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E6 English Literature Students Level six Forum |
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✿⊹⊱ ....... ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ... ÇáÎãíÜÜÓ 28-2-1437åÜÜ.....⊰⊹✿
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ÈãÇ Çä ÇáÇÎÊÈÇÑÇÊ ÞÑíÈÉ ÝÞáÊ ÈÝÊÍ ãæÖæÚ ÚáÔÇä ãÇÏÉ ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß áÇä ÕÑÇÍÉ ãÇ ÍÓíÊ ÈãÔÇÚÑ æÏ ÊÌÇååÇ æ ÇÔÑÔÍåÇ Ôæí íãßä ÊÏÎá Ýí ÇáãÎíÎ ÈÚÖ ÇáãÚáæãÇÊ äÔæÝ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì æÔ ÊÈí ãäÇ ÈÇáÖÈØ ÈÓã Çááå äÈÏÇÁ ÊÞæá ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ Both Semantics and Pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß æ ÇáÏáÇáÉ ãÚäÇåÇ ÞÏÑÉ ÇáäÇÓ Úáì ÇÓÊÚãÇá æ ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇááÛÉ æ ÇáÞÏÑÉ Úáì ÇáÊÚÈíÑ ÇáãäÇÓÈ æÇáãÝåæã ÈæÇÓØÉ Êáß ÇááÛÉ (æÎíÑ ÇáßáÇã ãÇ Þá æ Ïá ) semantics is mainly concerned with a speaker’s competence to use the language system ÇáÏáÇáÉ ÎÇÕÉ ÈÇáÔÎÕ ÈãÚäì Çäå ãÊãßä æ ÚäÏå ßÝÇÁÉ Ýí ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇááÛÉ (ÇáÏáÇá Çááí Ýí ÓæÞ ÇáÍÑÇÌ ) áÇÊäÓæä åÐí ÇáäÞØÉ pragmatics is a person’s ability to derive meaning from specific kinds of speech situations åäÇ ãÑÈØ ÇáÝÑÓ æÔ åæ ÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß _ åí ÊÑßíÒ ÇáÔÎÕ Úáì ÇÓÊäÊÇÌ ÇáãÚäì ( ÇäÓÇä áÈíÈ ) íÚÑÝ íÓÊäÊÌ ÇáãÚäì ãä ÇáßáÇã ãËáÇ áæ ÇÞæá ÈßÑÉ ÑÇÍ ÇÔÊÑí ØÞã ÐåÈ __åäÇ ÇáÇäÓÇä ÇááÈíÈ ÑÇÍ íÓÊäÊÌ Çä ÚäÏí ÝáæÓ Çæ Çäí ÛäíÉ æ ÑÇÍ ÇÔÊÑí åÏíÉ áÇÍÏ ãËáÇ Çæ ÇÍÊÝÙ Ýíå áãäÇÓÈÉ Çæ ÇÍÏ ãæÕíäí ÇÔÑí áå ÇáØÞã Ýßá ÇáÍÇáÇÊ Èíäåã ÚÇãá ãÔÊÑß Çááí åæ ÇáÐåÈ ÈÓ ÇÎÊáÝÊ ÇáÇÛÑÇÖ _ÇáÇåÏÇÁ _ÇáÇÞÊäÇÁ_ÊäÝíÐ ÇãÑ ÔÑÇÁ áÇÍÏ ãä ÇáÇÎæÇÊ ---------- Utterance vs. Sentence ÇáßáÇã æ ÇáÌãáÉ ÇáßáÇã åæ ÇáÍÏË íÚäí ßáäÇ äÊßáã æ íäÊåí ßáÇãäÇ ÈãÌÑÏ ÊÍÞíÞ ÇáåÏÝ ãä ÇáßáÇã ÇáÌãáÉ ÚÈÇÑÉ Úä ÊÑßíÈ ÇáßáãÇÊ ÈÔßá ãÊÓáÓá æãÝíÏ ãËáÇ ÝÇÚá æ ÝÚá æ ãÝÚæá Èå ÇáÎ ãÚäì ÇáßáÇã åæ äÝÓå ãÚäì ÇáÌãáÉ äÚÑÝ ãÚäì ÇáÌãáÉ ãä ÎáÇá ßáÇã ÇáÔÎÕ æ ÊÑßíÈ ÇáÌãáÉ äÍæíÇ ãËáÇ ÇåÏíÊ áß íÇ ÕÏíÞÊí ØÞã ÇáÐåÈ __áÇäåÇ ÌÇÈÊ ãæáæÏ ÑÇÍ ÇááÈÓ ÇáØÞã ÇáÇÓÈæÚ ÇáÌÇí __áÇä Ýí ÍÝá æ Çä ãä ÒãÇä ãÇ áÈÓÊ ÐåÈ -------- Implicature ÇáÒíÇÏÉ ÇáÇÖÇÝÉ áæ ÇÍÏ íÊßáã ÊáÞÇÆíÇ ÇáÓÇãÚ ÑÇÍ íÖíÝ Ýí Ðåäå ãÚáæãÇÊ ÇÖÇÝíÉ áÇ ÇÑÇÏíÇ ãËÇá Barbara: How did you do on the examination Adam: I think I’ll just drop this course. Jim: Would you like to go shopping tomorrow night Laura: We have guests coming from out of town ÈÇáÚÑÈí ÇáÝÕíÍ äæÑÉ : ÊÚÇáí ááÞåæÉ ÇáÚÕÑ (ÊÑÏ äæÝ ) äæÝ: ÑÇÍ ÇØáÚ ááãÔÛá äæÑÉ ÝåãÊ ãä åÐÇ ÇáÑÏ Çä äæÝ ãÇ ÑÇÍ ÊÌí áåÇ ______________ Prosody: A spoken utterance consists of more than just words. In speech, meanings are communicated not only by what is said but also by how it is said. For example, ÇáßáÇã ãæ ÈÓ ßáãÇÊ 0 ØÑíÞÉ ÇáßáÇã æ ßíÝ äÊßáã åí ÇíÖÇ ÊÚØí ãÚäì æ åÐÇ íÓãì ÇáÚÑæÖ ãËáÇ Non-verbal communication ÇáÇÊÕÇá ÛíÑ ÇááÝÙí ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ÇáÕæÊ ãËá ÇáÖÍß Çæ ÇáÈßÇÁ æ íÓãæäåÇ paralanguage gestures ÇáÅíãÇÁÇÊ¡ " áÛÉ ÇáÌÓÏvisual signs Nodding the head in response to an utteranc ÇáÇíãÇÁ ÈÇáÑÇÓ Pretending to yawn, with finger tips in front of mouth. ÇáÊËÇÄÈ Holding up a thumb from a closed fist. ÑÇÝÚ Ç ÇáÅÈåÇã ãä ÇáíÏ æåí ãÞÈæÖÉ Pinching one’s nose closed with thumb and forefinger ÅÛáÇÞ ÇáÃäÝ ÈÞÑÕå ÈÇáÅÈåÇã æÇáÓÈÇÈÉ. Shoulders are moved upward and down again, possibly repeated (‘shrugging shoulders’ ÊÍÑíß ÇáßÊÝíä ááÃÚáì æááÃÓÝá The palm of one hand is brought up and slaps smartly against the forehead ßÝ ÅÍÏì ÇáÃíÏí íÑÝÚ æíÕÝÚ ÈÓÑÚÉ ÈÇÊÌÇå ÇáÌÈåÉ. The hand, slightly cupped, is pulled across the forehead as if wiping something away ÇáíÏ¡ ãÞÚÑÉ ÞáíáÇð¡ íÊã ÓÍÈåÇ ÚÈÑ ÇáÌÈåÉ ßãÇ áæ ßÇä íãÓÍ ÔíÆÇð ÚäåÇ æ ÎáÕäÇ ãä ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáÇæáì ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ äæäå ÇáÍáæÉ ; 2015- 11- 30 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 08:35 PM |
2015- 11- 2 | #2 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ááãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä E
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...
