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Phonetics – the study of the way humans make, transmit and receive speech sounds.

Divided into three main branches:
.

Articulatory phonetics – the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds.
Acoustic phonetics- the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.
Auditory phonetics- the study of the way people perceive speech sounds.


[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The pharynx[/COLOR]: A tube which begins just above the larynx.
[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The velum or the soft palate[/COLOR]: The velum is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose.

[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The hard palate often [/COLOR]: called the ‘roof of the mouth’. has smooth curved surface.

The alveolar ridge: between the top front teeth and the hard palate,, surface is covered with little ridges,,sounds made by the tongue touching this area
such as /t/ and /d/ are called alveolar.

[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The tongue[/COLOR]: a very important articulator. Can be moved into many different places and different shapes.

[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The teeth[/COLOR]: consist of upper and lower teeth,Sounds made with the tongue touching the front teeth such as /t/ and /d/ are called dental.

[COLOR="rgb(72, 209, 204)"]The lips[/COLOR] can be pressed together to produce bilabial sounds,
such as /p/ and /b/
brought into contact with teeth to produce labiodental sounds such as /f/ and /v/ can be rounded to produce lip-shape for vowels like /u:/



Larynx
a very complex and independent articulator. the larynx (Adam’s apple) vibrates when you produced the voiced sound, /z/.

Jaws
- the movement of the jaws (especially the lowe one) helps a lot in speaking.

Nose and nasal cavity
- very important part of our vocal apparatus of making sounds, specifically nasal soundssuch as /m/,/n/, /ŋ/


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