[ المناقشات ] : هنا حلول المناقشات

[أسيرة المشاعر]

السلام عليكم
هذي مساعده بسيطه مني بما اني ماقدرت أساعدكم ذا الترم ان شاء الله بحط لكم حلول المناقشات هنا كل يوم ماده

الترجمه التتابعيه
1
Interpreting is normally regarded as a translational activity, as a special form of ‘Translation
Interpreting is an ancient human practice which clearly predates the invention of writing- and (written) translation
What distinguishes interpreting from other types of translational activity is its immediacy
In principle, interpreting is performed ‘here and now’ for the benefit of people who want to engage in communication across barriers of language and culture
In contrast to common usage of ‘interpreting ‘ as an oral translation’ or‘the oral rendering of spoken message’, Otto Kade, a self-taught interpreter and translation scholar at the University of Leipzig and as early as the 1960s defined interpreting as a form of translation in which The source-language text is presented only once and thus cannot be reviewed or replayed, and The target-language text is produced under time pressure, with little chance for correction and revision

2
interpreting could have the following key areas of theoretic framework
(The scope of the interpreter’s task (mainly production
The perspective on the translational process (target-oriented‘production’ rather than source-dependent ‘transfer; and
(The normative specification of the translation product (the assumption of ‘similarity’ in meaning or‘effect

3
Business interpreting where communities speaking different languages get in contact with each other for the purpose of trading and exchanging goods, or doing ‘business’.

Liaison Interpreting is a form of interpreting practiced mainly in commercial negotiations

Diplomatic Interpreting where the representatives of different linguistic and cultural communities came together with the aim of establishing and cultivating political relation.

Military interpreting is when relations turn sour between two conflicting armed communities, as when it happens in talks with allies forces in during World War II, truce negotiations or the interrogation of prisoners.

Court Interpreting : includes task like the certified translation of documents as well as interpreting in quasi-judicial and administrative hearings

(Sign language interpreting where it normally takes place in educational settings (educational interpreting

community interpreting or public Service interpreting (in the UK) and Cultural interpreting (in Canada) is where interpreting services are established to help immigrants function in the host society as it is an important intra-social communication need.

Media interpreting or Broadcasting interpreting which is mainly focused on TV interpreting.This is obvious with sign Language interpreting or even in case of war crime tribunal

4
Bilateral interpreting or dialogue interpreting is where interpreting is modelled as ‘three-party interaction’ with a (bilingual ) interpreter assuming the pivotal mediating role between two (monolingual)client.

Multilateral Communication Interpreting is as in conferences attended by delegates and representatives of various nations and institutions,mainly called Conference Interpreting

Conference Interpreting (for national or international organisation) is the most prominent manifestation in our time

5
Interpreting is used as a generic term to indicate to the use of spokenlanguage in particular, but due to the emergence of the sign languageInterpreting, it is now used as spoken-language interpreting to bedistinguished from signed Language interpreting or ‘interpreting forthe deaf.

(Signing could refer as well to (voice-to-sign interpreting’ orsign-to-sign interpreting ) as opposed ‘voicing’ or voice-overinterpreting’ (sign-to-voice interpreting

A special modality is used in communication with the deafblind,who monitor a signed message, including finger spelling,by resting their hands on the signer’s hands tactileinterpreting

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While no hard and fast line can be drawn between short consecutive (as usedin dialogue interpreting) and the ‘classic form’ of consecutive implying therendition of at least five to ten minutes of uninterrupted discourse,consecutive interpreting skills are usually taken to be synonymous with thelatter and thus closely linked to note-taking skills

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It is preliminary exercises that command prime attention in introducing students to the crucial task demand of simultaneity, perceived as the skill of listening and speaking at the same time, by way of ‘dual-task’ exercises

This involves a listening task in combination with a second, different task, such as simultaneously counting backwards or reading aloud

A specific exercise in simultaneous verbal processing is shadowing, which is the immediate repetition of auditory input in the same language with either minimal delay (‘phoneme shadowing) or at greater lateness (‘phrase shadowing

Much less controversial than shadowing have been preliminary exercises with a focus on content processing, such as simultaneous paraphrasing,shadowing tasks combined with cloze exercise, or simultaneous interpreting of well-known fairy tales

Beyond the first stage of training designed to familiarize students with the technique of SI, it is important to emphasis the need to focus on the process rather than the product, to teach strategies particularly for coping with lexical and structural difficulties, and to create a training environment that is as close to real-life condition as possible

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Based on translation studies, the discipline of interpreting studies,with theoretical sub domains based on a list of situational variable

Varieties of interpreting (consecutive Vs simultaneous); the medium of interpreting (human, machine, computer aided interpreting); language combinations; culture combinations;area/institution interpreting (interpreting in court, in the media,etc..) text relations (text-type, degree of specialization , etc.); and partner relations (source-text producer Vs target-text addressee)

eight dimensions could be adopted to map out the theoretical territory of interpreting studies (i.e. Domains and dimensions of interpreting Theory, Pochhacker, 20011):

Medium:human, machine,computer aided interpreting

Setting: international(multilateral conference, int.Organization, media,court, police, health care, etc...)


