|
E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
|
ÃÏæÇÊ ÇáãæÖæÚ |
#1
|
||||
|
||||
@@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÈãÇ Çä ãÇÈÞì ÇáÇ ßã íæã Úáì ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÝåäÇ ÈÃÐä Çááå ÑÍ íßæä ÊÌãÚäÇ ááãÐÇßÑÉ
ÑÍ ÇÌãÚ ßá ãÇíÎÕ ÇáãÇÏÉ áãÐÇßÑÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÚÔÇä ãÇäÍæÓ ÈÇáãæÇÖíÚ ÇæáÇ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ((1 æ8 æ12 ãÍÐæÝÉ )) ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ((9 æ14 ÝíåÇ ÊãÇÑíä ãåãÉ )) äÈÏÇ ÈãÍÊæì ÇáãÇÏÉ ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Lovelyy ; 2014- 4- 28 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 03:44 AM |
2014- 4- 28 | #2 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáæÇÌÈÇÊ æÇÓÆáÉ ÇáãÑÇÌÚÉ
|
|
|
2014- 4- 28 | #3 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ áÇßËÑ ãä ÓãÓÊÑ æÇíÖÇ ÇÓÆáÉ ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑ ÇáãÇÖí
ãáÇÍÙÉ (( ÇáÏßÊæÑ ÇÓÆáÊÉ ãÈÇÔÑÉ Úáì Øæá áÇ áÝ æáÇÏæÑÇä åÐÇ ÇáÔí ÈÓåá ÚáíäÇ ÇíÖÇ ÇÓÆáÊÉ ãä ÇáãÍÊæì )) äÕ ãÇÝíÉ ÊÛííÑ íÚäí Çáí ãÇíÝåã íÞÏÑ íÍÝÖåÇ :s_45: æÑÍ ÊáÇÍÙæäåÇ Ýí äãÇÐÌ ÇáÇÓÆáÉ |
|
|
2014- 4- 28 | #4 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
åäÇ ÔÑÍ ááÇÎ ÇÈæ ÈßÑ æÇÓÆáÉ áßá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ
|
|
|
2014- 4- 28 | #5 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ãÜÔÜÇÑß
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ãÇÞÕÑÊí lovely
æãÊÇÈÚíä ãÚÇÇß ÈÞææå |
2014- 4- 28 | #6 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
åäÇ ÔÑæÍÇÊ ÈÇáÝíÏíæ Ýí åÇáãæÖæÚ
http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t576763.html æåäÇ http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t575548.html åäÇ ÇíÖÇ http://www.ckfu.org/vb/t448572.html |
2014- 4- 28 | #7 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÑÍ ÇÍÇæá ÇÔÑÍ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÇÊ Çáí ÝåãÊåÇ æÇáí íÈÛí íÔÑÍ ãÚÇí æíÔÇÑßäí ÍíÇÉ Çááå
ÈÓã Çááå ÈÈÏÇ ÈÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ ÈãÇ Çä ÇáÇæáì ãÍÐæÝÉ ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÇæá ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ åæ ( ÇáãÚäì ) (Sense ) æáÉ ÊÚÑÝííä deals with the relationships inside the language. 