈ íßæä æÇÖÍ æÕÑíÍ Òí ÇáãËÇá åÐÇ

Let’s get the kids something. ÏÚæäÇ äÍÖÑ Ôí áÇØÝÇá
B: Okay, but I veto l-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S. äÚã æáßä ÇÑÝÕ íßæä Ç í Ó ß Ñ í
ÇáÑÏ ãÑå ãÇÝíå ÇÓáæÈ æáÇ æÖæÍ








Symantec themes and roles
ÚäÏäÇ ÚÏå ÇäæÇÚ
ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá agent and them
ÇíÔ åæ Çá agent ¿ ÇáÔÎÕ Çæ ÇáßÇÆä Çáí ÞÇã ÈÇáÝÚá
æÚäÏäÇ theme Çáí åæ ÇáÔí Çæ ÇáßÇÆä Çáí ÊÂËÑ ÈÇáÝÚá

the boy kicked the ball

Çæá Ôí äÔæÝ æíä ÇáÝÚá ¿
kicked
ãíä Çáí ÞÇã ÈÇáÝÚá ¿
the boy åÐÇ Çá agent
æÇáÝÚá kicked ÕÇÑ áå ÊÇËíÑ Úáì ÇíÔ¿
the ball Çáí åæ Çá theme
Çá agent ÛÇáÈÇ ÇäÓÇä ÈÓ ããßä íßæä áÇ ãËá
[the car ran over the ball

Çá agent åäÇ the car ÇáÓíÇÑå åí Çáí ÞÇãÊ ÈÇáÝÚá

instrument and experiencer

ÇíÔ ãÚäì instrument ¿ ÇÏÇÉ
ßíÝ äÓÊÎÑÌåÇ¿ åí ÇáÇÏÇå Çáí íÓÊÎÏãåÇ Çá agent ÚÔÇä íÞæã ÈÇáÝÚá

ãËáÇ the boy cut the rope with a razor
verb= cut
agent= the boy
theme = the rope
ØíÈ ÇáÝÚá ÞØÚ ÇíÔ ÇÓÊÎÏã Çæ ßíÝ ¿ a razor
ÇÐÇ instrument =a razor

ÇÍäÇ ÞáäÇ Çá agent ÇáßÇÆä Çáí íÞæã ÈÇáÝÚá ØíÈ æÇÐÇ ÇáÌãáÉ ÊÚÈÑ Úä ÇÍÓÇÓ Çæ ÔÚæÑ ãËásad åá åæ íÓæí Ôí
áÇ íÕíÑ ÇáÝÇÚá åäÇ ãæ agent áÇíÕíÑ experiencer
did you hear that noise ?
åäÇ you ÊÕíÑ experiencer
that noise íÕíÑ Çá theme

location source and goal

ÇáãßÇä Çáí íÍÏË ÝíÉ ÇáÔí location
latiifa saw a fly on the wall
latifa = experiencer
fly = theme
on the wall =location

source and goal ÈÏÇíÉ æäåÇíå ÇáÍÑßå
We drove from Jeddah to Abha.
jeddah sours ãä
abha goal Çáì





ãÍÇÖÑå 2


antonyms
ÇáÊÖÇÏ áåÇ 3 ÇÔßÇá

1 -
gradable antonyms
ÇáäæÚ åÐÇ áãÞÇÑäå ãÈÇÔÑå used in
comparative

bigger them/smaller than

2 -
non-degradable antonyms
åÐí ãÇÝíåÇ ãÞÇÑäå äÚÑÝ ÇáÌãáå ãä ÇáäÝí ÍÞåÇ ÇÐ åæ áã íãÊ
ÈØÈíÚí äÚÑÝ Çäå Íí
he is not dead means he is alive
Çæ ãÔ ÌíÚÇä ØÈíÚí Çäå ÔÈÚÇä åäÇ ãÇÝí ãÞÇÑäå åäÇ ÇÓÊäÊÇÌ


3 -
reversives
åÐÇ ÊÚæÏ áÇÝÚÇá ãÈÇÔÑå áäÝÓ ÇáÝÚá æåæ ãËáÇ áÊÑÇÌÚ Úä Úãá ÇáÔÆ æÚßÓåÇ
íÚäí ÝÊÍÊ ÇáÈÇÈ æÞÝáÊå áÈÓÊ ãáÇÈÓ æÎáÚÊåÇ
íÚäí ÇáÝÚá íÑÌÚ áäÝÓ ÇáÚãá
tie/untie, enter/exit, pack/ unpack, lengthen/shorten, raise/lower, dress/undress.