Lecture 1
Semantic Relations Among words Synonyms are two or more forms with very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, interchangeable in sentences ãËá broad/wide, almost/nearly ãÚäÇåÇ ÇáßáãÇÊ Çááí ãÊÞÇÑÈÉ Ýí ÇáãÚäì ÈÓ ãæ ÏÇíã There is no “total sameness íÚäí ÇáßáãÉ ÇÐÇ ÌÊ ÇÍíÇäÇ Ýí ÌãáÉ ãÇ ÊÖÈØ ãÚåÇ ãËá ßáãÉ reply ãÇ íäÝÚ ÊÍá ãÍá ßáãÉ answer áÇä Ýí ÇáßáãÉ ÇáÇæáì ÊÌí ÈãÚäì áÇíäÇÓÈ ÓíÇÞ ÇáÌãáÉ Cathy had only one answer correct on the test antonyms Two forms with opposite meanings íÚäí ÇáßáãÉ æ ÚßÓåÇ ãËá quick/slow, rich/poor -------- Gradable antonyms åÐÇ íÓãì ÊÖÇÏ ÇáãÞÇÑäÇÊ bigger than/smaller than ÇßÈÑ ãä - ÇÕÛÑ ãä The negative of one member of the pair does not imply the other: He is not old does not imply He is young. ãÇ åæ ÚßÓ ãä ÃÍÏ ÇáÒæÌíä áÇ íÚäí ÇáÂÎÑ: åæ áíÓ ÈÚÌæÒ áÇ íÚäí Ãäå ÔÇÈ. ãÚ ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ With non-gradable antonym, the negative of one does indeed imply the other: He is not dead means He is alive. ãÚ ÇáãÊÖÇÏÇÊ ÇáÛíÑ ÞÇÈáÉ ááÊÞÏíÑ¡ ÚßÓ ÃÍÏåã íÚäí Ýí ÇáæÇÞÚ ÇáÂÎÑ: åæ áã íãÊ íÚäí Ãäå Úáì ÞíÏ ÇáÍíÇÉ. Reversives mean not negative but to do the reverse áÇ íÚäí ÇáäÞíÖ æáßä ÇáÞíÇã ÈÇáÚßÓ tie/untie hyponym means the meaning of form is included in the meaning of another, e.g., tulip is hyponym of flower, dog/animal, Chihuahua/dog, carrot/vegetable ÇáÚáÇÞÉ Èíä ÇáßáãÉ æÕäÝåÇ íÚäí íÊã ÊÖãíä ãÚäì ÇáäãæÐÌ Ýí ãÚäì ÂÎÑ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá ¡ ÇáÎÒÇãì åæ ãä ÇáÒåÑÉ When two or more different written forms have the same pronunciation, they are homophones, e.g., meat/meet, flour/flower, pail/pale, sew/so, see/sea, bare/bear. ÚäÏãÇ íßæä ÇËäíä Ãæ ÃßËÑ ãä ÃÔßÇá ãÎÊáÝÉ ÈÇáßÊÇÈÉ æáßä áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ¡ Ýåí homophones . meat ãíÊ ÊÚäí áÍã / meet ãíÊ ÊÚäí áÞÇÁ ¡ flower ÝáÇæÑ ÊÚäí ÒåÑÉ / flour ÝáÇæÑ ÊÚäí ØÍíä. When one form has two or more unrelated meanings, they are homonyms, e.g., bank (of a river) – bank (financial institute), bat (flying creature) – bat (used in sport), race (contest of speed) – race (ethnic group), mole (on skin-animal) 1.ÚäÏãÇ íßæä Ôßá æÇÍÏ áå ãÚäííä Ãæ ÃßËÑ áÇ ÚáÇÞÉ áåãÇ ÈÈÚÖ¡ Ýåæ homonyms ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ Èäß )äåÑ( - Èäß )ãÄÓÓÉ ãÇáíÉ(¡ ÈÇÊ )ÎÝÇÔ( - ÈÇÊ )ÇáÚÕÇ ÇáãÓÊÎÏãÉ Ýí ÇáÑíÇÖÉ(¡ ÑíÓ )ãÓÇÈÞÉ ÇáÓÑÚÉ( - ÑíÓ )ãÌãæÚÉ ÚÑÞíÉ When one form has multiple meanings that are all related by extension, it is polysemy, e.g., head (the top of your body/the top of a company), foot (of a person, of bed, of mountain), run (person does, water does, color does). 