1 2 of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language åäÇ ãËÇá Úáì ÇáãÚäì Çáí åí ßáãÉ bank äáÇÍÙ ÇáßáãÉ Ýí ÇáÌãáÊíä áåÇ ãÚäííä ãÎÊáÝÉ Çáí åí different sense)) Ýí ÇáãËÇá ÇáÇæá ãÚäÇåÇ (Èäß)ÚäÏí ÍÓÇÈ Ýí ÇáÈäß Ýí ÇáËÇäíÉ ÇÎÊáÝ ãÚäì (Èäß ) ÇÎÐäÇ ÇáÞÇÑÈ ááÌåÉ ÇáÇÎÑì ãä ÇáäåÑ Çæ ÇáÖÝÉ åäÇ äÝÓ ÇáßáãÉ æÊÛíÑ ãÚäåÇ Ýí ßá ãËÇá “I have an account at the bank.” “We took the boat to the other bank of the river.” äÝÓ ÇáÔí íäØÈÞ Úáì ÇáÌãá åäÇ ÇáÌãáÉ ÊÞæá ÇáÏÌÇÌ ÌÇåÒ ááÇßá íÚØíäÇ ÇËäíä ãÚäÇäì ãÎÊáÝÉ ããßä Êßæä ÇáÏÌÇÌ ÌÇåÒÉ ÚÔÇä äÇßáåÇ Çæ ããßä Êßæä ÌÇåÒÉ ÚÔÇä åí ÊÇßá ÇÐÇ åäÇ (tow different sense) The chicken is ready to eat.” åäÇ Ýí åÐíä ÇáãËÇáíä ÇáÚßÓ ÇáßáãÉ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì Çä ÑæÈÑÊ ÎáÚ ÇáÌÇßíÊ íÚäì (same sense) “Rupert took off his jacket.” “Rupert took his jacket off |
2014- 4- 28 | #8 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáËÇäí ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ (ÇáãÑÌÚ Reference
ÊÚÇÑíÝ Reference deals with the relationship between the language and the world Reference is a relationship between parts of a language (words and phrases) and things outside the language (in the world). ÇáãÑÌÚ áÉ ÞÓãííä (ÇæáÇ) ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇáãÑÌÚí ÇáãÑÌÚ ÇáÊÚÈíÑí ( ËÇäíÇ )ÇáãÑÌÚ äÝÓÉ Çáí åæ ÇáÔí Çæ ÇáÔÎÕ Çáí ÊÑÌÚ áÉ ÇáßáãÉ A referring expression is any expression used in an utterance to refer to something or someone. A referent is the person or thing in the world speakers refer to by using a referring expression. The relation between a referring expression and a referent is what we call reference ãËÇá “this book åäÇ íÞæá åÐÇ ÇáßÊÇÈ ÈÓ ãÇÏÏ ßÊÇÈ ÇíÔ íÚäí äÞæá áÉ (ãÑÇÌÚ ãÎÊáÝÉ ) different referent)) åäÇ ßáãÉ ÇáÑíÇÖ æßáãÉ ÚÇÕãÉ ÇáããáßÉ ßáåÇ áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝ ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇÐÇ äÞæá ÚäåÇ (äÝÓ ÇáãÑÌÚ) “Riyadh” and “the capital of Saudi Arabia same referent ) ãáÇÍÙÉ ßá ÊÚÈíÑ ãÚäì áÉ ãÚäì ÈÓ ãÇßá ãÚäÇ áÉ ãÑÌÚ ãËÇá . Every meaningful expression has sense, but not every meaningful expression has reference. e.g. The words “almost”, “if” and “probable” have sense, but they do not refer to a thing in the world ÇíÔ ãÚäÇ åÐÇ ÇáÔí Çä ßáãÉ (almost”, “if” and “probable) áåÇ ãÚäì ÈÓ ãÇáåÇ ãÑÌÚ ãÇÊÑÌÚ áÔí Çæ ÔÎÕ ãÚíä Ýí ÇáÚÇáã ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ |
2014- 4- 28 | #9 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÝÜÖÜí
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ ÇáÚáÇÞÇÊ ÇáÊÈÇÏáíÉ æÇáÊÊÇÈÚíÉ