Mode: consecutive ,simultaneous whispered, sight

Language(culture)Spoken→conference language →migrant language

Discourse:speeches→debates→face-to face

Participants:equal representatives↔individual vs.institutional representatives

Interpreter:professional interpreter↔semi professional↔natural or lay man interpreter

Problem:simultaneity ↔memory ↔quality ↔stress↔effect↔ role

9
a humanistic approach
approach centred on processing-skill components and stages of expertise to curriculum foregrounds the personal and social aspects of instruction interaction and the process of socialising student into a ‘community of professional practice

Thus concepts such as ‘situated cognition’ ‘reflective practice, and‘cognitive apprenticeship can be used to underpin a more student-oriented and interaction-oriented refinement of established interpreter training practices

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-general entry requirements for training interpreters
1. Knowledge (of language and the world)
2. Cognitive skills ( relating to analysis, attention and memory)
3. Personality traits ( including stress tolerance and intellectual curiosity)

==
aptitude testing for training interpreters
For conference interpreting, for example, traditional examination methods include holistic communicative task such as:
• Bilingual or multilingual interview
• Impromptu speech production
• And oral summary rendition in another language
Personality traits could be summarised as follows:
§ motivation and learning style
§ coping with physical as well as emotional stress.
§ the ability to grasp rapidly and to convey the meaning of spoken discourse

doing well at Recall, Cloze and Error detection tests as well as ―subskills-based text of verbal fluency and comprehension
A Screening procedure for training interpreters could be as follows; a five part written test for language proficiency and general knowledge, series of oral test, including written recall of a recorded passage, error detection and sight translation

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There is a close relationship between globalization and interpreting studies. For international conference interpreting, itself an early example of a ‘global profession’, globalization is a mixed blessing. While the trend to carry out transaction in business, politics, arts, and science on a world-wide scale could be assumed to boost the role of interpreters in international communication, the spread of English as a lingua franca largely offsets this potential need. As much as the official language policy, and interpreting policy, of the EU will preserve Europe’s heritage as the heartland of multilateral conference interpreting, the spread of international English is likely to shrink the market for conference interpreters there as well

12
The most visible manifestation of ‘the technologizing of interpreting’,is to remote interpreting in international conference settings andvideoconferences

Its effect on simultaneous interpreters’ working conditions and on theprofession in general will be a focus of research for years to come,with issues such as stress, visual access and psycho-social factorsrequiring particular attention

In communication involving deaf and hearing-impaired people, the increasingavailability of audio-visual telecommunications equipment is likely to facilitate remoteinterpreting arrangement, whereas more efficient technologies for converting speech totext, and written input into spoken output, may favour the use of script-basedcommunication and make interpreters redundant

In the long term, advanced prosthetic technology (cochlear implant) made available toorimposed on- deaf people may well make the community of signed-language userseven more heterogeneous, and the market for sign language interpreters morefragmented

The role of technology tend to have strong repercussions on interpretertraining, including the need to introduce would-be interpreters to the efficientuse of state-of-the-art electronic equipment in and outside the booth; the needto prepare trainees for various types of remote interpreting arrangements; andthe deployment of digital training stations and web-based source-text archivesfor classroom instruction as well as self-study

Furthermore, interpreting researchers will also benefit from theavailability of new equipment and tools to enhance the efficiency ofempirical data collection and analysis

Fieldwork involving discourse data can rely on digital, and lessobtrusive, recording equipment and subsequent transcription will beaided by specialised software and speech recognition systems

This will also enhance the feasibility of applying corpus-linguisticmethods to large corpora of source, target and parallel texts fromauthentic interpreted events

13
السؤال ما هي الخطوات التالية هو الأكثر أهمية في استكمال مشروع بحثي
هنا أنا أخترت
To have a ‘model’, or theory

14
هنا أكنتبوا ايجابيات وسلبيات المنهج

[أسيرة المشاعر]

الادب الامريكي


تم تغيير الدكتور

[أسيرة المشاعر]

أدب الأطفال
1
is a human between the stages of birth and pubert The legal definition of childgenerally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority.