3.ÚäÏãÇ íßæä Ôßá æÇÍÏ áå ãÚÇäí ãÊÚÏÏÉ æÊÑÊÈØ ÌãíÚåÇ ÇãÊÏÇÏ Çð¡ ÝÅäå polysemy ¡ Úáì ÓÈíá ÇáãËÇá¡ head ) ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÚáæí ãä ÌÓãß / ÇáÌÒÁ ÇáÚáæí ãä ÔÑßÉ ( æ foot ) ÞÏã¡ ãÞÏãÉ ÇáÓÑíÑ¡ ãä ÇáÌÈá (¡ run )ÔÎÕ íÑßÖ ¡ æÇáãíÇå ÊÌÑí ¡ Çááæä íÓíÍ( How do you distinguish between homonymy and polysemy? Via dictionary. Date (a point in time) -Date (fleshy fruit) So they are homonyms. Date)on a letter) Date)an appointment) Date)a social meeting with someone) So they are polysemy. ßíÝ íãßäß ÇáÊãííÒ Èíä ÇáÊÌÇäÓ æ ÊÚÏÏ ÇáãÚÇäí ¿ Úä ØÑíÞ ÇáÞÇãæÓ date ÊÇÑíÎ( - date ) Ýåæ homonyms )áÃä ÇáßáãÉ äÝÓåÇ áßä ÇáãÚäì ãÎÊáÝ ÊãÇã Çð date ÊÇÑíÎ Úáì ÑÓÇá date ÊÇÑíÎ ÇáãæÚÏ date ÊÇÑíÎ áÞÇÁ ÅÌÊãÇÚí ãÚ ÔÎÕ ãÇ Ýåæ polysemy áÃä ÇáßáãÉ äÝÓåÇ æÇáãÚäì ÇáÚÇã ÃíÖÇð äÝÓå ÇäÊåÊ ÇáãÍÇÖÑÉ ÇáËÇäíÉ |
2015- 11- 3 | #3 |
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...
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2015- 11- 3 | #4 |
ÃßÜÇÏíÜãÜí ÐåÜÈÜí
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...
ãÚáæãÇÊ ÞÏ ÊÝíÏ ááãÍÇÖÑÉ 10
ÇáÃÝÚÇá ÇááÛæíÉ ááßáÇã åæ Çä äÓÊÎÏã ÇááÛÉ áÅäÌÇÒ Çæ ÊÍÞíÞ Ôí ãä ÎáÇá ÇáÓíÇÞ ÇáÐí äÓÊÎÏãå ..æÊäÞÓã ÇáÇÝÚÇá ÇááÛæíÉ ááßáÇã Åáì ÚÏÉ ÇÞÓÇã æåí : asserting ÇáÊÃßíÏ Questioning ÇáÃÓÆáÉ Ordering ÇáÃæÇãÑ Threatening ÇáÊåÏíÏ Promising ÇáæÚÏ Requesting ÇáØáÈ Advising ÇáäÕÍ ÇãÇ ãä ÍíË ÇáäØÞ ÝÊäÞÓã Åáì : Locutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ßáÇãíÉ the surface meaning Illocutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ÊßáøãíÉ the intended meaning Perlocutionary acts áÊÍÞíÞ ÇåÏÇÝ ÊßáíãíÉ the effect of an utterance on the listener or hearer ãËáÇ Þæáß : "Don't go into the water" ÇáãÚäì ÇáÙÇåÑ locutionary ÈãÚäì : áÇ ÊÕá Åáì ÇáãÇÁ áæ äÃÎÐå Úáì Çäå "ÊÍÐíÑ" íßæä ÇáãÚäì illocutionary ÈãÚäì : áÇ ÊÕá Åáì ÇáãÇÁ ..ÑÈãÇ áÚãÞ ÇáãÇÁ æÇáÎæÝ ãä ÇáÛÑÞ .. áæ íÓÊÌíÈ ÇáãÓÊãÚ ááÌãáÉ íßæä ÇáãÚäì perlocutionary ÈãÚäì: Çä ÇáßáÇã "ÇËÑ" Ýí ÇáãÓÊãÚ æÌÚáå áÇ íÞÑÈ ÇáãÇÁ .. |
2015- 11- 4 | #5 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ááãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä E
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...
