2013- 12- 27
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#186
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أكـاديـمـي فـعّـال
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رد: درب a+بإذن الله ..مادة المقال..
اقتباس:
المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة Another day
هذي القطعه اللي تتكلم عن المقارنه وفيها بيكون ال لblock organization ولا عليك أمر مابيها صورة ابي نقسمها عشان نبدأ نشرحها انا ما اعرف لشغلات هذي للأسف  |
Shyness
1 If you suffer from shyness, you are not alone, for shyness is a universal
phenomenon. According to recent research, “close to 50 percent of the general population
report that they currently experience some degree of shyness in their lives. In addition, close
to 80 percent of people report having felt shy at some point in their lives” (Payne, par. 3).1
As shyness is so prevalent in the world, it is not surprising that social scientists are learning
more about its causes. They have found that shyness in an individual can result from both
biological and environmental factors.
2 Recent research reveals that some individuals are genetically predisposed to
shyness. In other words, some people are born shy. Researchers say that between 15 and 20
percent of newborn babies show signs of shyness: they are quieter and more vigilant.
Researchers have identified physiological differences between sociable and shy babies that
show up as early as two months. In one study, two-month-olds who were later identified as
shy children reacted with signs of stress to stimuli such as moving mobiles and tape
recordings of human voices: increased heart rates, jerky movements of arms and legs, and
excessive crying. Further evidence of the genetic basis of shyness is the fact that parents
and grandparents of shy children more often say that they were shy as children than parents
and grandparents of non-shy children (Henderson and Zimbardo 6).2
3 However, environment can, at least in some cases, triumph over biology. A shy
child may lose much of his or her shyness. On the other hand, many people who were not
shy as children become shy as adults, a fact that points to environment or experiential
causes.
4 The first environmental cause of shyness may be a child’s home and family life.
Children who grew up with a difficult relationship with parents or a dominating older
sibling are more likely to be inhibited in social interactions. Another factor is the fact that
today’s children are growing up in smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer
relatives living nearby. Growing up in single-parent homes or in homes in which both
parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits
by neighbors and friends. Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel
socially inhibited, or shy, when they start school (7).
5 A second environmental cause of shyness in an individual may be one’s culture. In
a large study conducted in several nations, 40 percent of participants in the United States
rated themselves as shy, compared to 57 percent in Japan and 55 percent in Taiwan. Of the
countries participating in the study, the lowest percentage of shyness was found in Israel,
where the rate was 31 percent. Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo say, “One explanation
of the cultural difference between Japanese and Israelis lies in the way each culture deals
with attributing credit for success and blame for failure. In Japan, an individual’s
performance success is credited externally to parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, and
others, while failure is entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore, Japanese learn not to take
risks in public and rely instead on group-shared decisions. “In Israel, the situation is entirely
reversed,” according to Henderson and Zimbardo. “Failure is externally attributed to parents,
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