Children's literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader.


Children's literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of a wider oral tradition, that adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Since the 15th century, a large quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics.


Although no exact distinction exists between children's and adult literature, you can generally categorize as children's literature any text written for a target reader below the age of 14 or selected by kids to read for themselves. The Library of Congress defines children's literature as books that serve as "information or entertainment of children and young adults. It includes all non-fiction, literary, artistic genres and physical formats."


2
is a type of short story that typically features European folkloric fantasy characters, such as dwarves,elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, mermaids, trollsor witches, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy tales may be distinguished from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)[ and explicitly moral tales, including beast fables


The oral tradition of the fairy tale came long before the written page. Tales were told or enacted dramatically, rather than written down, and handed down from generation to generation. Because of this, the history of their development is necessarily obscure and blurred.Fairy tales appear, now and again, in written literature throughout literate cultures, as in The Golden Ass, which includes Cupid and Psyche (Roman, 100–200 AD) or the Panchatantra (India 3rd century BCE/ but it is unknown to what extent these reflect the actual folk tales even of their own time. The stylistic evidence indicates that these, and many later collections, reworked folk tales into literary formsWhat they do show is that the fairy tale has ancient roots, older than the Arabian Nights collection of magical tales (compiledcirca 1500 Ad such as Vikram and the Vampire, and Bel and the Dragon. Besides such collections and individual tales, in China,Taoist philosophers such as Liezi and Zhuangzi recounted fairy tales in their philosophical works] In the broader definition of the genre, the first famous Western fairy tales are those of Aesop (6th century BC) in ancient Greece.
Jack Zipes writes in When Dreams Came True, "There are fairy tale elements in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, and ... in many of William Shakespeare plays" King Lear can be considered a literary variant of fairy tales such as Water and Salt and Cap O' Rushes. The tale itself resurfaced in Western literature in the 16th and 17th centuries, with The Facetious Nights of Straparola by Giovanni Francesco Straparola (Italy, 1550 and 1553)] which contains many fairy tales in its inset tales, and the Neapolitan tales of Giambattista Basile (Naples, 1634–6) ] which are all fairy tales ] Carlo Gozzi made use of many fairy tale motifs among his Commedia dell'Arte scenarios ] including among them one based on The Love For Three Oranges (1761) ]Simultaneously, Pu Songling, in China, included many fairy tales in his collection, Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (published posthumously, 1766)] The fairy tale itself became popular among the précieuses of upper-class France (1690–1710) and among the tales told in that time were the ones of La Fontaine and the Contes of Charles Perrault (1697), who fixed the forms of Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella Although Straparola's, Basile's and Perrault's collections contain the oldest known forms of various fairy tales, on the stylistic evidence, all the writers rewrote the tales for literary effect.


3
Pinocchio is good for children because it is funny
full of advanture
tall children not to say something not true
intresting in many way
drewing of the characters is good
tall children moral lessons
let thechildren know somethings are harmful
tall them the important of of parents
improve children knowledg
open their minds
new things to learn


4
For young children who are about to start learning and reading they will find the colourful illustrations inchildren’s book quite fascinating. Illustration means to illustrate or highlight a particular point. If you have a look at some of the earlier books in the Middle Ages such as gospels and Bible you will find thousands of illustrations. An illustration is quite different from art forms like paintings, sketches, drawings, or other fine arts.
The main purpose of illustration is to get a message across to the readers or viewers. Some of theillustrations are absolutely breath taking but their job is to elaborate and clarify the meaning of the text. In the books meant for children, illustrations are used to make the children learn how to read. Illustrations are capable of transforming a simple story into an exciting and fascinating one.
Illustration is a very important part of children’s book. It is through the images that the children learn and understand the world around him or her. Images help the children to understand and identify the things they come across in daily life. Stories are a great medium to educate the children. A children’s book will require lots of images so that the child can grasp the story well. Sometimes the number of illustration used in the story book will be more than the text.
Illustration is used to make the reader understand the context of a story. When a child starts to learn or read, he or she will find it easier to understand if the book has pictures in it. It helps the child to relate with the story easily. Colourful illustrations are a main attraction in the children’s books. Children respond to pictures in a book with ease than the words. They even remember the story told using illustrations than through lots of words.
If you have a great story to tell the children but currently you are holding it to yourself because of the lack of good book illustrators then don’t hesitate. You can start writing without any delay. You can find good illustrators for your book within no time. Most of the publishing companies will have illustrators of their own. You can depend on them. Or you can look for an independent illustrator on the internet. Many people just don’t have an idea what an illustrator does. So they tend to underestimate the role of an illustrator in the world of books. If you have a look around you can see that there are only a few things that do not needillustration. Many people think that illustrations are meant for children.
Illustrations are not just confined to the world of children’s books. They serve a much larger purpose. They have various functions in this modern world. Illustrations are used widely in print and visual media today. It accompanies an article or a story and helps the audience or the readers to understand the situation clearly. Almost all the fields of profession today require illustration. But in case of books it helps a childe to take his or her first step to the world of words