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2015- 11- 4 | #6 |
ãõÊãíÒÉ ááãÓÊæì ÇáËÇãä E
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ÑÏ: ãÌáÓ ãÐÇßÑÉ : Úáã ÇáãÚÇäí æÇáÈÑÇÛãÇÊíß ...
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ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ Sitah.Alotaibi ; 2015- 11- 4 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 12:51 PM |
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2015- 11- 12 | #7 |
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ÒÈÏÉ ÇáÊÌãÚ ÇáãÇÖí
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. ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä ÇáÓíäÇãÊíß æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß: ÇáÝÑÞ æÇÖÌ ÈÞæáß ÇáÇä ÇáÏáÇáå ÊÑÊÈØ ÈßÝÇÁÉ ÇáãÊÍÏË íÚäí ÇÓÊÎÏÇãå ÇáÌíÏ ááÛå While semantics is mainly concerned with speakers competence to use the language system ÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß = Ýåã ÇáãÚäì the chief focus of pragmatics is a person’s Ability to derive meaning from specific kinds of speech situations æÚäÏ ÏãÌ ÊÚÑíÝ Úáã ÇáÏáÇáå æÇáÈÑÛãÇÊíß = ÇÓÊÎÏÇã ßÝÇÁå ááÛå æÝåãåÇ(Ýåã ÇáãÚäì) both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with people’s ability to use language meaningfully ãÍÇÖÑå 12 Unhappiness and ill health could mean tiredness and inactivity which involve being on one’s back (physically down. spatial metaphoråí ÇáÇÓÊÚÇÑÉ ÇáãßÇäíå happiness and good health are often correlated with energy and movement, which involve being on one’s feet (physically upåí ÇáÇÓÊÚÇÑÉ ÇáãßÇäíå spatial metaphorÝí äÞØÉ ÞÇáåÇ ÇáÏßÊæÑ æÇÝÇÏÊäí ßíÝ äÝÑÞ Èíä semantics and pragmatics semantics : ÏÇíãÇ ÊÊÚáÞ È literal word meaning pragmatics :ÏÇíãÇ ÊÊÚáÞ È intended meaning of the context íÚäí ÇáÇæá ãÚäì ÍÑÝí áßá ßáãÉ æÇáËÇäí ÇáãÚäì ÇáãÞÕæÏ ãä ÇáÌãáÉ ßáåÇ |
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ÑÏ ãÝíÏ áÊÛÑíÏ ÇáÚÊíÈí () . ÊæÖíÍ æ ÊÈÓíØ á Semantic/Thematic roles Agent: ÈÔÑí Ãæ ÛíÑ ÈÔÑí Human or non-Human theme: ÌãáÉ ÅÓãíÉ æ íÃÊí ÈÚÏ ÇáÜ Agent Ãæ Experiencer ( Ú ÍÓÈ ÇáãËÇá) Instrument: ÏÇÆãÇ ÞÈáåÇ with Experiencer: ÅÐÇ ßäÇ äÓãÚ Ãæ äÑì ÔÚæÑ ã ÍæáäÇ ãËá ÇáÜ Agent .. æ ÃÍíÇäÇ ÔÚæÑäÇ äÍä .. ãËÇá Did you hear the noise Location: ÚÇÏÉ ð ÞÈáåÇ ÍÑÝ ÌÑ Source: ÞÈáåÇ from Goal: ÞÈáåÇ to |