ÝÊÍÊ ÍÈá ÍÐÇÆí untie my shoes , ÑÈØÊ ÍÈá ÍÐÇÆí tie my shoes tie/untie ãËÇá ÑÈØ / Ýß
ÏÎá / ÎÑÌ ãÚÈÆ / ãÝÑÛ Øæíá /ÞÕíÑ ÇÚáì / ÇÓÝá ÇÑÊÏì / ÊÚÑì





ÊæÖíÍ ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä homophony, homonymy, and polysemy ãÍÇÖÑå 2


homophony
áåã äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ(ÇáÕæÊ äÝÓå Ýæä ) æßÊÇÈÊåã ãÎÊáÝå meet/meat, flower/flour

*********


homonymy
áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈå æÊÎÊáÝ Ýí ÇáãÚäì bank of a river – bank financial institute
Èäß ãÑÇÊ íßæä íÞÕÏ Èå äåÑ æãÑÇÊ ÇáÈäß ÇáãÇáí

************

polysemy
åæ áå äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈå æÊßæä ãÊÞÇÑÈ Ýí ÇáãÚäì


Date
on the letter ÊÇÑíÎ ÑÓÇáå
Date
and appointment ÊÇÑíÎ ãæÚÏ
Date
a social meeting with someone ÊÇÑíÎ ÇÌÊãÇÚí ááÞÇÁ ãÚ ÔÎÕ ãÇÁ

ßáãÉ Date áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì æåæ ÇáãæÚÏ !

ÈÚßÓ homonymy Çáí ãÚÇäíåÇ ÈÔÑÞ æÛÑÈ
Òí ãÇ ÔÝÊæ ãËÇá ßáãÉ bank









a) If you‟re free, there‟s going to be a party at Yuri‟s place on Saturday
Negative
b) Let‟s go to the party at Yuri‟s place on Saturday. Everyone‟s invited
Positive




ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:

a face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s negative face will show concern about imposition (I’m sorry to bother you…; I know you’re busy, but…).

A face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s positive face will show solidarity and draw attention to a common goal (Let’s do this together…; You and I have the same problem, so…).



^
ÇáÓÄÇá ÐÇ ÞÑæÔåã
æÇáãæÖæÚ ÇäÊåì åäÇ


ÍáåÇ Çæá áÏÞíÞå 30 áÍá ÊÛÑíÏ Ëã ÊÑÇÌÚ æÔÑÍ ÍáåÇ Ýí ÏÞíÞå 31

íÇáíÊ ÊÊÇÈÚí ãÚå áÏÞíÞå 31 Ýåæ ÚÇÏ ÍáåÇ æÞÇá ÇäåÇ ÇßËÑ ÊÃÏíÈÇ æÞÇá
Correct number one

In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face
?


(a) If you’re free, there’s going to be a party at Yuri’s place on Saturday.
positive

(b) Let’s go to the party at Yuri’s place on Saturday. Everyone’s invited.
negative





ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
ÈÇáÇÖÇÝå

a face-saving act that emphasizes a person’s negative face will show concern about imposition (I’m sorry to bother you…; I know you’re busy, but…).

ÇáÔÎÕ ÇáÓáÈí ÚÔÇä ÊÍÝÙ ãÇí æÌåß æíæã ÔÝÊå ãÔÛæá ÇáãÝÑæÖ ÊÞæáå ÇäÇ ÇÓÝ áÇÒÚÇÌß ,, Çæ ÊÞæáå ÇäÇ ÇÏÑí Çäß ãÔÛæá

ÈåÐí ÇáØÑíÞÉ ÊÍÝÙ ãÇí æÌåß æãÇ íäÇÝÎ Úáíßí






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