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changing people of all kind not children only


but children specially cause thy will be the nation of the future


For a child still need to book, despite the technological development that we are witnessing now , adding that in light of openness in which we live now , I see that the child is still in need of good writers who can provide good ideas for him


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should focus on moral because they learn fast
We have looked at some information about children's development based on the theories of Abraham Maslow, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget,Lawrence Kohlberg, and Albert J.Bandura. That information highlighted aspects of social, psychological, and cognitive devel-opment, including moral development and so-cial learning. Since children are maturing in somany ways as they progress through the elementary grades, all of these theoretical bases can be of use to people who work with children. We must look, therefore, into books that are appropriate for the various levels of development, considering the many theories that we have examined here. These, it must be emphasized, are not complete, nor do they tell the entire story. Consider also a new book, Reviving Ophelia that speaks of the difficulties that beset young adult women and how our culture adds to this phenomenon and Real Boys that depicts the ways in which society has made lasting problems in emotional security for its boys


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Children are engaged in a continuous process of learning about themselves and their world. As they mature, that world expands from the their home and parents to siblings to peers and, eventually, to people and places they know about but may never actually see. In order to function successfully in society, children must learn to know themselves, to achieve self-identity. They must also learn about social interaction and recognize ways in which they are like as well as different from others. Those are psychosocial ways of thinking. At the same time, children are experiencing tremendous growth in cognitive abilites and in motor skills. Development continually goes on ini all three of those areas: thus childhood is a crucial stage of life
Adults who are responsible for planning educational experiences will find that knowledge of child development is helpful in making literature a meaningful part of children's lives. Developmental psychologists seek to discover what children are like at various stages of maturity. What are their needs? What are their value systems at different ages? What are children's skills and abilities at different ages? What are their reading interests? Some of the questions relate more directly to literary experiences than others. Nevertheless, the research and theory based on these questions have much to tell us that is important to the study and use of children's literature


An understanding of children's needs, cognitive abilities, psychosocial crises, and moral andsocial development can help us in selecting thekinds of books and reading-related activities that will be most satisfying to a child of a particular age. We shall briefly survey those aspects of the developmental theories of Abraham Maslow, Erik Erikson, JeanPiaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Albert Bandura that are most pertinent to experiences with literature


Maslow's great concern was for humanistic education and so his thinking focused on the individual's self-actualization as fulfillment ofhis or her potential. Erikson's psychosocial theories are concerned with the development ofindividual identity and also with the individ-ual's ability to function in society. Piaget has written most extensively about children's cognitive development, but his work deals with moral growth as well. Kohlberg's work is concentrated primarily on moral development, describing a succession of stages through which an individual moves with increased maturity.Bandura has studied the influence of social models on children's teaming. Such theories have implications for the selection of literaturebecause they suggest something about children's interests and needs at various stages of development. They also help to identify cognitive and verbal skills which may influence ability to deal with such literary elements as pointof view, flashback, and foreshadowing. Knowledge of child development can be of use both in selecting books and in planning activities to enhance the literary experience


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In our daily life, we communicate information through lots of different media like: internet, television, radio, books, cell phone, film etc. We are living in such a time when information is one of the most important issues and the information technologies as well as the communication media greatly influence our lives. The rapid-growing websites and TV channels are many of few little examples how media are spreading to make information easily accessible. All the media for information interchange have advantages and disadvantages and not all can attract all types of audiences. Comics, books, radios, televisions, film and theater are all very powerful media for communicating information. In my opinion books, televisions and film among those aforementioned six media are most effective

Books are the witness of history and the main source from which we gain knowledge. From very ancient period till now books are working as the light-house for our society. In our early age, we gather most of our knowledge, skills from books. It opens new horizons in front of us. The writer writes down their experiences, imaginations, knowledge, explanation etc. about each and every issue of our lives. Books are the long lasting protocol to make a bridge among writers and readers



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"The Sleeping Beauty" (French: La Belle au bois dormant, "The Beauty sleeping in the wood") by Charles Perrault or "Little Briar Rose" (German: Dornröschen) by the Brothers Grimm is a classic fairytale involving a beautiful princess, enchantment of sleep, and a handsome prince


The Goose Girl is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm. Since the second edition published in 1819, The Goose Girl has been recorded as Tale 9



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The Queen Bee is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm.