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ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ ; 2015- 11- 12 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 03:01 AM |
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. ãÍÇÖÑå 13 As speakers of a language, we are able to draw inferences about what is meant but not actually said. › Information that is conveyed in that way is implicature. ãÊÍÏË ÇááÛå áãÇ íßæä ÞÇÏÑ Úáì ÑÓã ÇáÇÓÊäÊÇÌ Íæá ÇáãÚäì æÇáãÚáæãÇÊ Çáí ÇäÞÇáÊ áå Ýí ÇáãÍÇÏËå ÝåÏí ÇáØÑíÞÉ ÊÓãì implicature. æåí ãÚäÇåÇ ÊáãíÍ ÇÎÊÕÇÑ ÇáËæÇÈÊ ÌÑíÓãÍÇÖÑå 13 1 The Maxim of Quantity : ËÇÈÊ Çáßãíå ( íßæä ÇáÑÏ Úáì ÞÏ ÇáÓÄÇá áÇ ÒíÇÏÉ æáÇ äÞÕÇä ) 2 ËÇÈÊ ÇáÌæÏÉ Çæ ÇáäæÚíå The Maxim of Quality requires that the statements used in a conversation have some factual basis . (ËÇÈÊ ÇáÌæÏå íßæä ÕÍíÍ æ æÇÞÚí Òí ãËÇá Ìæ ÇáÑíÇÖ ãÇ Ýíå ËáÌ ) 3 The Maxim of Relation : ËÇÈÊ ÇáÚáÇÞå ( ãÇ íßæä ÇáÓÄÇá Ýí æÇÏí ÇáÇÌÇÈå ÈæÇÏí ËÇäí ) 4 The Maxim of Manner ËÇÈÊ ÇáÇÓáæÈ íßæä æÇÖÍ æÕÑíÍ Òí ÇáãËÇá åÐÇ Let’s get the kids something. ÏÚæäÇ äÍÖÑ Ôí áÇØÝÇá B: Okay, but I veto l-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S. äÚã æáßä ÇÑÝÕ íßæä Ç í Ó ß Ñ í ÇáÑÏ ãÑå ãÇÝíå ÇÓáæÈ æáÇ æÖæÍ Symantec themes and roles ÚäÏäÇ ÚÏå ÇäæÇÚ ÇáäæÚ ÇáÇæá agent and them ÇíÔ åæ Çá agent ¿ ÇáÔÎÕ Çæ ÇáßÇÆä Çáí ÞÇã ÈÇáÝÚá æÚäÏäÇ theme Çáí åæ ÇáÔí Çæ ÇáßÇÆä Çáí ÊÂËÑ ÈÇáÝÚá the boy kicked the ball Çæá Ôí äÔæÝ æíä ÇáÝÚá ¿ kicked ãíä Çáí ÞÇã ÈÇáÝÚá ¿ the boy åÐÇ Çá agent æÇáÝÚá kicked ÕÇÑ áå ÊÇËíÑ Úáì ÇíÔ¿ the ball Çáí åæ Çá theme Çá agent ÛÇáÈÇ ÇäÓÇä ÈÓ ããßä íßæä áÇ ãËá [the car ran over the ball Çá agent åäÇ the car ÇáÓíÇÑå åí Çáí ÞÇãÊ ÈÇáÝÚá instrument and experiencer ÇíÔ ãÚäì instrument ¿ ÇÏÇÉ ßíÝ äÓÊÎÑÌåÇ¿ åí ÇáÇÏÇå Çáí íÓÊÎÏãåÇ Çá agent ÚÔÇä íÞæã ÈÇáÝÚá ãËáÇ the boy cut the rope with a razor verb= cut agent= the boy theme = the rope ØíÈ ÇáÝÚá ÞØÚ ÇíÔ ÇÓÊÎÏã Çæ ßíÝ ¿ a razor ÇÐÇ instrument =a razor ÇÍäÇ ÞáäÇ Çá agent ÇáßÇÆä Çáí íÞæã ÈÇáÝÚá ØíÈ æÇÐÇ ÇáÌãáÉ ÊÚÈÑ Úä ÇÍÓÇÓ Çæ ÔÚæÑ ãËásad åá åæ íÓæí Ôí áÇ íÕíÑ ÇáÝÇÚá åäÇ ãæ agent áÇíÕíÑ experiencer did you hear that noise ? åäÇ you ÊÕíÑ experiencer that noise íÕíÑ Çá theme location source and goal ÇáãßÇä Çáí íÍÏË ÝíÉ ÇáÔí location latiifa saw a fly on the wall latifa = experiencer fly = theme on the wall =location source and