Paradigmatic relations are those into which a linguistic unit enters through being contrasted or substitutable, in a particular environment, with other similar units. (vertical relation) ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÇÓÊÈÏÇáíÉ Syntagmatic relations are those into which a linguistic unit enters by its co-occurrence with other units. (horizontal relation ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ÇáÊÊÇÈÚíÉ Semantic Fields ÇáÍÞæá ÇáÏáÇáíÉ æåí ÇßËÑ ãä æÇÍÏ ÇæáÇ ÊÚÑíÝ A semantic field contains a group of words which are related in their meaning åäÇ ãËÇáíä ÊæÖÍ Çä ÇáÍÞæá ÇáÏáÇáíÉ åí ÚáÇÞÉ ÊÈÇÏáíÉ ãËá ÇíÇã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ããßä äÈÏáåÇ ÈßáãÉ ÇíÇã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ æÇáãËÇá ÇáËÇäí ÚäÏäÇ ßáãÉ ÍæÊ ããßä äÈÏáåÇ ÈãÎáæÞ Íí Çæ ÍíæÇä ÈÍÑí ÇæÍíæÇä “Saturday”, “Sunday”, “Monday “whale” can be a member of the following semantic fields: “living creatures”, “animals” and “sea animals ÊÞÓíãÇÊ ÍÞá ÇáÏáÇáÉ dividing up a semantic field. Êßæä ÛíÑ ãÊæÇÝÞÉ It was on Saturday that she went there ãËÇá Incompatible)) åäÇ ÞÇá ÇáÓÈÊ ãÇÞÇá Ãí íæã ÇÎÑ ãä ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÞÇá ÇáÓÈÊ ÈÓ ããßä íßæä ÑÇÍÊ ÇíÖÇ Ýí íæã ÇáÇËäíä ÈÓ ãä ÇáÔåÑ ÇÎÑ ãÇåæ ãä äÝÓ ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÇÐÇ åäÇ ÊÚÇÑÖ Èíä ÇáÓÈÊ æÇáÇËäíä “Saturday” and “Monday” are incompatible æÇããßä Êßæä ãÎáØÉ mixtures).) ãËÇá “ red-green”, “orange-red”.. etc. Êßæä ÇÍãÑ ÈÎÖÑ Çæ ÈÑÊÞÇáí ÇÍãÑ íÚäí ãÎáæØÉ (Ç clear)Çæ æÇÖÍ ãËÇá “rabbit” and “tiger” is very clear ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÇÑäÈ æÇáäãÑ æÇÖÍ 'order)) ÈÚÖ ÇáãÌãæÚÇÊ Êßæä ãäÙãÉ ãËá ÇáÇÔåÑ æÇáÇíÇã Êßæä ÇáÚáÇÞÉ ãäÙãÉ ÇæãÊÊÇÈÚÉ ãÇäÞÏÑ äÞÏã ÔåÑ Úä ÇáÇÎÑ æÇáÇíÇã äÝÓ ÇáÔí æÈÚÏ ÇáÊäÙíã äÝÓÉ íßæä ãÎÊáÝ ÚäÏäÇ (“natural order) ÊäÙíã æÊäÙíã ØÈíÚí ãËÇá áãÇ äÞæá inch, foot and yard ÇáäÙÇã åäÇ ãä ÇáÇÕÛÑ ááÇßÈÑ ãËá ÈæÕÉ æÞÏã æãÓÇÍÉ ÇíÖÇ äÝÓ ÇáÔí Ýí ÇáÇÑÞÇã ãËá one, two, three, etc ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇáËÉ |
2014- 4- 28 | #10 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí äÜÜÔÜØ
|
ÑÏ: @@ ÊÌãÚ ãÐÇßÑÉ Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊß @@
ãÇÔÇÁ Çááå Úáíß ÕÑÇÍÉ ÔÑÍ ããÊÚ æÌãíá æãÇåí ÛÑíÈÉ Úáíß ãæÇÖíÚß æãÔÇÑßÊß ÏÇÆãÇ ãÊãíÒÉ ãä ÇáÇÊÑÇã ÇáÓÇÈÞÉ
|
ãæÇÞÚ ÇáäÔÑ (ÇáãÝÖáÉ) |
ÇáÐíä íÔÇåÏæä ãÍÊæì ÇáãæÖæÚ ÇáÂä : 1 ( ÇáÃÚÖÇÁ 0 æÇáÒæÇÑ 1) | |
|
|