Babes in the Wood is a traditional children's tale, as well as a popular pantomime subject. It has also been the name of some other unrelated works.



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Physical development influences children’s interests as well as their attention spans. Growth in size, muscularity,and coordination is often reflected in a child’s choice of a book in which characters share their own newly acquired traits or abilities. Whistling by Elizabeth Partridge, for example, seems most rewarding for young children who have just learned to whistle. The demand for sports books increases as girls and boys gain the skills necessary for successful participation.Children are growing up faster, both physically and psychologically, than they ever have before. The age of onset of puberty figures prominently in an early adolescent’s self-concept and infl uences book choices.Both physical maturity and social forces have led to the development of sexual interests at a younger age. Girls are still reading Judy Blume’s Are You There, God?It’s Me, Margaret (1970) because it reflects their own concerns about menstruation. Robie Harris’s nonfiction books such as It’s Not the Stork: A Book About Girls, Boys, Babies, Bodies, Families and Friends are popular with parents who may feel squeamish about frank discussions with children about physical maturation and human reproduction, while today’s children seem to take such books in stride


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طالب نجيب قصه عن أهميه الماء فبحط لكم 2 وانتم أختاروا وحده
1
In a village, there lived a kid who had always said "water is very important". He saved lots of water when he was using it. Many years later, people started to waste water but the kid didn't. He tried to tell everyone to take care of water but they didn't care
Then an idea struck him. He showed people responsible ways of saving water like turning the tap off when brushing teeth. Stiill. the people didn't care
A month later, on a cold frosty morning, the people of the village woke up and discovered that there was no water! THey had nothing to drink, to wash with or even to use when they went to the toilet. People were very scared and worried so they approached that kid again. The kid explained and reminded them that water was so important that people needed to look after it. Having no water for thier daily activities convinced the people on what the kid has always tried to teach them
The next day some water apperaed and as months went by, the volume of water in the village also increased
Then everyone shouted "That's why water is so important!". Travellers passing by the village also heard the commotion and as they approached the village they too were convinced on the importance of water


2
In a small town, there lived a few rich families. They had their own business and property and earned enough to lead a comfortable life. They had everything they needed. One day, a visitor came from another town. He went to a few houses and saw how people were wasting water
Mr. Jackson’s garden tap was always open. No one bothered to turn it off. In the Henderson household, all the taps were leaking. Mrs. King left her tap running while she brushed and bathed. Mr. and Mrs. Nichols never bothered to see how their kids were wasting water
The visitor who was a good citizen did not like what he saw. He explained to the people about the importance of water. “Do you know water is the most important thing in our lives? Is it fair to waste this precious gift of God?” he asked
“Water is always available, so how can it be precious?” asked Mr. Jackson. “I love playing with water,” chirped the youngest member of the Henderson household. “I have to keep my tap running when I bathe and brush. How is that wasteful,” asked Mrs. King. Mr. and Mrs. Nichols had nothing to say. They thought that the visitor was mad to bother about something like water
The visitor explained, “Well, water is very important. We need it when we get thirsty. We need it to wash our clothes, utensils etc. Without water we cannot cook food. So water is more important than food
“I understand now. I need water for my plants and flowers too. If they do not get water, they will dry up and die. I will turn off my garden tap after use, so no water gets wasted,” spoke Mr. Jackson
“I will get my leaking taps repaired,” added the Henderson couple. “I will only turn the bathroom tap on when I really need it and not before,” said Mrs. King
Only Mr. and Mrs. Nichols were not bothered about wasting water. Wherever they went, people whispered behind their backs. “There goes the odd couple. They have no sense of responsibility.” Their kids too were laughed at in school for being fools
The entire neighbourhood took it upon themselves to convince the Nichols family to become responsible human beings and not waste water
Slowly, the Nichols realized their mistake and started using water carefully. They took care not to waste water anymore & were thankful to the visitor for opening their eyes and helping them to correct their mistake