goal ÈÏÇíÉ æäåÇíå ÇáÍÑßå We drove from Jeddah to Abha. jeddah sours ãä abha goal Çáì ãÍÇÖÑå 2 antonyms ÇáÊÖÇÏ áåÇ 3 ÇÔßÇá gradable antonyms1 - ÇáäæÚ åÐÇ áãÞÇÑäå ãÈÇÔÑå used in comparative bigger them/smaller than 2 - åÐí ãÇÝíåÇ ãÞÇÑäå äÚÑÝ ÇáÌãáå ãä ÇáäÝí ÍÞåÇ ÇÐ åæ áã íãÊ reversivesÈØÈíÚí äÚÑÝ Çäå Íí he is not dead means he is alive Çæ ãÔ ÌíÚÇä ØÈíÚí Çäå ÔÈÚÇä åäÇ ãÇÝí ãÞÇÑäå åäÇ ÇÓÊäÊÇÌ 3 - åÐÇ ÊÚæÏ áÇÝÚÇá ãÈÇÔÑå áäÝÓ ÇáÝÚá æåæ ãËáÇ áÊÑÇÌÚ Úä Úãá ÇáÔÆ æÚßÓåÇ íÚäí ÝÊÍÊ ÇáÈÇÈ æÞÝáÊå áÈÓÊ ãáÇÈÓ æÎáÚÊåÇ íÚäí ÇáÝÚá íÑÌÚ áäÝÓ ÇáÚãá tie/untie, enter/exit, pack/ unpack, lengthen/shorten, raise/lower, dress/undress. ÝÊÍÊ ÍÈá ÍÐÇÆí untie my shoes , ÑÈØÊ ÍÈá ÍÐÇÆí tie my shoes tie/untie ãËÇá ÑÈØ / Ýß ÏÎá / ÎÑÌ ãÚÈÆ / ãÝÑÛ Øæíá /ÞÕíÑ ÇÚáì / ÇÓÝá ÇÑÊÏì / ÊÚÑì ÊæÖíÍ ÇáÝÑÞ Èíä homophony, homonymy, and polysemy ãÍÇÖÑå 2 homophony áåã äÝÓ ÇáäØÞ(ÇáÕæÊ äÝÓå Ýæä ) æßÊÇÈÊåã ãÎÊáÝå meet/meat, flower/flour ********* homonymy áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈå æÊÎÊáÝ Ýí ÇáãÚäì bank of a river – bank financial institute Èäß ãÑÇÊ íßæä íÞÕÏ Èå äåÑ æãÑÇÊ ÇáÈäß ÇáãÇáí ************ polysemy åæ áå äÝÓ ÇáßÊÇÈå æÊßæä ãÊÞÇÑÈ Ýí ÇáãÚäì Date on the letter ÊÇÑíÎ ÑÓÇáå Date and appointment ÊÇÑíÎ ãæÚÏ Date a social meeting with someone ÊÇÑíÎ ÇÌÊãÇÚí ááÞÇÁ ãÚ ÔÎÕ ãÇÁ ßáãÉ Date áåÇ äÝÓ ÇáãÚäì æåæ ÇáãæÚÏ ! ÈÚßÓ homonymy Çáí ãÚÇäíåÇ ÈÔÑÞ æÛÑÈ Òí ãÇ ÔÝÊæ ãËÇá ßáãÉ bank a) If you‟re free, there‟s going to be a party at Yuri‟s place on Saturday Negative b) Let‟s go to the party at Yuri‟s place on Saturday. Everyone‟s invited Positive ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
^ ÇáÓÄÇá ÐÇ ÞÑæÔåã æÇáãæÖæÚ ÇäÊåì åäÇ ÍáåÇ Çæá áÏÞíÞå 30 áÍá ÊÛÑíÏ Ëã ÊÑÇÌÚ æÔÑÍ ÍáåÇ Ýí ÏÞíÞå 31 íÇáíÊ ÊÊÇÈÚí ãÚå áÏÞíÞå 31 Ýåæ ÚÇÏ ÍáåÇ æÞÇá ÇäåÇ ÇßËÑ ÊÃÏíÈÇ æÞÇá Correct number one In these examples, is the speaker appealing to positive or negative face? (a) If you’re free, there’s going to be a party at Yuri’s place on Saturday. positive (b) Let’s go to the party at Yuri’s place on Saturday. Everyone’s invited. negative ÇÞÊÈÇÓ:
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ÇáÊÚÏíá ÇáÃÎíÑ Êã ÈæÇÓØÉ ßÇÑÒãÇ ; 2015- 11- 12 ÇáÓÇÚÉ 01:49 AM |
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2015- 11- 12 | #10 |
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