13
Peter Pan


the difference is that i have grown up and gone through ups and downs in my life and that made me see thing differently and more likle sarcastically


- as a child i loved the idea of flying and the existence of Neverland (even though i didn't know that it's impossible) and loved the brotherhood amongst the Darling siblings


- as an adult i wished i could fly and Neverland had existed (fully aware it's impossible) and hoped the my relationships with my sibling were close



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This paper reviews research since 1980 on children's knowledge of and attitudes toward mental illness. This research has involved many different methods, including use of vignettes, projective drawings, storytelling, and direct questioning. Findings suggest that younger children do have clear knowledge of what mental illness is and that their understanding becomes more sophisticated as they age. At the same time, however, even younger children have been found to view people with mental illnesses more negatively than they do other groups. A small literature on depiction of mental illnesses in children's media revealed negative portrayals that may contribute to children's attitudes. Numerous limitations of the research are described and further research is urged, with attention recommended to issues such as the impact of language in designating someone as having a mental health problem, possible differing reactions to peers and adults, and incorporation of the perspectives of children with mental disorders

[أسيرة المشاعر]

تحليل الخطاب

1
a single definition

2
a committee meeting Or the language
we use (our committee ways of talking and interacting)? Is this a“committee meeting” because we are speaking and acting this way, or are we speaking and acting this way because this is a committee
meeting

3
different ways of thinking ,acting ,valuing and feeling

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or a single individual a group

5
it is very problematic while in order to be considered a real indian one must able to make some claimes to kinship with others who are recognized a real indians, this by no means settles the matter

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it is recognition

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own distinctive grammar

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historic

9
Gee summarizes the two types of meaning that heargued, A situated meaning is an image or pattern that we assemble“on the spot” as we communicate in a given context, based on ourconstrual of that context and on our past experiences (Agar 1994;Barsalou 1991, 1992; Clark 1993; Clark 1996; Hofstadter 1997; Kress 1985, 1996; Kress and van Leeuwen 1996). In Chapter 3, I used theexample of the following two utterances: “The coffee spilled, get amop”; “The coffee spilled, get a broom” (p. 48). In the first case,triggered by the word “mop” in the context, you assemble a situatedmeaning something like “Discourse Analysisrk liquid we drink” for“coffee”;
in the second case, triggered by the word “broom” and yourexperience of such matters, you assemble either a situated meaningsomething like “grains that we make our coffee from” or like “beansfrom which we grind coffee.” Of course, in a real context, there aremany more signals as how to go about assembling situated meaningsfor words and phrases.

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is the life blood out of which institutions, such as distinctive types of
schools, hospitals, businesses, industries, government agencies,
political parties, street gangs, academic disciplines, colleges or college
classrooms, and so on and so forth through a nearly endless list, are
created. Institutions, in turn, create forces (e.g. laws, disciplinary
procedures, apprenticeships, etc.) that ensure the repetition and
ritualization of the situations that sustain them. Studying the way in
which situations produce and reproduce institutions, and are, in turn,
sustained by them, is an important part of discourse


11
Had the exchange opened with “What’s YOUR problem?,” the situation would have been construed quitedifferently.As we saw before, we face, then, a chicken and egg question: Which comesfirst? The situation or the language? This question reflects an important reciprocity between language and “reality”:language simultaneously reflects reality (“the way things are”) and constructs (construes) it to be a certain way


12
a monolingual


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social


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A discourse analysis is based on the details of speech (and gaze and gesture and action) that are arguably deemed relevant in the context where the speech was used and that are relevant to the arguments the analyst is attempting to make

While it is certainly wise to begin one’s analysis by transcribing for more detail than may in the end be relevant, ultimately it is the purposes of the analyst that determine how narrow or broad the transcript must be

[أسيرة المشاعر]

اللغه وتقنية المعلومات

1
Computer Assisted/Aided Language Learning

2
Call monitoring (or call evaluation), is insight into how your business performs when it comes to phone lead conversions. With call monitoring, you’ll be able to earn more business and grow your revenue
If you don’t know how your phone leads are converting into sales or why solid leads are hanging up without becoming customers, you’ll be stuck in the status quo forever. You won’t have insight into how well your company is meeting—and exceeding—customer expectations, and you won’t know what changes you need to make in order to make customers comfortable with purchasing from you
Third party call monitoring gives you an unbiased view into every call. You will see if a phone lead converted to a sale, or if it was a solid lead that was blown, without any bias toward employees or customers. Most importantly

3
Before beginning the evaluation itself, it is necessary to give a brief description of the software, which is based on Betty Azar's book (2009). Due to space restriction, I will only provide an analysis of just one chapter of the book with intercepted description of the methods used in implementing the software in classroom. The analysed chapter is divided into four parts, each focusing on the following tenses: the present perfect, the present perfect progressive, the past perfect, and the past perfect progressive. Each section includes several quizzes, exercises and one crossword game, and these are followed by three main tasks covering listening, speaking and reading comprehension (named by myself). To finish, there is a test that enables students to assess their achievements
Within the program there are five main buttons located at the top of every page. These are made up of ‘outline’ (which outlines the whole chapter in detail), ‘report’ (enabling students to check their progress after each step), ‘glossary’, ‘help’ (where learners find help topics), and ‘contents

4
(it is a judgment who i take by me (my self

5
Empirical means derived from observations. Something you measure/observe in a real experiment. Not theoretical evaluation. It might be a bit tricky with simulated datasets though. Some consider simulations as empirical evaluations, but some do not
also
it means evaluating the theoretical achievements with experimental results
Or when you do some experiments and evaluate the results

6
During the speaking task the focus is entirely on the contract forms . in the listening and reading tasks learners are tested on their comprehension of both the dialogue and text respectively with a moderate focus on the forms .Chappelle . suggest some conditions which might characterize a task that draws learners attention to the form . I will focus on two them namely modified interaction and modified input 7

7
Chapelle (1998) suggests this to be a key element in developing a CALL task. The reading exercise provides a prime example of this theory, as meaning is expected to be broken down when students are shown the hyperlinked words. These students were expected to obtain help by clicking on each word to get its meaning

8
A corpus is a collection of language material, made in some principled way (not haphazardly), either on tape or written in hard copy (e.g. books, student essays) or in electronic form. We are concerned only with the last type. Such collections are used in many different ways by different people. We are concerned mainly with use
1) by linguists to help describe language, and test theories
2) by teachers and learners to aid language learning (i.e. a form of CALL).
To perform any electronic corpus-based task directly you need two things - a corpus and a search engine.
A corpus itself is just text (a form of data), which may have been originally written, or be transcribed speech. Corpora are not all stored in the same format (though often they are in the plainest of DOS or ASCII text), and they may have coded information (tags) added in and out of the text, to show e.g. who was speaking, the register of the text, or the part of speech of each word

9
For me i found any application about speaking and hearing conversation is very helpful because you can hear and learns a new words in a different aspect also learn how to say it with the correct pronunciation ,such as an app calls English conversation courses

10
It is necessary to gain access to a corpus and a concordancing program. a corpus consists of a databank of natural texts, compiled from writing and/or a transcription of recorded speech

11
The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100 million word collection of samples of
written and spoken language from a wide range of sources, designed to represent a
wide cross-section of British English from the later part of the 20th century, both
spoken and written. The latest edition is the BNC XML Edition, released in 2007
The written part of the BNC (90%) includes, for example, extracts from regional and
national newspapers, specialist periodicals and journals for all ages and interests,
academic books and popular fiction, published and unpublished letters and
memoranda, school and university essays, among many other kinds of text
The spoken part (10%) consists of orthographic transcriptions of unscripted informal
conversations (recorded by volunteers selected from different age, region and social
classes in a demographically balanced way) and spoken language collected in different
contexts, ranging from formal business or government meetings to radio shows and
phone-ins

12
Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent machines that work and react like humans. Some of the activities computers with artificial intelligence are designed for include:
Speech recognition
Learning
Planning
Problem solving

13
Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective.
Traditionally, computational linguistics was usually performed by computer scientists who had specialized in the application of computers to the processing of a natural language. Computational linguists often work as members of interdisciplinary teams, including linguists (specifically trained in linguistics), language experts (persons with some level of ability in the languages relevant to a given project), and computer scientists. In general, computational linguistics draws upon the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, mathematicians, logicians, philosophers, cognitive scientists, cognitive psychologists,psycholinguists, anthropologists and neuroscientists, among others

14
أكتبوا ايجابيات وسلبيات المقرر

[منصور العبدالله]

الادب الامريكي

د. عبدالله البدرانه

1

The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature that could be truly identified as “American." In a paragraph, comment on the beginnings of American literature and its topics

The writers of this new American literature wrote in the English style, but the settings, themes, and characters were authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry that was relatively independent of English precursors. Three of the most recognized writers of this time are Washington Irving, James Cooper, and Edgar Allan Poe.


2

The Puritans did not feel that literature was for entertainment. Novels and plays were frowned upon. Discuss this theme in the early American Colonial Iiterature .

It was largely influenced by British writers and was created to inform people about Puritans’ life, religious disputes, and settlement issues.
Many of the characteristics of Colonial American literature can be found in the poems, journals, letters, narratives, histories and teaching materials written by settlers, religious figures and historical icons of the period.Genres that the Puritans favored: 1.Sermons 2.religious poetry 3.historical narratives


3

Discuss the characteristics of Romanticism as an American literary movement

Romanticism became popular in American politics, philosophy and art. The movement appealed to the revolutionary spirit of America as well as to those longing to break free of the strict religious traditions of early settlement. The Romantics rejected rationalism and religious intellect. The Romantic movement gave rise to New England Transcendentalism which portrayed a less restrictive relationship between God and Universe. both privileged feeling over reason, individual freedom of expression over the restraints of tradition and custom. It often involved a rapturous response to nature. It encouraged the rejection of harsh, rigid Calvinism, and promised a new blossoming of American culture.


4

Discuss the definition of Realism and its main themes and topics

Broadly defined as "the faithful representation of reality" or "verisimilitude," realism is a literary technique practiced by many schools of writing. Although strictly speaking, realism is a technique, it also denotes a particular kind of subject matter, especially the representation of middle-class life. A reaction against romanticism, an interest in scientific method, the systematizing of the study of documentary history, and the influence of rational philosophy all affected the rise of realism. Pragmatism ,literature of the common-place , attempts to represent real life , ordinary people--poor and middle class , ordinary speech in dialect--use of vernacular , recent or contemporary life subject matter presented in an unidealized ,unsentimentalizedway ,democratic function of literature ,social criticism--effect on audience is key, presents indigenous American life ,importance of place--regionalism, "local color" ,sociology and psychology


5

The "brute within" each individual, composed of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe- The conflict in naturalistic novels is often man against nature" or "man against himself" as characters struggle to retain a "veneer of civilization" despite external pressures that threaten to release the "brute within

6

Related to the theme of destruction is the theme of fragmentation. Fragmenting modernist literature is thematic, as well as formal-Plot, characters, theme, images and narrative form itself are broken, take for instance .T.S. Eliot's the wasteland, which depicts a modern wasteland of crumbled cities, the poem itself is fragmented, consisting of broken stanzas and sentence that resemble the cultural debris and detritus which the speaker


7


1-There is Confusion. 2- Not Without Laughter. 3- Quicksand



8

She married him for the money or because her parents made her marry him. She probably didn't have a choice or maybe that her marriage was arranged for her


9

Because I Could Not Stop for Death A Poem by Emily Dickinson .. 1. My labor, and my leisure too… Alliteration , 2.We passed the fields of gazing grain, We passed the setting sun… Anaphora , 3.We passed the setting sun. Or rather, he passed us Personification

10

1-Neutralism more pessimistic than Realism, primarily, 2-It depicts real people in real situations like realism, but believed that forces larger than the individual –nature, fate–shaped individual destiny,3-the two movements are differentiated by the fact that naturalism is connected to the doctrine of biological, economic, and social determinism

11

Intent is a primary characteristic of all Harlem Renaissance literature, including poetry. Harlem Renaissance poetry is characterized by a focus on the black American experience and relevant themes.3-themes of blues music characterize the structure of many Renaissance poems.

12

In Howells' view, writing should be "simple, natural, and honest" and should not delve into "romantic exaggeration.", realism focuses on character and motivation rather than action. Language is natural and not fancy or elevated. Narrators are not preachy, and story is presented objectively. It largely features middle class and social conflicts. Events are believable.

13

The Harlem Renaissance was a phase of a larger New Negro movement that had emerged in the early 20th century and in some ways us herd in the civil rights movement of the late 19405 and early 1950 .The social foundation of this movement included the Great Migration of African Americans from rural to urban spaces and from south to North dramatically rising levels of literacy the creation of national organizations dedicated to pressing African American civil right uplifting the race and opening socioeconomic

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Freedom All human beings are free, independent, and equal members of society. The Primacy of the Moral Law The moral law supersedes government law. By protecting the black slave Jim, Huck breaks man-made law and feels guilty. A Child Shall Lead A little child shall lead them. Huck is portrayed as a boy who had a better grasp of morality than the often corrupt civilization around him—a boy worth imitating for his virtues.